CITATION: Brand, A., Geyer, H.S. & Geyer, H.S. 2015. Corridor development in Gauteng, South Africa. GeoJournal, doi:10.1007/s10708-015-9683-x. / The original publication is available at http://link.springer.com/journal/10708 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The development corridor concept has been regarded as an important development instrument in spatial planning and geography for many decades. Expanding literature on the theme indicates that development centres or nodes play an important role in the establishment of such corridors. Flows of goods and information between such centres are key in creating conditions that are potentially favourable for further urban development along the communication axes connecting such centres. Combined, the various nodes form a unique flexible exchange environment allowing for dynamic synergies of interactive growth that can achieve scope economies aided by fast and reliable corridors of transport and communication infrastructure. In the South African development sphere, there is strong belief that functional relationships between nodes can play a decisive role in the establishment of development corridors. This research showed that the degree to which economic activities are concentrated in the greater Gauteng region; the resulting current or emerging multinodal structural composition; and the flows of economic activities between the various nodes result in the creation of developing corridors that channel and focus economic growth between networks of cities. This confirms the importance of corridors as spatial and economic development instruments. The research concluded that corridor development in Gauteng still favours monocentrism. Johannesburg and Pretoria feature as the most dominant nodes, exerting great forces of attraction on the distribution of development and economic growth in the region. The research also suggests a degree of polycentrism whereby economic growth is channelled between networks of cities, however development potential is most favourable in areas in close proximity to primary centres and tends to be functionality driven. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontwikkelende korridor-konsep is oor baie dekades heen as ‘n belangrike instrument in ruimtelike en geografiese beplanning beskou. Uitgebreide literatuur dui aan dat nodusse ‘n belangrike rol in die vasstelling van korridors speel. Die vloei van goedere en inligting tussen nodusse is uiters belangrik in die samestelling van toestande wat gunstig is vir ontwikkeling rondom kommunikasie-asse wat nodusse verbind. Die kombinasie van nodusse vorm ‘n unieke vloeibare omgewing waarin medewerkende interaksie die omvang van ekonomiese groei bepaal en word ondersteun deur vinnige, betroubare vervoer- en kommunikasie-infrastruktuur. In die Suid Afrikaanse ontwikkelingskonsep, word sterk geglo dat funksionele verhoudings tussen nodusse ‘n belangrike rol kan speel in die vasstelling van korridors. Die navorsing toon dat die wyse waarop ekonomiese aktiwiteite binne die Gauteng-streek versprei is; die huidige of opkommende samestelling van meervoudige nodusse; en die vloei van ekonomiese aktiwiteite tussen nodusse die skepping van korridors wat ekonomiese groei tussen netwerke van stede kanaliseer tot gevolg het. Dit bevestig die belangrikheid van korridors as ruimtelike en ekonomiese beplanningsinstrumente. Die navorsing kom ook tot die gevolgtrekking dat korridorontwikkeling in Gauteng steeds die konsep van monosentrisme aanneem met Johannesburg en Pretoria as die mees dominante nodusse, wat groot aantrekkingskragte op die verspreiding van ontwikkeling en ekonomiese groei in die streek uitoefen. Die navorsing dui ook aan dat daar tog ‘n mate van polisentrisme is waardeur ekonomiese groei tussen netwerke van stede versprei word. Die mees gunstige ontwikkelingspotensiaal lê egter in gebiede wat in die nabyheid van primêre nodusse geleë is. / Post print

Med växande arealer som inte röjs, samt ett ökat intresse för skogsbränsleuttag, krävs utveckling av teknik och metoder för att kunna utvinna denna resurs. Genom att, från uppställningsplatser i stickväg, avverka träd i krankorridorer minskar antalet kranrörelser per träd. Detta minskar i sin tur den höga avverkningskostnaden i stamtäta, klena bestånd. I ett tallbestånd i södra Sverige undersöktes metoden krankorridorgallring. I transekter vinkelrätt från stickväg mättes höjd, brösthöjdsdiameter, stubbdiameter, stamantal, trädslagsblandning, stubbhöjder och skador, samt dess stickvägsavstånd. Detta beräknades sedan i Excel. Gallringskvoten var på 0,77, alltså ökade beståndets medeldiameter och höjd. Gallringsstyrkan låg på 53% med 61% avverkade träd i krankorridorer, resten i stickväg. Andelen skador var 1.5% och stubbhöjden 48 cm, inga av dessa kunde korreleras till stickvägsavståndet. Innan åtgärd stod endast 2267 stammar >3cm per hektar, bestånd med högre stamantal behövs för en bättre utvärdering av metoden. / With a growing number of unmanaged stands with a high number of stems per hectare and low diameters, and with growing interests in biomass extractions for fuel, development of proper technology and methods to extract these resources is required. By mechanical harvesting of trees in corridors, the number of crane movements per tree is decreased, resulting in lower harvest costs. In a pine stand in southern Sweden, this method of boom-corridor thinning was examined. This was done by measuring, perpendicular to the strip road, mean heights, breast height- and stump diameters, number of stems, tree species composition, stump heights and damages from thinning and later calculated in Excel. The relationship between harvested and standing tree diameters where 0,77, which can be compared to a heavy thinning from below. The thinning grade resulted in 53% with 61% trees harvested in boom-corridors. Damage percent resulted in 1.5% and the mean stump-height was 48 cm, none of these factors could be connected to their strip-road distance. Before thinning the number of stems was 2267 stems >3cm per hectare. For a better evaluation of the method, stands with higher number of stems would be required.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3681186 bytes, checksum: 39f5a6db772d507d3e97583e58baa77c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation results from research whose objective was to investigate the evolution process of the urban expansion of the southeastern sector of the city of João Pessoa PB, from a vector of urban expansion, the corridor of Avenida Pedro II and the areas located in its immediate surroundings. The spatial area encompassed from the neighborhood of the Torre until Mangabeira, area located at its end, the period that begins in the late 1930s with the emergence of the Torre, the first district to directly influence the corridor until the year of 2010. The analysis relies on the "model of the evolutionary logic of an urban expansion by Castex, Depaule and Panerai (1980, 2005, 2006), and is complemented by the study of the dynamics of urban segregation, proposed by Corrêa (1989). The results were presented according to the principal methodology adopted, and show that this sector of the city, was structured from investments in federal government, with emphasis on public housing. Currently, this urban space concentrates 20% of the population of the town of middle and low income, reflecting the occupation model adopted, which was imposed by the state. / Esta dissertação resulta da pesquisa cujo objetivo foi de investigar o histórico de evolução do tecido urbano do setor sudeste de João Pessoa PB, a partir de um vetor de expansão intraurbana, o corredor da Avenida Dom Pedro II e os bairros que se localizam em seu entorno imediato. O recorte espacial englobou desde o bairro da Torre até o conjunto Mangabeira, território localizado no final do seu último trecho, no período que se inicia em finais da década de 1930 com o surgimento da Torre, primeiro bairro a influenciar diretamente no corredor , seguindo até a contemporaneidade ano de 2011. A análise apóia-se no modelo da lógica evolutiva de um tecido urbano , proposto por Castex, Depaule e Panerai (1980; 2005; 2006), e é complementada pelo estudo da dinâmica de segregação intraurbana, elaborado por Corrêa (1989). Os resultados obtidos foram apresentados segundo a metodologia principal adotada, e mostram que esse setor da cidade, formou-se a partir de investimentos da esfera federal, com ênfase nos conjuntos habitacionais populares. Atualmente, esse espaço intraurbano concentra 20% da população da cidade, de média e baixa renda, reflexo do modelo de ocupação adotado, que foi imposto pelo Estado.

The aim of this work was to define changes in the landscape from 1949 to the present in the area of Zdíkov which is situated near Vimperk in the Bohemian Forest. The representation of elements land use was established- that are forests, arable land, water areas, water-courses, settlements, road network and permanent grassland - on each of the three aerial photographs from the years 1949, 1973 and 1988.The representation of elements land use was compared in each year on the basis of these photographes and the change and transformation of the original character of the landscape were defined in a given time horizon. The results were worked up graphically.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-21T09:35:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Milena Fiuza Diniz - 2015.pdf: 2191789 bytes, checksum: f9b07815a956dcbb354d5efe246b7a13 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-21T09:37:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Milena Fiuza Diniz - 2015.pdf: 2191789 bytes, checksum: f9b07815a956dcbb354d5efe246b7a13 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-21T09:37:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Milena Fiuza Diniz - 2015.pdf: 2191789 bytes, checksum: f9b07815a956dcbb354d5efe246b7a13 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / It is expected that networks of protected areas (NPAs) play a key role in conservation of several carnivores species, as jaguar, since habitat fragmentation and population isolation are strong threats. Therefore, the identification and establishment of connector structures, such as corridors and stepping-stones, are essential to ensure the population persistence of these species. Here, we used graph approach and the habitat availability metrics to design NPAs for jaguars in Atlantic Forest and ranking protected areas and other forest fragments according to their importance for landscape connectivity. Our results indicate that the protected jaguar areas (PJAs) are important to functional connectivity, mainly the state parks located in the Serra do Mar. The potential stepping-stone network, formed by 564 fragments with higher levels of importance for connectivity, increased the number of connections in landscape and reduced the amount of isolated PJAs. Only 15 fragments of this network, located in the south of the Atlantic Forest, contributed with 88% of interpatch connectivity, being considered as potential sites for jaguars reintroduction. Most of these connector areas are under the less restrictive protection of sustainable use protected areas. The approach used here has simple data requirements and provides a valuable initial guide to planning NPAs, can be applied to many other species. / (Sem resumo)

As linhas de transmissão no Brasil formam uma imensa rede de transporte de energia elétrica denominada SIN (Sistema Interligado Nacional). Ao longo das áreas próximas às linhas existem corredores denominados faixa de passagem. Devido à alta tensão dos cabos energizados e aos riscos para a população e para o sistema, essas áreas têm restrições de uso. Contudo, sabe-se que, frequentemente, são registradas ocorrências de ocupações ilegais. O presente trabalho discute a questão das ocupações irregulares nas faixas de passagens das linhas de transmissão de energia elétrica em áreas urbanas no Brasil. Isto porque as variáveis que influenciam para ocorrência da infração estão localizadas preferencialmente nas cidades. A análise está focada nos fatores presentes nas adjacências das faixas de passagens. Foram identificadas três características propulsoras do descumprimento da regra: a tipologia do uso do solo, a associação das condições socioeconômicas e a densidade demográfica nas imediações dessas faixas. O estudo baseia-se nessas variáveis e faz uso das técnicas do geoprocessamento para a realização de uma série de tarefas necessárias para a execução do trabalho, como mapeamento do uso do solo, geração de buffer análise e produção de overlays. Os recursos das análises de agrupamento foram o meio usado para sintetizar os dados referentes à população, à renda e à escolaridade. O modelo desenvolvido foi aplicado e testado nos arredores da Linha de Transmissão 345 kV - Anhanguera-Guarulhos, situada na zona norte da cidade de São Paulo e que perpassa por áreas com diversos tipos de urbanização, diferentes níveis de renda, variadas classes sociais e muitos tipos de uso e ocupação do solo. / The Electric Power Transmission Lines in Brazil form an immense network of electricity transportation named the National Interconnected System (SIN). Along the nearby areas of the lines transmissions, there is a zone called line transmissions corridor. Due to the high-voltage of the power cables and the risks to the population and to the system, these areas have restrictions of use. However, it is known that illegal occurrences are frequently registered. The present work discusses the matter of irregular occupations in the line transmission corridors of the electric power transmission lines in urban areas in Brazil. It is because of the fact that the variables that influence this type of infringement are exceedingly present in cities. The focus of the analysis is on factors found in the vicinities of the lines transmission corridors. Three propelling characteristics of the rules non-compliance were identified: the soil use type, the association of socioeconomic conditions and the demographic density of the surrounding area. The study is based on these factors and uses geoprocessing techniques to perform a series of tasks required for the execution of this work, such as mapping the land use, generating the buffer analysis and producing the overlay analysis. The resources of the cluster analysis were used to synthesize data referring to the population, income and education. The developed model was applied and tested in the surroundings of the 345kV electric line transmission Anhanguera-Guarulhos, located in the northern part of the city of São Paulo, passing through areas with different types of urbanization, different income levels, various social classes and many types of land use.

Permafrost temperatures were measured by the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) in 1977-1981 at boreholes along a proposed pipeline route in the southern Yukon. Analysis of climate station records indicate that mean annual air temperatures in the region have since increased by 0.5-1.0˚C. Renewed interest in the pipeline and the need to develop adaptation strategies for existing highway infrastructure have meant that information on permafrost and geotechnical conditions must be updated. To accomplish this goal, a total of eight GSC boreholes ranging in depth from 5-9 m were located, unblocked of ice and instrumented with thermistor cables and data-loggers to permit renewed ground temperature monitoring. Manual temperature measurements were also taken at four other shallow boreholes. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys were conducted at each site. MAGTs below 1 m at permafrost sites in the study area range from -0.2˚C to -1.5˚C with permafrost depths greater than 25 m. The permafrost at the study sites can be classified as sporadic discontinuous and extensive discontinuous. Ground temperatures indicate that permafrost can persist under warmer climatic conditions as long as it remains protected by its ecosystem properties. Thermal monitoring for 2011-2012 shows an average increase of 0.5-1.0˚C when compared to the original 1978-1981 ground temperatures. This slow rate of ground warming is mainly attributed to a combination of limited climate change, especially in the south of the study area, ground temperatures close to 0˚C, and the possible disturbance of sites from the removal of vegetation prior to the original measurements being made. ERT surveys conducted at most borehole sites show deeper thaw or taliks where the cleared cut-line used for geophysical work in the 1970s is crossed. These results indicate the impacts of climate change and environmental change in the study area over the past three decades. They appear to match the relatively slow rates of ground warming observed elsewhere in northern Canada where permafrost temperatures are close to 0˚C and where warming also requires changes in latent heat due to internal thaw. TTOP equilibrium modelling suggests that if climate change is responsible for the ground warming, most of the change can be attributed to the step-like MAAT increase that occurred between 1975-1976.

This thesis deals with the evaluation of the investment efficiency to the traffic buildings. Theoretical part describes the history of the traffic sector and the railway traffic, the ownership and financing of the railway infrastructure. Next section describes the characteristic of railway corridors, basic principles of their modernization and optimizations and methods for the evaluation of investment efficiency. In practical part is focused on design of an own methodology for the evaluation of investment efficiency to the traffic building according to savings of passengers' time. The investment efficiency to the railway corridors is assessed using proposed methodology.

D'origine nomade, ils avaient conquis les territoires du nord-ouest de la Chine, allant d'une partie au sud de la Mongolie Intérieure au nord du Qinghai, à l'ouest du Gansu, la région du Ningxia et une partie ouest du Shaanxi. Une fois installés dans cette vaste région, ils se développèrent rapidement, tant sur le plan culturel que sur le plan économique, et fondèrent en 1038 leur royaume. À partir de cette date, ils créèrent leur propre langue et écriture, en partie à base du chinois classique, et renforcèrent leurs relations avec leurs puissants voisins frontaliers, à savoir : au sud-est de leur territoire les Song du Nord, au nord les Liao, au nord-ouest les Ouïghours et enfin au sud-ouest les tribus Tibétaines. Ils avaient adopté le Bouddhisme en tant que religion d'État et pratiquèrent, avec ferveur, les pratiques bouddhiques. De parts et d'autres du royaume, des grands centres d'activités bouddhistes, ainsi que des temples furent mis en place, afin d'y entreprendre des traductions de volumes du Grand canon bouddhique chinois, qu'ils avaient en partie obtenu des Song du Nord, vers leur propre langue. De ces textes traduits en langue de Xi Xia, de nombreux volumes furent découverts au cours des deux précédents siècles. La recherche sur Xi Xia et ses sources textuelles, notamment bouddhiques, sont autant d'indices de la richesse culturelle et linguistique de cette nation éphémère de la Chine antique, qui a pourtant participé au grand développement des traductions bouddhiques et de l'imprimerie. / As nomadic people, they conquered the northwest territories of China, from south of Inner Mongolia to north of Qinghai, to west of Gansu, all of the region of Ningxia and a west part of Shaanxi. Once they had settled in this vast region, they quickly developed on both economical and cultural aspects, and founded their kingdom in 1038. From this moment, they created their own language and writing system, mostly from the Chinese language, and enhanced their relationships with their mighty neighbors outside their borders, such as North Song dynasty in the southwest part, the Liao in the north part, the Uyghur in the northwest part and the Tibetan tribes in the southwest part. They adopted Buddhism as religion of the State. During all the regencies, they indulged themselves in practicing Buddhist activities. Within the Xi Xia kingdom, many Buddhist centers and temples emerged, from which translations of the Great Buddhist Canon, mostly obtained from North Song Court, were made towards their own language. From these texts written in Xi Xia language, many of them were excavated or just found during the last couple centuries. The research on Xi Xia and its textual resources, Buddhist texts among others, are as much as evidence there should be to reveal the cultural and language wealth of this ephemeral State of ancient China, which however took part in the huge development of translating and printing Buddhist texts.

In this thesis entitled ,,Analysis of motion of the bicycle when riding in a straight line”, I deal with the history of the bicycle, classifications and descriptions of the various parts of the bicycle and the analysis of accidents. The main objective is to analyze the movement of cyclists (bicycle) in a straight line in the implementation of tasks, typical for him - pedaling, showing a change in direction, or looking back for him. In conclusion evaluation, which can then be used in the processing of judicial opinions by experts.