Zugl.: Hannover, Univ., Diss., 2010

Zugl.: Halle (Saale), Univ., Diss., 2009

Zugl.: Leipzig, Handelshochsch., Diss., 2009

<p>Barnsexturism kännetecknas av ojämlikhet mellan den utvecklade och underutvecklade delen av världen. Barnsexturisterna är oftast västerländska män som reser till utvecklingsländer länder för att utnyttja barn. Det har dock sedan länge funnits såväl folkrättsligt bindande överenskommelser som juridiskt bindande lagar mot barnarbete och sexuellt utnyttjande av barn. Det till trots utnyttjas tre miljoner barn årligen inom barnsexturismindustrin. Många av utvecklingsländerna präglas nämligen av dysfunktionalitet såsom korruption och bristfällig tillämpning av de befintliga lagarna. Med anledning av det samt att många länders regeringar negligerar problemet har det globala nätverket ECPAT växt fram. En del av deras arbete är att påverka såväl regeringar världen över som olika företag att ta ansvar för problemet. ECPAT Sverige har exempelvis utvecklat Uppförandekoden för researrangörer mot barnsexhandel (Uppförandekoden) och kampanjen ”Jag fegar inte ur”, vilken involverar svenska resebyråer i arbetet. Syftet med såväl Uppförandekoden som ”Jag fegar inte ur” är att informera allmänheten om problemet. Eftersom det vanligen är allmänheten som bevittnar barnsexturism är det även de som har möjlighet att anmäla förövarna och därmed motverka efterfrågan. Både Uppförandekoden och ”Jag fegar inte ur” präglas dock av bristande engagemang från många av de deltagande företagen, vilket är till barnsexturisternas fördel. För att motverka barnsexturisternas maktposition över sina offer och därmed bidra till något mer jämlik värld krävs det att företagen blir mer benägna att informera sina kunder samt att allmänheten blir mer villiga att anmäla förövarna.</p>

As part of the broader Arctic Urban Sustainability project which is examining sustainable development in the Circumpolar North, this thesis was intended to explore the role of corporate social responsibility in mining as a contributing factor to sustainable development. This was done through the examination of two northern case studies: Cameco Corporation’s uranium mining operations located in the Northern Administration District of the central Canadian province of Saskatchewan, and Northern Iron’s iron mining operation located near the town of Kirkenes along the northeastern border of Norrbotten in Norway. The methodology utilized in this case study was Leslie Pal’s public policy framework which asserts that public policy statements consist of four components: the definition of the policy problem, formulation of policy goals, and the use of specific policy instruments, followed by policy evaluation. This methodology was used to frame the corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies of Cameco and Northern Iron. Data was gathered from a variety of sources including interviews, policy documents, and academic research. Within the literature CSR is primarily understood as a voluntary action undertaken by companies for a variety of reasons ranging widely from effective corporate leadership within the company to greenwashing of the company’s image. The results of this research suggest that the role of the state in the initiation and implementation of CSR is of much greater importance than is predominantly recognized within the literature. This thesis argues that legal requirements instituted by government have the potential to lead to the initiation and implementation of CSR practices by mining companies. In the case of Cameco the Mine Surface Lease Agreements agreed to by the company and the provincial government provided motivation for the company to develop and implement their world-renowned CSR practises, which in turn led to a number of benefits for the company and surrounding communities. In the case of Northern Iron’s operations in Kirkenes, working hour requirements instituted by the Norwegian Government contributed to significantly higher levels of local employment in the region. These findings are important because they demonstrate that government may have a greater role to play in encouraging companies to initiate and implement CSR policies which contribute to improved socioeconomic outcomes for northern communities.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis analyses corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Belgium in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century by making use of a case study on the history of the biscuit company De Beukelaer’s Fabrieken between 1885 and 1929. During this period De Beukelaer’s Fabrieken managed to establish itself and its brand firmly in the international food industry and, besides its reputation for its products, also became known for its extensive CSR policy. The thesis analyses and determines the character of the CSR policy implemented at De Beukelaer’s Fabrieken by examining the various forms of CSR the company practiced during this period, and which rested on three distinct pillars, namely welfare services, leisure, and educational initiatives. Both in terms of implementation and characteristics the company’s policy was certainly not unique. In addition, the thesis also establishes some of the motives for the implementation of the De Beukelaer’s Fabrieken’s CSR policy by its owners and management. It is difficult to determine, however, what the exact reasons were for the implementation and development of De Beukelaer’s Fabrieken’s CSR. The company’s policy was influenced by both the changes and developments that were occurring in its wider environment as well as the changes and developments that occurred within the company, its owners and its management; the company’s CSR policy was thus a product of action and reaction, driven by both conscious as well as subconscious motivations that were influenced by various causes, both internal as well as external. By determining the character, nature and influence of the company’s CSR policy, as well as the motivation behind it, the thesis attempts to gain a better understanding of this particular aspect of the company’s history, an aspect that formed a significantly defining feature of De Beukelaer’s Fabrieken between 1885 and 1929. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tesis fokus op korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid (KSV) in België in die laat 19de en vroeg 20ste eeu deur `n gevalle studie van die geskiedenis van die Belgiese beskuitjie maatskappy De Beukelaer’s Fabrieken 1885-1929. Die maatskappy het in die betrokke periode daaringeslaag om homself en sy handelsmerk in die internasionale voedsel industrie te vestig en afgesien van sy reputasie vir sy produkte ook vir sy uitgebreide inisiatiewe ten opsigte van KSV bekend geword. Die tesis is ‘n studie van die aard, karakter en eienskappe van De Beukelaar’s Fabrieken se KSV deur ‘n analise van die verskeie vorms waarin dit neerslag gevind het. Die maatskappy se KSV-beleid het op drie elemente, naamlik welsyns dienste, vryetydsbesteding/ontspanning en opvoedkundige inisiatiewe berus. Dit is `n bevinding van die studie dat ten opsigte van bo genoemde aspekte die maatskappy se beleid nie uniek vir die periode was nie. Die tesis poog ook om die motivering of motiewe van die maatskappy se eienaars en bestuur vir die implementering van hul KSV vas te stel. Dit is egter moeilik om te bepaal aangesien die maatskappy se KSV-beleid beinvloed is deur beide die veranderinge en ontwikkelinge in die breȅr gemeenskap sowel as die in die maatskappy self, sy eienaars en bestuur. Die maatskappy se beleid was dus die produk van aksie en reaksie wat gedryf is deur beide bewustelike as onbewustelike motiverings wat deur `n verskeidenheid intern en ekstern faktore teweeggebring is. Die fokus op die motivering vir sowel as aard, karakter en invloed van die maatskappy se KSV is `n poging om tot groter begrip van diè bepalende aspek van die maatskappy se geskiedenis in die periode tekom.

The issue of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a highly prominent on the international business stage. CSR is present in almost any organization regardless of its size or the industry in which it is operating. This thesis aims to examine the unconventional link of CSR and employee work motivation, considering how prominent the issue is today. It seeks to explore employee awareness of the issue in the workplace and its influence on motivation of employees on both managerial and subordinate levels.Interviews and surveys were conducted among employees from a variety of departments in organizations that are highly involved with CSR. The goal was to learn about the influences that CSR has on the individuals who have a close connection with it and predict whether making more emphasis on social responsibility in organizations could have a practical benefit resulting in an increased employee motivation. The analysis of the findings showed that CSR can indeed contribute to increased employee motivation. Training and development programs based on CSR can have a positive effect on motivation of employees with some dependency on several factors: level of intrinsic motivation, initial interest in and the level of awareness about CSR and/or the presence of needs of achievement and affiliation.

The study investigates corporate social responsibility (CSR) theory to contribute to knowledge about CSR within the setting of a developing economy. In this thesis, the specific opportunities and challenges of financial institutions pursuing CSR are examined in depth. This study presents a portrayal of CSR, addressing its role and insight into how CSR is understood and practised. The study draws on an interpretive approach and investigates within a multiple case study context. The choice of cases is based on theoretical sampling, to advance knowledge in the phenomenon by looking at it in non-Western settings. The three cases are selected purposefully within the context of a developing economy: Ghana. The data collection and analysis use multiple data sources from semi-structured interviews of key management informants and archival documents which are analysed according to qualitative data protocols. The data is interpreted via thematic analysis within and across the cases to generate rich insights into the nature of CSR and its practices within their setting. The study recognises the emergent divergent and convergent issues of CSR across the cases with relation to enfolding the literature which involves inquiring with different literature the similarities and contradictions with the research findings. This process helps to link the study with the existing body of knowledge, as well as advance knowledge in CSR. Based on the analysis, this study suggests that there is a strong orientation towards philanthropy on what is classified as CSR. It reveals that the context in which CSR is practised is complex and situationally dependent, with particular influencing factors such as social welfare issues and culture driving societal expectations and business decisions on CSR. This study offers a revised model of CSR, suggesting a non-linear relationship with the integrated and porous dynamics between the various CSR components which thus provides insight into the nature of CSR in the banking sector in Ghana. The findings of the research can provide both academics and managers with valuable information on CSR practice in a developing country context.

This research deals with the ways Corporate Social Responsibility is interpreted in a UK Higher Education Institution. It evolved from my initial curiosity about Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), especially the way it is taken up in daily practices. Drawing on the pragmatic tradition of John Dewey (1859-1952), Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) and George Herbert Mead (1863-1931), which gives primacy to experience, I am paying attention to my daily interactions with others. I explore what is, rather what should be. I also draw on analogies from complexity sciences, as well as on insights from sociology, psychology, anthropology and philosophy, to reflect on how the everyday practice of CSR is evolving in the interactions of interdependent players. Reflecting on the assumptions that underpin my thinking about organisations and about research, and tracing my evolving beliefs and perceptions, I have become aware of my participation in the processes that sustain and at the same time disrupt the 'community engagement' narrative of my organisation. Iterating my reflective narratives reveals how change in practice and in ideas evolves. This research was prompted by my introduction to CSR early in my academic career. The idea of organisations being responsible to their stakeholders fitted with my personal values. The more I read about the topic, the more uncomfortable I became - CSR had usually been presented in vague, general and idealised terms. So, when faced with setting up a Unit that would address the CSR of my organisation, I was left with no manual for getting on with my work. Reflecting on the feeling of helplessness, revealed my assumption that such guidance should exist, and that CSR practitioners must know how to practice the generalised idea of CSR. Exposing this and other emotions, I demonstrate how assumptions and beliefs arise in society and in the individual simultaneously. This research contributes to knowledge in this field by establishing CSR not just as an abstract idea, but as a practice within an organisation. Many authors have called for exploring CSR at the individual level, yet this call seems to remain unanswered. My research addresses this gap in literature and explores CSR from my perspective as a practitioner, thus contributing to the nascent body of literature that focuses on individual and local practice. Exploring interdependence and the emergence of CSR meant understanding that my actions have consequences, and at the same time, neither I nor any one individually can control those 2 consequences. The outcomes of our working together are at times intended and at times unintended. But they are inevitably unpredictable, because they arise in complex webs of interactions. Thinking reflexively about practising CSR has had a significant impact on my practice. I believe that my reflections will resonate with other practitioners, thus contributing to their practice.

Ma thèse porte sur l'émergence et l'évolution de la RSE au niveau mondial et local dans une perspective institutionnelle. Elle aborde le mécanisme dynamique du champ de la RSE à partir d'une perspective à plusieurs niveaux en trois modes: (1) en tant que gouvernance transnationale, (2) en tant que pratique d'entreprise mondiale évoluée à partir d'une idée ou d'une pratique localement incorporée et (3) en tant que un domaine (quasi-) professionnel. Plus précisément, le premier essai explore les façons dont un État-nation réinvente ses relations avec d'autres acteurs dans le processus de gouvernance transnationale de la RSE. Mon deuxième essai étudie la coévolution des attentes en Corée du Sud en ce qui concerne la responsabilité des entreprises et du système d'affaires national. Mon troisième essai porte sur les mécanismes de micro-professionnalisation du domaine de la RSE en Corée du Sud. D'un point de vue méthodologique, j'utilise des études de cas et des analyses qualitatives pour examiner des ensembles de données composés d'entretiens, d'observations sur le terrain et de données archivistiques. Pour ma thèse, j'ai principalement porté sur 81 interviews de professionnels dans le domaine de la RSE et plus de 200 articles de journaux parlant de la responsabilité des entreprises (ou des riches quand un type moderne d'entreprise n'existait pas en Corée du Sud avant 1960) et “CSR”, qui ont été publiés en Corée du Sud depuis les années 1920, afin de comprendre le champ lui-même et de reconstruire une histoire de l'émergence et de l'évolution du champ. Avec les données que j'ai recueillies, ces trois modes donnent des lignes directrices fondamentales pour mes recherches actuelles et futures. / Going back to the disagreement of Wilensky (1964) in the beginning of this paper, I have some concluding thoughts with respect to my findings. Wilensky (1974) made his stance quite clear by arguing that everyone cannot be professionalized because of quasi-professionals or semi-professionals do not possess tentative knowledge and skills and other conditions as the functionalist approach in the sociology of profession generally argue. Current researchers have argue that contemporary professional fields have lost the essence of professionalism, which is a broad sense of serving societal missions, and have become more interest groups to do their businesses (R. Greenwood, 2007; Saks, 2012). Hence, current established professional organizations are being under de-legitimization and de-institutionalization (Ackroyd, 1996; Brock, 2006). My findings showed that many of CSR professionals, one of emerging quasi-professional groups, tended to share a strong sense of serving societal missions. Some of them (with the strategic corporate giving and the sustainability transition frame) emphasized even more than their business missions, commercial values, and self-interests. Just like any other professionals, some of CSR professionals, especially those within the social innovation and the risk management frame, also underscored the importance of business-like and commercial values to vitalize the CSR field and to grow themselves as stronger professionals. However, they were clearly aware of that what they were doing ultimately generated social benefits, and they appreciated the fact that their professional lives satisfied both their economic interests and societal interests. Hence, their professionalism was actually quite stronger than any other contemporary professionals, which have been criticized for lack of such professionalism. In this regard, why cannot we call CSR professionals, professionals ?