O concreto armado era tido, quando da sua concepção inicial, como um material que teria boa durabilidade e uma vida útil elevada, praticamente dispensando reparos. Com a intensificação de seu uso, todavia, começaram a serem observados diversos processos de deterioração que resultaram, nos casos mais críticos, em severos comprometimentos de desempenho ou falhas prematuras. Dentre as manifestações patológicas que mais transtorno e prejuízos causam às estruturas civis, destaca-se a corrosão de armaduras, por sua elevada incidência e potencial de dano. Embora já exista um considerável número de pesquisas acerca deste tema, percebe-se que a ênfase atual se encontra no estudo do processo de iniciação da corrosão, e poucos estudos se voltam para a caracterização da fase de propagação, onde os danos se intensificam. Assim, esta pesquisa tem a finalidade, pela realização de experimentos conjugados com uma análise numérica, de contribuir para que sejam entendidos os efeitos, em termos de prejuízo do desempenho estrutural, da propagação da corrosão em estruturas civis. Para fins desta pesquisa, consideraram-se como efeitos significativos nas propriedades estruturais: a perda da aderência entre o aço e o concreto; a diminuição da área de seção transversal da armadura; a diminuição da resistência à tração do aço; e o aparecimento de tensões de tração devido ao acúmulo dos produtos de corrosão junto às barras. Foi estimulado o desenvolvimento de processos de corrosão em corpos-de-prova de concreto contendo barras de aço, que usa aplicação de corrente constante e exposição a uma solução de cloretos, e os graus de corrosão estudados foram equivalentes a perdas de massa de 0, 2, 5, 10 e 20%. Os resultados obtidos nesta fase experimental foram empregados como referência para uma análise numérica, cuja validação foi feita pela avaliação de vigas moldadas e deterioradas em laboratório pelo processo de corrosão induzido. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram, em suma, que os corpos-de-prova de concreto afetados pela corrosão de armaduras, devido ao ataque por cloretos, com pequenas perdas de massa (da ordem de 2 e 5%) não apresentam danos significativos nas propriedades estruturais, enquanto que nos corpos-de-prova contaminados com graus de corrosão maiores que 10% estes danos são mais evidenciados, e neste caso as estruturas devem ser obrigatoriamente tratadas ou recuperadas nos casos mais críticos. / When reinforced concrete was designed, it was believed to be a material with good durability and great life-cycle, with almost no repairs necessary. With its use intensification, however, it started to be noticed several deterioration processes and, in the most critical cases, these deterioration processes severely compromised the structure performance or leaded to early fails. Among the pathological manifestations which cause more damages to civil structures, it is possible to highlight the reinforcement corrosion due to its great incidence and damage potential. Despite the great amount of researches concerning this issue, the up-to-date emphasis is based on the corrosion initiation process study, and fewer studies focus on the propagation phase characterization, in which damages are intensified. This research aims, trough experimental and numerical analysis, to contribute for a better understanding of the effects, regarding structural performance damage, of corrosion propagation in civil structures. In this research it is considered as important effects on structural proprieties: losses of bond between steel and concrete; the bar cross section reduction; the bar tensile strength reduction; and the development of tension efforts due to rust near the bars. It was stimulated the development of corrosion process in concrete specimens with rebars, which uses constant current impression and chloride solution exposition to accelerate the corrosive process, and the corrosion levels studied were equivalent to bar weight losses of 0, 2, 5, 10 and 20%. The results from this experimental phase were used as reference to numerical analysis, and validated by beams which were cast and deteriorated in laboratory due to inducted corrosion process. The research results show, in a few words, that concrete specimens affected by reinforcement corrosion, due to chloride attack, with low levels of mass losses (approximately 2 and 5%) do not present significant structural properties damages, while in the specimens with corrosion levels higher then 10% these damages are more exposed, and in this case the structures should be obligatory treated or recovered in the most critical cases.

O concreto armado era tido, quando da sua concepção inicial, como um material que teria boa durabilidade e uma vida útil elevada, praticamente dispensando reparos. Com a intensificação de seu uso, todavia, começaram a serem observados diversos processos de deterioração que resultaram, nos casos mais críticos, em severos comprometimentos de desempenho ou falhas prematuras. Dentre as manifestações patológicas que mais transtorno e prejuízos causam às estruturas civis, destaca-se a corrosão de armaduras, por sua elevada incidência e potencial de dano. Embora já exista um considerável número de pesquisas acerca deste tema, percebe-se que a ênfase atual se encontra no estudo do processo de iniciação da corrosão, e poucos estudos se voltam para a caracterização da fase de propagação, onde os danos se intensificam. Assim, esta pesquisa tem a finalidade, pela realização de experimentos conjugados com uma análise numérica, de contribuir para que sejam entendidos os efeitos, em termos de prejuízo do desempenho estrutural, da propagação da corrosão em estruturas civis. Para fins desta pesquisa, consideraram-se como efeitos significativos nas propriedades estruturais: a perda da aderência entre o aço e o concreto; a diminuição da área de seção transversal da armadura; a diminuição da resistência à tração do aço; e o aparecimento de tensões de tração devido ao acúmulo dos produtos de corrosão junto às barras. Foi estimulado o desenvolvimento de processos de corrosão em corpos-de-prova de concreto contendo barras de aço, que usa aplicação de corrente constante e exposição a uma solução de cloretos, e os graus de corrosão estudados foram equivalentes a perdas de massa de 0, 2, 5, 10 e 20%. Os resultados obtidos nesta fase experimental foram empregados como referência para uma análise numérica, cuja validação foi feita pela avaliação de vigas moldadas e deterioradas em laboratório pelo processo de corrosão induzido. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram, em suma, que os corpos-de-prova de concreto afetados pela corrosão de armaduras, devido ao ataque por cloretos, com pequenas perdas de massa (da ordem de 2 e 5%) não apresentam danos significativos nas propriedades estruturais, enquanto que nos corpos-de-prova contaminados com graus de corrosão maiores que 10% estes danos são mais evidenciados, e neste caso as estruturas devem ser obrigatoriamente tratadas ou recuperadas nos casos mais críticos. / When reinforced concrete was designed, it was believed to be a material with good durability and great life-cycle, with almost no repairs necessary. With its use intensification, however, it started to be noticed several deterioration processes and, in the most critical cases, these deterioration processes severely compromised the structure performance or leaded to early fails. Among the pathological manifestations which cause more damages to civil structures, it is possible to highlight the reinforcement corrosion due to its great incidence and damage potential. Despite the great amount of researches concerning this issue, the up-to-date emphasis is based on the corrosion initiation process study, and fewer studies focus on the propagation phase characterization, in which damages are intensified. This research aims, trough experimental and numerical analysis, to contribute for a better understanding of the effects, regarding structural performance damage, of corrosion propagation in civil structures. In this research it is considered as important effects on structural proprieties: losses of bond between steel and concrete; the bar cross section reduction; the bar tensile strength reduction; and the development of tension efforts due to rust near the bars. It was stimulated the development of corrosion process in concrete specimens with rebars, which uses constant current impression and chloride solution exposition to accelerate the corrosive process, and the corrosion levels studied were equivalent to bar weight losses of 0, 2, 5, 10 and 20%. The results from this experimental phase were used as reference to numerical analysis, and validated by beams which were cast and deteriorated in laboratory due to inducted corrosion process. The research results show, in a few words, that concrete specimens affected by reinforcement corrosion, due to chloride attack, with low levels of mass losses (approximately 2 and 5%) do not present significant structural properties damages, while in the specimens with corrosion levels higher then 10% these damages are more exposed, and in this case the structures should be obligatory treated or recovered in the most critical cases.

This master thesis describes design of suitable surface treatment technology to get component resistant to corrosion of conventional atmosphere. Given component has a shape of pin and is made of construction steel. At the beginning, there is a theoretical study of galvanic zinc coating and galvanic surface treatment in general. Then there is analysis of damaged galvanic zinc surface and its impact of corrosive resistance of that layer with collaboration with company KOZÁK SVITAVY. Corrosive resistance of damaged zinc layer is then compared with corrosive resistance of quality zinc layer. At the end of this thesis is technical and economic evaluation.

Arbetet som utförts är en material studie som inriktar sig på nickel-krom-molybdenbaserade legeringar som används i dagens våt skrubber. Eftersom kraven på mängden utsläpp av svaveldioxid är en viktig miljöfråga, skapar detta ett behov för användandet av en våt skrubber. Den här produkten befinner sig i anläggningar där förbränningsmotorer finns och förekommer i princip i alla större fartyg. Rökgasen som motorerna släpper ifrån sig är skadlig för miljön och därför absorberas flödet in till en våt skrubber där en förbränning sker. Rökgasen separeras med hjälp av ett antal sprinklers som är placerade ovanpå gas ingången i en skrubber. Med hjälp av havsvatten som samlas upp och sluts till skrubbern injiceras detta genom sprinklers sen vidare nedåt på rökgasen som separerar föroreningar ifrån den gasen som är tänkt ska kondensera genom och ut i atmosfären. Havsvatten tillsammans med föroreningarna samlas på botten av skrubbern och samlas i tankar. Denna miljö är väldigt skadlig för materialet som produkten består av, framför allt på botten där materialet riskerar att korrodera som mest. Arbetet beskriver ett antal typer av korrosion och förklarar innebörden av de olika typerna så att det enklare går att förstå sammanhanget med miljön och omständigheternas påverkan på legeringarna. Syftet i arbetet är att studera de olika legeringarna och beskriva de med hjälp av den litteraturstudie som gjorts. Med hjälp av insamlad data av tester som tidigare utförts enligt standard, har detta tolkats och bidragit till evalueringen av de olika legeringarna. De grundläggande tester som används vid evaluering av legeringarnas karaktär är tester där en bit av materialet doppas ned i en specifik lösning med olika omständigheter och villkor. Detta räcker inte för att säkerställa en hållbar livscykel för en våt skrubber och därför evalueras legeringarna även med hjälp av olika fälttester. Teoretiska studier på tester i aggressiva miljöer används för att resultera rangordningen av de olika materialen och även ett nytt material undersöks vid namnet alloy 2120. / This thesis work is a study of materials which focus on nickel-chromium-molybdenum-based alloys used in today’s wet scrubbers. Since the requirements for emissions of sulfur dioxide is a major environmental issue, this creates a need for the use of a wet scrubber. This product is in installations where combustion engines are available and are basically in all larger vessels. The flue gas that engines emit are harmful to the environment and for that reason, the flow is absorbed into a wet scrubber where combustion takes place. The flue gas is separated by a number of sprinklers placed above of the gas in a scrubber. Collected seawater is used to separate the gas through the sprinklers that injects the water on top of the flue gas where impurities is separated from the gas that will condense out to the atmosphere. The water fluid together with the contaminants is collected on the bottom of the scrubber and into the tanks. This environment is very harmful to the material that the product is made of, in particular on the bottom where the material is more susceptible for corrosion. The work describes several types of corrosion and the meaning of the different types so that the reader easily can understand the impact of the environment on the alloys. The type of corrosion that occurs primarily in scrubbers is pitting corrosion and is considerate to be a highly local type of corrosion, and the most dangerous type. Pitting occurs when the protective oxide layer does not have time to repassivate and can also lead to other types of corrosion. Due to the dangerous work environment, the risk for corrosion to occur is high and therefore, focus is put on this specific material group. The purpose of this work was to study the alloys and describe them with the help of a literature study. Using data collected from tests previously performed in accordance with standards, the collected data has been interpreted and contributing to the evaluation of the various alloys. The basic tests used in the evaluation of the nature of the alloy are tests in which a piece of material immersed in a specific solution with different circumstances and conditions. This is not enough to ensure a sustainable life cycle for a wet scrubber and therefore, alloys is evaluated using various field tests as well. Theoretical studies on tests in aggressive environments is used to result the ranking of the various materials and also a new material is examined by the name alloy 2120.

The aim of this study was to investigate the diffusion of chloride ions into concrete samples that were exposed in scenarios that simulate the splash, tidal, atmospheric, and immersed portions of a marine structure. To study the atmospheric deposition, the project also investigated the relationship between chloride ion deposition on the wet candle and its accumulation into concrete samples. Results from the wet candle experiment indicated that between 2% and 45% of the chlorides deposited per square meter of exposed area could be found within the concrete samples. After 6 months, slag G1a blocks showed the most resistance to chloride penetration in the tidal and splash simulations. After 10 months of exposure, fly ash samples had the slowest rates of diffusion in the tidal simulation while the fly ash + silica fume samples and the slag samples measured similar rates of diffusion within the tidal zone. After 90 days of curing, cylinders composed of 20% fly ash & 8% silica fume measured the highest average resistivity values and were found to be less vulnerable to chloride ion penetration than the 20% fly ash and the 50% slag concrete through rapid migration tests. / by Victor Anthony Echevarria. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

The construction industry is increasingly turning to the use of environmentally friendly materials in order to meet the sustainable aspect required by modern infrastructures. Consequently, for the last two decades, the expansion of this concept, and the increasing global warming have raised concerns on the extensive use of Portland cement due to the high amount of carbon dioxide gas associated with its production. The development of geopolymer concretes offers promising signs for a change in the way of producing concrete. However, to seriously consider geopolymer binders as an alternative to ordinary Portland cement, the durability of this new material should be evaluated in any comparative analysis. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the durability characteristics of low calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concretes subjected to the marine environment, compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete with similar exposure. To achieve this goal, 8 molar geopolymer, 14 molar geopolymer and ordinary Portland cement concrete mixes were prepared and tested for exposure in seawater. Compressive strengths in the range of 2900 to 8700 psi (20-60 MPa) were obtained. The corrosion resistance performance of steel-reinforced concrete beams, made of these mixes, was also studied, using an accelerated electrochemical method, with submergence in salt water. The test results indicated that the geopolymer concrete showed excellent resistance to chloride attack, with longer time to corrosion cracking, compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete. / by Jean-Baptiste Edouard. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Corrosion often occurs in the inner aluminum lining of the HB-53 helicopter external fuel tank, resulting in fuel leaks. This project centers on developing an in-situ ultrasonic inspection technique to detect corroded areas inside the fuel tank. Due to the complexity of the composite structure of the tank, the ultrasonic inspection is carried out from inside the tank using a monostatic backscattering technique. The backscattered field contains information related to the insonified surface properties (surface roughness scales). Numerical predictions are implemented with a simplified model of backscattered intensity (Ogilvy, 1991). Experimental results are obtained on artificially corroded plates, and on the actual fuel tank of the HB-53 helicopter. Signal processing techniques (Envelope Correlation and Inverse Technique) are used to detect corroded surfaces with data obtained with a focused 10 MHz pulsed transducer.

The aim of this research proj ect was to produce compositionally modulated zincnickel and zinc-nickel-manganese coatings usi ng a single bath process by variation of the applied electroplating current density. These could then be considered as possible replacements for electroplated cadmium. Zinc-nickel electrodeposits from both a simple bath and one containing the complexant tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine (TRIS) were produced using either bath or by selective electroplating onto mild steel, 2014-T6 aluminium and 2000 series aluminium alloy connector shells. Zinc-nickelmanganese coatings were electroplated onto mild steel, using both DC and pulse electroplating from sulphate based baths containing either the complexant TRIS or sodium citrate. The coatings and the various electrodeposition processes were evaluated by thickness measurements, cun'ent efficiency calculations, composition detennination using energy dispersive X-ray anal ys is and SEM to examine the morphology. Corrosion characteristics were investigated by neutral salt fog exposure, alternate immersion, atmospheric trials, and electrochemical immersion tests including potential monitoring, galvanic and polarisation measurements. Other properties such as microhardness and surface electrical conductivity were also investigated. Compositionally modulated zinc-nickel and ziJlc-nickel-manganese were successfully deposited from single baths with nickel contents ranging from 5-20% Ni and manganese contents varying from 0-12% Mn. Current efficiency measurements showed the efficiency to be low especially for the zinc-nickel-manganese coatings, which exhibited a distinct morphology when electroplated from the citrate bath. Corrosion testing indicated that both coatings had a lower corrosion resistance than cadmium especially in accelerated tests, with a reduction in corrosion resistance being seen as the nickel content was increased; due to a decrease in density of the electroplate. This, and increasing through-thickness porosity promoted ennoblement of zinc-nickel and zinc-nickel-manganese leading to the coatings becoming nonsacri ficial to the substrate in accelerated tests. Zinc-nickel-manganese showed less white rust than zinc-nickel and exhibited lligher micro-hardness than zinc, cadmium and zinc-nickel. Electrical measurements indicated that both coatings were sufficiently conductive to meet the surface conductivity requirements for use on electrical connector shells.

O aço inoxidável super duplex é um material muito utilizado na indútria de óleo e gás e o mandrilamento interno é um dos processos de manufatura utilizado para fabricação de componentes para esta indútria. O acabamento gerado pelo processo de mandrilamento interno é muito importante, pois estes componetes sofrem grandes ataques corrosivos por estarem em contato com petróleo e gás acidos e, também, por serem utilizados em grandes profundidades e altas pressões, no fundo do mar. A necessidade de utilização de barras de mandrilar com sistemas antivibratórios se dá quando seu comprimento é quatro vezes maior que o diâmetro usinado. Para análise da influência do mandrilamento foi utilizada uma barra de mandrilar com sistema antivibratório, tendo seu comprimento oito vezes seu diâmetro. O material utilizado para este estudo é o aço inox superduplex SAF2507. As variáveis de entrada foram velocidade de corte, avanço, raio de ponta da ferramenta de corte e pressão de refrigeração. Para análise da intregridade no material foi medido a rugosidade superficial utilizando os parâmetros Sq, Ssk, Sku, Str, Sal, Sk, Sk, SvK, a tensão residual, dureza e a temperatura de usinagem dissipada na região da peça. Os resultados mostraram a presença de tensão residual de tração com aumento da dureza com rugosidade Sq acima de 2 μm. Para rugosidade Sq abaixo de 2 μm ocorreu tensão residual de baixa tração ou tensão residual de compressão. A temperatura média no material usinado foi de 33,6 oC, sendo medida temperatura na região peça-cavaco-ferramenta de 350oC. A melhor combinação das condições de corte encontrada para obter os menores valores de rugosidade e de tensão residual de compressão, no acabamento, para profundidade de corte de 0,4 mm, foi a maior velocidade de corte (140 m/min), o menor avanço (0,1mm/rot), menor raio (0,4 mm) e a menor pressão de refrigeração (15bar). / Super duplex stainless steel is a material widely used in oil and gas industry and boring is one of the manufacturing processes used to manufacture components for this industry. The finishing surface generated by boring process is very important once these parts are exposed to great corrosive attacks by being in contact with oil and gas acids and, also, because they are used at big depths and high pressures in the seabed. The need of using dampened boring bars occurs when the length is four times greater than the machined diameter. It was used one of these dampened boring bars to analyze its influence on a boring processes, with its length eight times its diameter. The material used for this study is the super duplex stainless steel SAF2507. Input variables for analysis were cutting speed, feed, nose radius of the cutting tool and coolant pressure. For analysis of the material integrity it was measured the surface roughness using Sq, Ssk, Sku, Str, Sal, Sk, Sk, SvK parameters, residual stress, hardness and machining temperature dissipated in part region. The results have shown the presence of residual tensile stress with increasing hardness when Sk roughness is up to 2 μm and Sk roughness below 2 μm showed low residual tensile or residual tensile compression. The average temperature dissipated in the proof body was 33.6 °C, and the temperature in the region play-chip-tool was 350 oC. The best combination of cutting conditions found for the lowest roughness values and residual compressive stress were, finishing, cutting depth of 0.4 mm was the highest cutting speed (140 m / min), the lowest forward (0.1 mm / rev), smaller radius (0.4 mm) and the lower pressure coolant (15bar).

The purpose of this research is to investigate the mechanical, microstructural and corrosion performance of the ferritic stainless steel coarse powders, used in Metal Injection Molding (MIM) process. Three coarser powders made by Höganäs AB, were examined along with a commercially available fine MIM powder and samples from sheet metal. The studied powders were individually mixed with binders and then injection molded in the shape of dog bone shaped tensile bars. These green samples were then debinded and sintered to examine under different characterization methods. The methods used for examining the samples were tensile test, hardness test, metallography, SEM, chemical analysis, and salt spray test. After a comparative study of these different materials, it turns out that the chemical composition and the process parameters have more effect on materials properties compared to only particle size distribution in studied materials. After this study, 434 coarse powder was preferred upon the PolyMIM 430 fine powder, because of its lower price and same performance as that of PolyMIM 430.