The exceptions for individual use give rise to interesting and fundamental concerns drawing both international and national attention. There is uncertainty in the application of the individual use exceptions both in the international copyright treaties, particularly the three-step test of the Berne Convention, and in the national copyright legislation. To have a better understanding of this concerns, this thesis aims to: investigate whether the exceptions for individual use can still maintain the balance of interests between the copyright holders and users; analyse the contribution that international copyright agreements and national copyright legislation may have made to assist in solving the conflict of interest between right holder countries and user countries in applying the exceptions for individual use; and conduct a comparative study of the application of the individual use exceptions in developed and developing countries. The understandings that are found within this study are informed by relevant literature and by analysis of the application of the individual use exceptions. The thesis examines the application of the individual use exceptions in the international copyright treaties, namely, the Berne Convention, the TRIPS Agreement, and the WIPO Copyright Treaty in order to determine the appropriate ?balance? between the rights of owners and users in the three-step test. To explore the uncertainty in the individual use exceptions at the national level, a comparative case study is made between the exceptions for individual use in Australia, a developed country, and Thailand, a developing country. The results of the study reveal three major answers. First, the exceptions for individual use are able to still maintain the balance of interest between right holders and users in the digital environment, if some amendments are made to keep pace with the digital environment. Secondly, to assist in the solution to the conflict of interest between right holder countries and user countries in applying the exceptions for individual use, the international copyright agreements can make a contribution by making some minor changes, mainly in the three-step test of the Berne Convention, and by continuing to provide special treatments for developing countries. Nationally, the contribution may be made by thoroughly protecting the right holders whilst also still allowing individual use by amending the copyright legislation to update to the digital age when necessary, enacting the relevant Acts, and establishing a collecting society. Finally, from the comparison of the application of the exceptions for individual use as well as problems found and solutions proposed in developed and developing countries, in which Australia and Thailand are used as case studies, the comparison of the application of the exceptions for individual use can be divided into four categories: fair use exceptions (Australian fair dealing and Thai private use exceptions), free use exceptions, licences (Australian statutory licences and Thai compulsory licence), and limitation of legislative individual use provisions. In addition, the problem of different interpretations of the exceptions for individual use, the problem of conformity in the application of the exceptions for individual use according to the real purpose of the three-step test, which exists in Thailand, and the problem of response to the digital environment are all used as the frame for the comparison of the problems found and proposed solutions. The findings of the study are significant as they can provide contributions to the copyright areas primarily in the legal aspect: amendment of the exceptions for individual use. In addition, they also contribute to the related aspect in the copyright areas: the economic aspect: the balance between developed and developing Countries; and the moral aspect: developing countries? development. In addition, the thesis proposes four useful recommendations to enable the balance of interest between the right holders and the users to be maintained: amendment of the wording in the three-step test of the Berne Convention, amendment of domestic copyright law and its exceptions for individual use, encouragement of the role of collective management organisations, and raising public awareness on the issue of copyright and its exceptions for individual use.

This study examines the preservation practices of academic law libraries and argues that the survey results illustrate the growing gap between current preservation practices and new technology. The introduction to the study discusses challenges for libraries and cultural institutions in the digital age. In the second section, the paper analyzes U.S. copyright law and the effect of recent amendments on library preservation activities. The third section reports the results of a preservation practices survey. In the fourth section, the paper explores options for future law library preservation including institutional repositories and collaborative preservation efforts. The paper concludes that a new approach to scholarship and preservation is necessary to ensure that future generations have access to historically important legal literature.

Die Konferenz „International Conference for the 10th Anniversary of the Institute of Comparative Law” hat am 24. Mai 2013 in Szeged stattgefunden. Im Rahmen der viersprachigen Konferenz haben mehr als dreißig Teilnehmer ihre Forschungsergebnisse präsentiert. Der Essay von Zoltán Péteri blickt auf die Disziplin aus der Perspektive der Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Katalin Kelemen und Balázs Fekete gehen in ihrem Aufsatz der Frage nach, welchen Weg die Versuche der Klassifikation der Rechtssysteme von Osteuropa in der späten Phase der Umbrüche der 1980/90er Jahren genommen haben. Die historische Betrachtungsweise mit Bezug auf Rechtsgeschichte und Rechtsvergleichung spiegelt sich auch in anderen Essays wider, vor allem in den Aufsätzen von Szilvia Bató, Magdolna Gedeon und Béla Szabó P. sowie auch in den Aufsätzen von Péter Mezei und Tünde Szűcs. Attila Badó analysiert die Rechtsvergleichung aus der Sicht des Rechts, der Soziologie und der Politikwissenschaft anhand von Untersuchungen über das Sanktionsystem der Richter in den USA. Diese politikwissenschaftliche Seite wird auch in den Aufsätzen über die aktuellen Fragen der europäischen Integration von Carine Guemar und Laureline Congnard betont. Eine Reihe von Aufsätzen behandeln die konventionelle normative Komparatistik auf dem Gebiet des Verfassungsrechts (Jordane Arlettaz und Péter Kruzslicz), Gesellschaftsrechts (Kitti Bakos-Kovács), Urheberrechts (Dóra Hajdú) und Steuerrechts (Judit Jacsó). Daneben bilden eine weitere Gruppe die Aufsätze von János Bóka und Erzsébet Csatlós, die die Verwendung der vergleichenden Methode in der Praxis der Rechtsprechung untersuchen. Die Rechtsvergleichung ist eine sich dynamisch entwickelnde Disziplin. Die Konferenz und dieser Band dienen nicht nur der Würdigung der bisherigen Arbeit des Instituts für Rechtsvergleichung, sondern zeigen gleichzeitig neue Ziele auf. Die wichtigsten Grundsätze bleiben aber fest verankert auch in einem sich stets verändernden rechtlichen und geistigen Umfeld. Das Motto des Instituts lautet „instruere et docere omnes qui edoceri desiderant“ – „alle lehren, die lernen wollen.“ Auch in den folgenden Jahrzehnten werden uns der Wille des Lernens und Lehrens, die Freiheit der Forschung sowie die Übertragung und Weiterentwicklung der ungarischen wie globalen Rechtskultur leiten.

The objective of the master's thesis called 'Photograph as the copyright and copyright protection of photographer' is to describe the basic foundations and characteristics of the current regulation of copyright work, specifically of photography. The Czech legal system do not contain a complex regulation of photography; therefore, the thesis deals with the individual aspects of copyright law related to the characterisation of photographs as a copyright work, the rights of photographers or their rights related to the protection of their copyright. The thesis is based primarily on copyright law commentaries, copyright regulation on the Czech, international and European level and on the decisions of both Czech and foreign courts due to rapid development of copyright law in the information society and the inflexibility of the current legislation. Due to the author's interest in photography, the thesis is enriched with personal observations from her own experience with photography. The thesis is divided into seven chapters. The first deals with the general description of copyright, its principles, basic concepts and the moment of copyright formation. Chapter two focuses on photography and discusses the subject of copyright protection. Chapter three deals with authorship of photography, defines under...

Submitted by Valdinei Souza (neisouza@hotmail.com) on 2015-10-13T20:12:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERSão FINAL DA DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO DE NILUSCHKA BRANDÃO BLOEMSMA 2015.pdf: 1269364 bytes, checksum: 8e97e4c6f62ef06f64042af9d2e9e9a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Urania Araujo (urania@ufba.br) on 2016-02-25T18:32:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VERSão FINAL DA DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO DE NILUSCHKA BRANDÃO BLOEMSMA 2015.pdf: 1269364 bytes, checksum: 8e97e4c6f62ef06f64042af9d2e9e9a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-25T18:32:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VERSão FINAL DA DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO DE NILUSCHKA BRANDÃO BLOEMSMA 2015.pdf: 1269364 bytes, checksum: 8e97e4c6f62ef06f64042af9d2e9e9a9 (MD5) / A sociedade atual vivencia um período marcado por fortes questionamentos dos Direitos Autorais. As novas tecnologias da informação, em especial os Livros Eletrônicos, trouxeram mudanças significativas para os hábitos e valores de extensas parcelas da população, o que sem o acompanhamento evolutivo da legislação, provocou o aumento de uma ilegalidade generalizada, colocando em xeque a eficácia do marco regulatório vigente. A facilidade com que as informações e as obras literárias são distribuídas, compartilhadas, transmitidas e armazenadas, inclusive por meio da internet, causam inquietações aos aplicadores da lei por perceberem a facilidade de se cometer contrafações, realçando também a obsolência das leis de proteção ao Direito de Autor. As tentativas de controle não são tão eficazes e geram muitas controvérsias. Os Livros Eletrônicos apresentados de diversas formas, possuem particularidades que provocam comportamentos diferenciados dos que antes eram comumente observados nos leitores de Livros Impressos. Atualmente os conflitos legais e suas tentativas de resolução são baseados em situações análogas, que remediam, mas, nem sempre resolvem, afinal as normas foram escritas num momento em que o Brasil era muito menos tecnológico do que é hoje. Há uma tentativa de equiparação entre as formas antigas e os novos artefatos que só evidenciam as lacunas. Isso faz com que surja a necessidade de rever a Lei de Direito Autoral, que vigora no país há quase duas décadas, trazendo uma visão mais voltada para a nova realidade. Para entender essa verdade é preciso ter uma visão multidisciplinar, abraçando o Direito com a Ciência da Informação na tentativa de unir forças para compreender os novos conceitos e quais os desafios enfrentados. O movimento para que seja tramitado no Congresso Nacional o Anteprojeto de revisão da Lei de Direito Autoral nº9610/98 só comprova que a mudança é necessária e que o clamor pela revisão da lei é real, entretanto, além de estar estacionado há cinco anos, a minuta que realça as propostas não parece resolver de logo todas as questões e os entraves relativos ao tratamento aos Livros Eletrônicos e as lacunas normativas podem continuar sem solução por muito tempo ainda. / ABSTRACT Current society experiences a period marked by intense questioning of Copyright Law. The new information technologies, particularly eBooks, brought significant changes to the habits and values of large portions of the population which, without the accompanying evolution of legislation has pushed a widespread illegality, jeopardizing the effectiveness of the regulatory force. The ease with which information and literary works are distributed, shared, transmitted and stored, including through the Internet, causes concerns to law enforcers because they perceive the ease of committing forgeries, highlighting also the obsolete laws to protect the rights of the author. Attempts to control copy right are not so effective and generate controversy. The E-books presented in various forms, have particularities which cause different behavior to what before was commonly observed in readers of printed books. Currently the legal conflicts and the attempts to resolve them are based on similar cases that cure, but not always resolve. The rules, after all, were written at a time when Brazil was much less technologically advanced than it is today. There is an attempt to match the old ways and the new artifacts that only show the gaps. This makes the need arises to revise the Copyright Act, which is in force in the country for almost two decades, bringing a standpoint more related to the new reality. To understand this truth, a multidisciplinary approach is needed; embracing Law and Information Science in an attempt to join forces, understand the new concepts and the challenges faced. The Draft Revision of Copyright Law No. 9610/98 motion, to be brought before the National Congress, only proves that change is necessary and that the call for revision of the law is real, however, besides being parked five years, the draft of the proposals does not seem to resolve soon all the issues and barriers related to treatment of eBooks and regulatory gaps may remain unresolved for a long time yet.

O trabalho abordará o estudo das criações intelectuais não protegidas pelo Direito de Autor, as diferentes terminologias adotadas pela doutrina, suas peculiaridades, a proposta de uma terminologia mais abrangente e a importância do estudo das fontes do direito para a validação dos pressupostos à proteção, formulados pela doutrina e jurisprudência, com destaque em capítulo próprio para as denominadas normas técnicas. / This present dissertation will address the study of intellectual creations that are not protected under copyright law, the different terminology adopted by the doctrine, its peculiarities, the proposed terminology and the importance of more comprehensive study of sources of law to validate the protection assumptions, formulated by doctrine and jurisprudence, especially in a separate chapter to the so-called technical standards

In our legal system, Copyright Law confers protection to authentic photographies and due to this feature, they are considered photographic works. Nevertheless, authorities have not given enough information of what a photography requires to be considered authentic. On account of this, the shortcomings of our related rules are evaluated to determine which foreign legislation gives a better referent, and to analyze the different views given to the authenticity concept by doctrine and case law. All of this with the purpose of determining specific criteria to qualify a photography as authentic and protected by Copyright Law, and proposing changes in our current legislationon the matter. / En nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, el derecho de autor brinda protección a las fotografías cuando son originales y, por tener tal característica, son consideradas obras fotográficas. Sin embargo, las autoridades no han brindado alcances suficientes de lo que una fotografía requiere para ser considerada original. Ante ello, el presente artículo evalúa las carencias de nuestras normas a este respecto. Se busca determinar qué legislación extranjera brinda un mejor referente, así como analizar las distintas posturas que la doctrina y la jurisprudencia brindan respecto al concepto de originalidad, con el fin de determinar criterios concretos respecto a la calificación de si una fotografía es o no original y, por lo tanto, protegible por el derecho de autor e incluso proponer un cambio en nuestra actual legislación sobre la materia.

O estudo em comento é um convite à reflexão sobre a atividade desenvolvida pelo jornalista escritor. Reconhecer originalidade e criatividade em seus artigos é uma responsabilidade imposta pela Lei de Direitos Autorais. Detectar na informação jornalística atributos que lhe conferem status de obra proporciona proteção ao jornalista como autor e incentiva cada vez mais o trabalho responsável. Assim, busca-se a diferenciação dos diversos escritos divulgados pela imprensa assegurando proteção legal àqueles cujos atributos pessoais do escritor revelam o esplendor de um estilo próprio que, além de informar, propõe ao leitor uma visão e abordagem diferenciada sobre o fato noticiado, consequência da vivência técnica e cultural do escritor. / The present study is an invitation to reflect about the activity developed by the journalist and writer. Recognizing the originality and criativity in his articles is a responsibility imposed by the Copyright Law. Detecting in the attributes which give him the status of work provides protection to the journalist as the author and encourages each time more the responsible work. Therefore, it seeks the differentiation of the several writings released by the press ensuring legal protection to those whose personal attributes of the writer reveal the splendor of his own style, which, besides informing, proposes to the reader a differentiated vision and approach about the reported fact, a consequence of the writer\'s technical and cultural experience.

Contractual copyright law The theme of this dissertation is the contractual copyright law. Its main purpose is to describe the most important contractual types in the area of copyright law and the most important changes that Act No. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code, brought in relation to contractual copyright law as well. The thesis consists of nine chapters. The first chapter contains a brief overview of the most important sources of the contractual copyright law. The second chapter is focused on the copyright law and its specifics and also defines other concepts from the area of intellectual property. The third chapter deals with the impact of recodification of private law on the contractual copyright law. It is about the concrete changes, which influence the contractual copyright law significantly, both directly and indirectly. Besides other things, there are described the changes concerning licence agreement, contract for work, a new conception of a thing and adjustment of principles of the contractual law. The fourth chapter concentrates on the specifics of the transfer of author's right, or the legal prohibition of its transfer respectively. The fifth and the sixth chapter are about the legal regulation of licence agreement. The fifth chapter describes the term of licence in general and some its...

1 Abstract Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property: This thesis deals with relationship of Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property. The main goal of this thesis is to provide its reader with a comprehensive overview of the issues of Intellectual Property in connection with creative and inventive activity of AI. Above all, the thesis examines whether it is possible for AI to acquire intellectual property rights to copyrighted works or inventions. In case of impossibility of obtaining rights by AI itself, it then then searches for the person who shall, according to the current legislation, become the owner of intellectual property rights, both abroad and in the Czech Republic. In order to meet the above set objectives, the work is divided into 4 parts, which are then divided into chapters. The first introductory part focuses on AI itself. It discusses its definition, categorization and considers the possibility of classifying AI as either natural or legal person. At the same time a proposal for the creation of a new special category of electronic person, as presented by the European Parliament's Committee on Legal Affairs, is discussed and, in addition, the author himself discusses the advantages and disadvantages of introducing a new category of person for which the term electronic person...