THE PROTECTION AGAINST CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY AND THEIR PREVENTION The purpose of my thesis is to analyse basic instruments provided by the criminal law for investigation and prosecution of bribery and find out how they are applied in everyday practice within criminal proceeding. The main reason why I chose this topic is frequent complaining of the public, blaming the law enforcement authorities from dismal state of corruption in the Czech Republic. The motive was to find out whether these complaints are legitimate or the criminal law does not provide sufficient means for effective regulation of the corruption. The main aim of the thesis is therefore to answer the question, whether the instruments provided by the criminal law are sufficient for effective regulation of bribery and corruption in the Czech Republic. The thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter one is devoted to the brief explanation of historical development of the phenomenon of corruption. Aim of this chapter is to show the issue of corruption as never-ending struggle which was present in the society since its very beginning. Chapter two is introductory and defines basic terminology. Purpose of this chapter is to explain the main distinction between corruption and bribery and define the basic classification referred in the...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 225-226).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 245 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 200-224).

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1985. / Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 531-544).

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1985.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1985. / Also available in print.

La lutte contre la corruption constitue, depuis une vingtaine d'année, une priorité, tant pour les États que du point de vue international. D'abord, fondée sur le blanchiment de capitaux, notamment issus de trafics de stupéfiants et du terrorisme, la lutte contre la corruption tend désormais à devenir autonome. Le secteur bancaire et financier par lequel transitent des flux financiers licites et illicites, et qui a subi des crises et scandales considérables dans les dernières années, paraît susceptible d'être le réceptacle d'opérations de corruption, sans pour autant que cette question n'ait été ni pensée, ni ait formé véritablement le socle d'une action résolue des instances internationales et nationales. Il devenait, dès lors, nécessaire de s'interroger sur le système d'intégrité bancaire et financier (SIBF), dans ses versants préventif et répressif. Il en est ressorti que ce dernier, à l'instigation d'organisations internationales et consécutivement à des traumatismes politiques et financiers, a subi en quelques années une importante évolution. Ce développement a conduit, d'abord, au renforcement des dispositifs de prévention dans les établissements bancaires et financiers. Il a, ensuite, offert de nouvelles ressources au système judiciaire, par exemple, à travers le procureur de la République financier et l'enrichissement de ses méthodes d'enquêtes. Le SIBF, cependant, éprouve des difficultés graves pour contrer efficacement les menaces de la corruption qui restent en mouvement constant. Aussi conviendrait-il que les pouvoirs publics mettent résolument en œuvre des politiques publiques fortes dans le domaine, qui pourraient s'inspirer des propositions formulées à la fin de cette thèse. / For about twenty years, on a State and international basis, the fight against corruption has constituted a priority. Originally based on money laundering, essentially from drug trafficking and terrorism, the fight against corruption is nowadays tending to become autonomous. In the past years, the banking and financial sector, transited by lawful and illicit financial flows, has not been able to avoid considerable crises and scandals. This sector seems to be a haven for corruption operations ; though, this question has never really been taken into account, nor being thought as to form a common base for a resolute international and national response. It then becomes necessary to wonder about the banking and financial integrity system (SIBF), in both its preventive and repressive sides. At the instigation of international organisations and responsivly to political and financial traumatisms, the SIBF has undertaken a tremendous development. This evolution led, first, to the strengthening of the prevention mechanisms in the banking and financial institutions. It also offered new developments for the judiciary means, such as the instauration of the national financial prosecutor and the enrichment of his means of investigation. However, the SIBF presents serious difficulties for efficiently countering the constantly moving and evolving corruption threats. It would be then necessary that the concerned authorities implement resolutely strong public policies in this domain, which could be inspired by the proposals formulated at the end of this thesis.

Partendo da un’estesa analisi empirica della corruzione attiva di pubblici agenti stranieri, che rivela le dinamiche individuali, organizzative e ambientali che ne caratterizzano la realizzazione, la tesi si propone di condurre un esame critico sia della fattispecie criminosa di cui all’art. 322-bis, co. 2, n. 2, che della relativa responsabilità ex d. lgs. 231/2001 a carico degli enti metaindividuali, onde esaminarne i profili di efficacia nella prospettiva preventiva. Lo studio normativo si serve, oltre che della ancora esigua giurisprudenza italiana sinora intervenuta in materia, anche di sei ipotetici casi di corruzione internazionale da parte di imprese multinazionali con sede in Italia, basate su altrettanti casi reali ricostruiti grazie all’attività di enforcement del Foreign Corrupt Practices Act statunitense. Il lavoro di analisi evidenzia diverse esigenze di adeguamento normativo o di mutamento degli indirizzi interpretativi, che interessano la sfera penalistica (toccando in particolare l’oggetto giuridico della fattispecie, la definizione delle qualifiche pubblicistiche, l’estensione applicative della figura del traffico di influenze, la definizione degli obblighi impeditivi delle diverse cariche societarie, in particolare nei gruppi di società), quella processualistica (specialmente in tema di bis in idem internazionale) e quella della responsabilità da reato degli enti (in particolare in punto di responsabilità del cessionario d’azienda per gli illeciti di corruzione internazionale commessi nell’ambito dell’azienda ceduta, e dunque in materia di obblighi di pre-acquistion due diligence). La necessità di un cambio sostanziale si palesa altresì in relazione alla metodologia e ai contenuti dei modelli di organizzazione, gestione e controllo delle imprese multinazionali per la prevenzione del reato di corruzione internazionale, e di conseguenza nei criteri di valutazione dell’adeguatezza del modello in sede giudiziale. / Moving from an exhaustive empirical analysis of the active bribery of foreign public officials, which reveals its individual, organizational and environmental issues/dynamics, the thesis conducts a critical review of the criminal offence set forth in the Art. 322-bis, par. 2, n. 2 of the criminal code, and the consequent liability of legal entities, aimed at testing their real efficiency in terms of crime prevention. The legal analysis is conducted not only on the basis of the still limited Italian jurisprudence, but also by examining six hypothetical cases of international bribery perpetrated by Italian MNEs, which follow the structure of six real U.S. F.C.P.A. violation cases. The study illustrates the need for a series of normative adjustments or an interpretative adaptation of the legislation currently in force, which concern the sphere of criminal law (especially the individuation of the protected interest, the concept of foreign public official, the extent of trading in influence offence, the definition of the company’s officials duties to prevent other’s commission of bribery in particular among the corporate groups), criminal procedure law (specifically, the risk of an international double jeopardy) and the legal person’s liability regime (above all in the field of successor’s liability and pre-acquistion due diligence duties). The demand for a substantial change is revealed as well in relation with the methodology and the contents of the multi-national enterprises anti-bribery compliance programs, and thereof in the criteria for their judicial assessment.