O objetivo desta dissertação é a busca de anisotropias em grandes escalas angulares no fluxo de raios cósmicos acima de 4 × 10^{18} eV e o confronto dos resultados obtidos com as previsões dos principais modelos astrofísicos na região de ultra altas energias. Com esse propósito foram analisados os dados de chuveiros atmosféricos extensos registrados pelo Observatório Pierre Auger no período de 01 de janeiro de 2004 até 31 de agosto de 2016, compreendendo um total de 108 480 eventos detetados com ângulos zenitais entre 0 e 80 graus acima de 4 × 10^{18} eV. Efeitos sistemáticos locais como a influência da variação das condições atmosféricas e a influência do campo geomagnético nos estimadores de energia das cascatas atmosféricas foram corrigidos cuidadosamente para evitar a introdução de sinais espúrios de anisotropias na análise. Especial ênfase foi dedicada à construção de um mapa bidimensional na esfera celeste com os valores da exposição para cada direção no céu, calculado com uma precisão de 1% a partir da informação da área de coleção efetiva no Observatório Pierre Auger a cada minuto. Da mesma forma, a distribuição das direções de chegada dos eventos foi registrada em mapas bidimensionais na esfera celeste que, após corrigidos pela exposição, são transformados nos mapas de fluxo usados na análise quantitativa para a busca de anisotropias. Neste trabalho procurou-se padrões dipolares de anisotropias, os quais foram quantificados usando o método de expansão multipolar em harmônicos esféricos. Diferentemente do método bidimensional de Rayleigh usado na maioria dos estudos deste tipo, o método aqui utilizado fornece de maneira direta as três componentes cartesianas do dipolo, por meio das quais a reconstrução da amplitude e orientação espacial do dipolo é feita de maneira mais natural. A busca de anisotropias foi realizada em dois intervalos de energia independentes, assim foram analisados por separado os eventos com energias entre 4 × 10^{18} e 8 × 10^{18} eV e de energias maiores que 8 × 10^{18} eV. No primeiro intervalo não foi encontrado nenhum sinal de anisotropia estatisticamente significativo. No segundo intervalo foi encontrada uma anisotropia dipolar de amplitude d = (7.9 ± 1.1)% com coordenadas equatoriais (_d , _d ) = (103 ± 10 , 38 ± 7 ) graus e uma probabilidade de ocorrência ao acaso de 6.90 × 10^{8} , correspondendo a uma significância estatística acima do limiar de descoberta de 5 . Tal amplitude e direção são melhor explicadas assumindo-se uma origem extragaláctica para os raios cósmicos com energias acima de 8 × 10^{18} eV. / The aim of this dissertation is the search for large scale anisotropies in the cosmic ray flux above 4 × 10^{18} eV and the comparison of the results with the predictions of the main astrophysical models in the ultra high energy region. With this purpose we analyzed the data of extensive air showers detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory in the period of 1st January 2004 to 31st August 2016 comprising a total of 108 480 events with zenith angles between 0 and 80 degrees above the threshold of 4 × 10^{18} eV. Local systematic effects such as the influence of the variation of the atmospheric conditions and the effect of the geomagnetic field in the energy estimators were properly corrected to avoid the introduction of spurious anisotropy signals in the analysis. Special emphasis was placed on the construction of a two-dimensional map on the celestial sphere with the exposure values for each direction on the sky, calculated with an accuracy of 1% from the information of the effective collection area of the observatory at every minute. Likewise, the arrival directions distribution of the events was recorded in two-dimensional maps on the celestial sphere that after correcting by the exposure were transformed into the flux maps to be used in the quantitative analysis for the anisotropies search. In this work we search for dipolar-like anisotropy patterns, which were quantified by performing a spherical harmonics decomposition of the cosmic ray flux map. Unlike the traditional two-dimensional Rayleigh method used in the majority of the studies of this kind, the method used here directly provides the three cartesian components of the dipole, allowing the reconstruction of its amplitude and orientation in a more natural way. The anisotropy search was made in two independent energy bins, so the distributions of the events with energies between 4 × 10^{18} and 8 × 10^{18} eV and those with energies greater than 8 × 10^{18} eV were analyzed separately. In the first energy bin no statistically significant departure from isotropy was found. In the second energy bin a dipole anisotropy of amplitude d = (7.9 ± 1.1)% with equatorial coordinates (_d , _d ) = (103 ± 10 , 38 ± 7 ) degrees and a chance probability of 6.90 × 10^{8} was found, corresponding to a statistical significance above the discovery threshold of 5 . Such amplitude and direction for the reconstructed dipole is better explained if an extragalactic origin is assumed for the bulk of cosmic rays above 8 × 10^{18} eV.

Orientador: José Augusto Chinellato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-02T17:59:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kuno_YugoMafra_M.pdf: 3634635 bytes, checksum: afd1f210608c9cb926532d441cade068 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Resumo: O fluxo de raios cósmicos de ultra-alta energia (superiores a 10^18 eV) que chega ao topo da atmosfera é baixo, tal que torna-se necessário estudar em detalhes os chuveiros atmosféricos extensos de modo a se determinar a composição e a energia da partícula primária. Dispõe-se de algoritmos que simulam processos de QED e QCD, e descrevem a difusão das partículas na atmosfera, fornecendo o estado (x, p, id, t) de cada uma. Entretanto, é também necessário parametrizar as funções que descrevem sua distribuição ao longo da cascata atmosférica. O método da entropia máxima (MEM) permite que se parametrize a distribuição de partículas em função dos momentos estatísticos esses perfis, que são menos afetados pelo ruído. A maximização da entropia também permite que a distribuição seja inferida minimizando o enviesamento que ocorre, por exemplo, no ajuste de curvas tradicionalmente realizado. No presente trabalho foi estudada aplicação do MEM na análise do perfil longitudinal das componentes eletrônica e muônica geradas por simulação no CORSIKA, já conhecendo as características da partícula primária, de forma a avaliar os benefícios dessa metodologia no estudo de chuveiros atmosféricos / Abstract: The flux of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (above 10^18 eV) that reach the upper atmosphere is low, so that it is necessary to thoroughly study air showers in order to determine the composition and energy of the primary particle. There are algorithms that simulate QED and QCD processes, and track the particle diffusion in the atmosphere, providing the state (x, p, id, t) of each one. Still, it is also necessary to parameterize the functions that describe its distribution throughout the atmospheric cascade. The maximum entropy method (MEM) allows the parameterization of the particle distribution with the statistical moments as variables, which are less affected by noise. The maximum entropy also allows the inference of the distribution minimizing the bias, which is high in inference processes such as the traditional curve fitting. The application of MEM in the analysis of the longitudinal profile of the electronic and muonic components generated by simulation with CORSIKA was the object of study in this research work, having as a prior the characteristics of the primary particle, in order to evaluate the benefits of the method in the study of air showers / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / CAPES

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-08-15T15:17:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Michelle M de Medeiros.pdf: 2738633 bytes, checksum: e1e98c1ee5ac88193602d29a282e5c6b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-15T15:17:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Michelle M de Medeiros.pdf: 2738633 bytes, checksum: e1e98c1ee5ac88193602d29a282e5c6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Celestial objects / Objetos celestes como a Lua e o Sol bloqueiam os raios cósmicos que vem de suas direções para a Terra, produzindo um défcit chamado de sombra. A medida deste défcit possibilita a determinação da resolução angular e do alinhamento de detectores de raios cósmicos, o estudo dos campos magnéticos terrestre, solar e interplanetário e a determinação da razão antipróton/próton na escala de energia TeV. Vários experimentos já observaram a sombra de raios cósmicos da Lua e/ou do Sol com o objetivo de calibrar seus detectores. Descrevemos neste trabalho o experimento MINOS e seus resultados da sombra da Lua e do Sol. Simulamos a sombra da Lua levando em conta seu movimento no céu e, para tanto, de nimos e testamos métodos de simulação e diferentes composições para os raios cósmicos. Também avaliamos várias proporções para antiprótons no fluxo de raios cósmicos a m de comparar com os resultados do experimento MINOS e conjecturar uma possível razão p=p para os dados observados. Ambos os métodos que de nimos, método do dé cit e da fonte de raios cósmicos, permitiram uma análise qualitativa da sombra. No entanto, só foi possível realizar uma análise quantitativa na simulação tendo a Lua como um défcit. Dessa forma, adotamos este método para as simulações subsequentes. Notamos algumas diferenças para as sombras obtidas usando próton e núcleo de hélio como partículas primárias de raios cósmicos. Todavia, a sombra encontrada combinando prótons (90%) e núcleos de hélio (10%) foi semelhante à sombra obtida apenas para prótons. Na simulação incluindo o movimento da Lua, avaliamos os efeitos do campo geomagnético na partícula primária, desde a Lua até a atmosfera terrestre, e nos múons (partícula secundária) desde sua produção até o nível do mar. Como esperado, obtivemos uma sombra da Lua mais similar com os resultados do experimento MINOS ao incluir a de exão tanto das partículas primárias dos raios cósmicos quanto das partículas do chuveiro do que considerando apenas o desvio destas últimas. Nossa simulação foi capaz de reproduzir a sombra provocada pela Lua com a localização do maior dé cit comparável àquela encontrada pelo experimento MINOS. Entretanto, ainda acrescentamos núcleos de hélio e antiprótons na simulação incluindo o movimento da Lua com o objetivo de melhorar o resultado. Obtivemos um défcit localizado o mais próximo possível do obtido pelo experimento MINOS usando a proporção p=p = 0;45. Tal resultado deve ser melhor estudado e a simulação aprimorada para que se determine esta razão entre antiprótons e prótons com a precisão adequada.

Neste trabalho estudam-se três aplicações de mecanismos de produção de partículas no universo pós inflacionário. Apesar da motivação inicial para esses mecanismos ter sido o reaquecimento do universo, eles foram utilizados, posteriormente, para produzir partículas supermassivas. A produção de partículas, sejam elas supermassivas ou não, depende essencialmente do modelo inflacionário utilizado. Aqui, trabalha-se com modelos inflacionários caóticos gerados por um campo escalar, o inflaton. A primeira aplicação estuda a produção de partículas supermassivas pelo mecanismo de pré-aquecimento instantâneo que é não perturbativo. Estabelece-se os limites dos parãmetros desse mecanismo impondo que essas partículas constituam parte da matéria escura e que seu decaimento, hoje, produzam os raios cósmicos de altíssimas energias. A segunda aplicação é um estudo numérico de como teria sido o reaquecimento do universo, num modelo inflacionário quintessencial, com partículas tendo sido produzidas através do mecanismo de pré-aquecimento instantâneo. Esses modelos inflacionários são utilizados para explicar a origem da energia escura que parece dominar o universo hoje. Obtém-se a faixa de temperaturas de reaquecimento permitidas. A terceira aplicação também estuda a produção de partículas supermassivas para explicar os raios cósmicos de altíssimas energias, mas por um mecanismo perturbativo. As partículas seriam o produto do decaimento direto do inflaton após a inflação. Obtém se limites para razão de ramificação deste decaimento, impondo restrições para a vida média das partículas supermassivas e para a sua abundância hoje. / We studied three applications of the mechanisms of particle production in the early universe. Although such mechanisms were first proposed to reheat the universe they were used lately to produce supermassive particles. The production of supermassive or massless particles depends mainly on the inflationary model that we work with. Here, we chose the chaotic inflationary models generated by one scalar field, the inflaton. In the first application we studied the production of supermassive particles by the non-perturbative instant preheating mechanism. We used cosmic ray flux and cold dark matter observational data to constrain the parameters of the model, since we are supposing that such particles may account for a fraction of the cold dark matter as well as decay into high energy cosmic rays. In the second application we perform a numerical study of the instant preheating mechanism of particle production in a model of quintessential inflation. Such inflationary models are used to explain the dark energy that seems to dominate the universe nowadays. We obtained the reheating temperatures allowed by this mechanism. The third application studied the supermassive particle production by a perturbative mechanism to explain high energy cosmic rays. The inflaton would have decayed into such particles after inflation. By constraining their lifetime and present abundance we obtained the branching ratio of such decay.

Die Suche nach Neutrino-Punktquellen bietet eine Möglichkeit, astrophysikalische Teilchenbeschleuniger als Quellen der Kosmischen Strahlung zu identifizieren. Eine etablierte Methode in der Neutrinoastronomie ist die Messung der Tscherenkow-Strahlung induzierter Myonen in unterirdischen Detektoren. Die hier vorgestellte Analyse basiert auf Daten, die zwischen 2007 und 2008 mit IceCube, dem größten Neutrinoteleskop dieser Art, gesammelt wurden. Bisherige Neutrino-Punktquellensuchen waren auf eine Hemisphäre beschränkt gewesen, da nur aufwärts laufende Ereignisse betrachtet wurden, um den atmosphärischen Myon-Untergrund zu eliminieren. Hier wird gezeigt, dass der Bereich über dem Horizont durch eine energieabhängige Selektion miteinbezogen werden kann. Dies erhöht die Sensitivität für Energien oberhalb einiger PeV, die bisher aufgrund von Neutrinoabsorption unterhalb des Horizonts vollkommen unzugänglich waren. Zum Nachweis richtungsabhängiger Neutrinosignale wurde eine Musterung beider Himmelshälften durchgeführt. Modellvorhersagen für Aktive Galaktische Kerne dienten als Grundlage für separate Tests anhand einer Liste von Quellkandidaten und mittels einer zeitabhängigen Suche nach kurzen Neutrinoemissionen vom Blazar 3C279. Es konnten keine signifikanten Ereignisüberschüsse über dem Untergrund beobachtet werden. Daraus leiten sich die ersten oberen Neutrino-Flussgrenzen für Punktquellen am Südhimmel bei Energien bis in den EeV Bereich ab. Für bestimmte Quellkandidaten sind es die besten Einschränkungen für Neutrinovorhersagen bei PeV Energien. Mit den gleichen Ereignissen wurde eine Suche nach Korrelationen zwischen Neutrinos und den höchstenergetischen geladenen Teilchen der Kosmischen Strahlung durchgeführt. Die Ursprungsrichtungen von Luftschauern, veröffentlicht durch das HiRes Experiment und das Pierre Auger Observatorium, dienten zur Bestimmung solcher Koinzidenzen. Das Ergebnis ist im Einklang mit den Untergrunderwartungen. / Searching for point-like neutrino signals provides a chance of identifying astrophysical particle accelerators as sources of cosmic rays. An established approach to realise high energy neutrino astronomy is the observation of Cherenkov radiation from induced muon tracks in subsurface detectors. Presented here is an analysis based on data taken between 2007 and 2008 with IceCube, the largest of these neutrino telescopes. Neutrino point source searches had been so far restricted to one hemisphere, due to the exclusive selection of upward going events as a way of rejecting the atmospheric muon background. This work demonstrates that the region above the horizon can be included by suppressing the background through an energy-sensitive event selection. The approach improves the sensitivity above PeV energies, previously not accessible at all due to absorption of neutrinos from below the horizon. Both celestial hemispheres were scanned to identify neutrino fluxes from individual directions. Based on model predictions for Active Galactic Nuclei, separate tests were performed by compiling a list of specific neutrino source candidates and by searching for short neutrino flares from the blazar 3C279. No significant excesses above the atmospheric background were found. The resulting upper limits on neutrino fluxes are the first that cover point sources in the southern sky up to the EeV energy range. For certain source candidates, these limits provide the best constraints on models predicting neutrinos above PeV energies. Based on the same event sample, a search for correlations between neutrinos and the most energetic charged cosmic rays was performed. The arrival directions of air showers, reported by the HiRes experiment and the Pierre Auger Observatory, were used to determine such coincidences. The result of this study is compatible with the background hypothesis.

<p>Three long sediment cores (BDP-98 – 600 m, BDP-96 – 200 m and BDP-93 – 100 m) drilled in Lake Baikal (Siberia) have been studied with the aims of establishing an absolute chronology and reconstructing paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes in the region. The location of the lake at relatively high latitude and continental interior and a thick continuous sedimentary archive that developed in a rift system tectonic setting provide unique material for this investigation. The cosmogenic isotope ¹⁰Be was used for dating and the results indicate time spans of 8 (+0.8\-0.6) Myr for BDP-98, 5.5 (±0.13) Myr for BDP-96 and >0.7 Myr for BDP-93. Two major sedimentary facies (deltaic and hemipelagic) are distinguished by textural geochemical and mineralogical data. Detrital mineral composition suggests negligible change in provenance during the period studied. Formation of authigenic minerals, such as framboidal pyrite, vivianite and siderite, reflects variable environmental conditions in the lake and climate change in the region. Biogenic silica content shows climatic influence, which is modified by the supply of detrital material and postdepositional alterations. ¹⁰Be dating, combined with lithological analysis of the sediments, makes it possible to place temporal constrains on climate cooling at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary (5 Myr ago) and at the Early/Late Pliocene boundary (3.6 Myr ago) as well as the beginning of the northern hemisphere glaciation at about 2.5–2.6 Myr ago. The regional east-west tectonic extension of south-east Asia, related to Tibetan Plateau uplift, was confined in the Baikal area to between about 7 and 5 Myr ago, with a rifting rate calculated at 7 mm year^-1. Furthermore, the ¹⁰Be data suggest that geomagnetic field intensity strengthened around the Miocene/Pliocene boundary.</p>

Thesis (M.Sc. (Physics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Three long sediment cores (BDP-98 – 600 m, BDP-96 – 200 m and BDP-93 – 100 m) drilled in Lake Baikal (Siberia) have been studied with the aims of establishing an absolute chronology and reconstructing paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes in the region. The location of the lake at relatively high latitude and continental interior and a thick continuous sedimentary archive that developed in a rift system tectonic setting provide unique material for this investigation. The cosmogenic isotope 10Be was used for dating and the results indicate time spans of 8 (+0.8\-0.6) Myr for BDP-98, 5.5 (±0.13) Myr for BDP-96 and &gt;0.7 Myr for BDP-93. Two major sedimentary facies (deltaic and hemipelagic) are distinguished by textural geochemical and mineralogical data. Detrital mineral composition suggests negligible change in provenance during the period studied. Formation of authigenic minerals, such as framboidal pyrite, vivianite and siderite, reflects variable environmental conditions in the lake and climate change in the region. Biogenic silica content shows climatic influence, which is modified by the supply of detrital material and postdepositional alterations. 10Be dating, combined with lithological analysis of the sediments, makes it possible to place temporal constrains on climate cooling at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary (5 Myr ago) and at the Early/Late Pliocene boundary (3.6 Myr ago) as well as the beginning of the northern hemisphere glaciation at about 2.5–2.6 Myr ago. The regional east-west tectonic extension of south-east Asia, related to Tibetan Plateau uplift, was confined in the Baikal area to between about 7 and 5 Myr ago, with a rifting rate calculated at 7 mm year-1. Furthermore, the 10Be data suggest that geomagnetic field intensity strengthened around the Miocene/Pliocene boundary.

The thesis proposes an indirect indicator of the geomagnetic field variations, i.e. the hard cosmic ray flux. Analysing HCRF variations, a prognostic scheme of a leap of cardiovascular diseases was drafted. The application of this method, most probably, will inform people about the geomagnetic impact and will supplement other existing methods employed to reduce a leap of cardiovascular diseases. / Prie Žemės paviršiaus nuolat egzistuoja aplinkoje esančių radionuklidų spinduliuotė. Greta jos būna kosminės kilmės elementariųjų dalelių spinduliuotė. Šių kosminių dalelių kiekis ir pobūdis nuolat kinta laike, nes jas veikia heliomagnetiniai, geomagnetiniai, Žemės atmosferos būklės ir kiti veiksniai. Kaip žinoma, Žemės link nuolat juda izotropinis kosminių dalelių srautas. Dauguma šių dalelių atskrieja iš Galaktikos. Dėl neišvengiamos sąveikos su atmosferos dujų atomais pirminės kosminės dalelės negali prasiskverbti pro visą Žemės atmosferą. Dėl to artėjant prie Žemės paviršiaus aptinkamos jau tiktai antrinės dalelės, kurių daugumą sudaro miuonai ir gama kvantai.

Le Spectromètre Magnétique Alpha (AMS) est un détecteur de particules installé à bord de la Station Spatiale Internationale ; il enregistre des données depuis mai 2011. L'expérience a pour objectif d'identifier la nature des rayons cosmiques chargés et des photons et de mesurer leur flux dans la gamme d'énergie du GeV au TeV. Ces mesures permettent d'affiner les modèles de propagation de rayons cosmiques, d'effectuer une recherche indirecte de matière noire, et de chercher l'antimatière primordiale (anti-hélium). Dans ce mémoire, les données des premières années ont été utilisées pour mesurer les flux d'électrons et de leptons (électrons + positons) dans la gamme d'énergie de 0.5 GeV à 700 GeV. L'identification d'électrons nécessite une séparation électrons/protons de l'ordre de 104, obtenue par l'utilisation conjointe des estimateurs de différents sous-détecteurs d'AMS, en particulier du calorimètre électromagnétique (ECAL), du trajectomètre et du détecteur à radiation de transition (TRD). Dans cette analyse, les nombres d'électrons et de leptons sont estimés par un ajustement des distributions de l'estimateur du calorimètre et vérifiés en utilisant l'estimateur du TRD : 11 millions leptons ont été sélectionnés et analysés. Les incertitudes systématiques sont déterminées en variant les coupures de sélection et la procédure d'ajustement. L'acceptance géométrique du détecteur et les efficacités de sélection sont estimées grâce aux données de simulation. Les différences observées sur les échantillons de contrôle issus des données permettent de corriger la simulation. Les incertitudes systématiques associées à ces corrections sont établies en variant les échantillons de contrôle. Au total, à 100 GeV (resp. 700 GeV), l'incertitude statistique du flux de leptons est 2% (30%) et l'incertitude systématique est 3% (40%). Comme les flux se comportent globalement en loi de puissance en fonction de l'énergie, il est important de maitriser la calibration en énergie. Nous avons contrôlé in situ la mesure en énergie du calorimètre en comparant les électrons des données de vol et les données de tests en faisceaux, en utilisant en particulier la variable E/p ou p est la quantité de mouvement mesurée par le trajectomètre. Une deuxième méthode de calibration absolue à basse énergie, indépendante du trajectomètre, basée sur l'effet de la coupure géomagnétique a été développée. Deux modèles de prédiction de la coupure géomagnétique, l'approximation Störmer et le modèle IGRF, ont été testés et comparés. Ces deux méthodes ont permis de contrôler la calibration en énergie à 2% et de vérifier la stabilité des performances du calorimètre dans le temps. / The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) is a particle detector installed on the International Space Station; it starts to record data since May 2011. The experiment aims to identify the nature of charged cosmic rays and photons and measure their fluxes in the energy range of GeV to TeV. These measurements enable us to refine the cosmic ray propagation models, to perform indirect research of dark matter and to search for primordial antimatter (anti-helium). In this context, the data of the first years have been utilized to measure the electron flux and lepton flux (electron + positron) in the energy range of 0.5 GeV to 700 GeV. Identification of electrons requires an electrons / protons separation power of the order of 104, which is acquired by combining the information from different sub-detectors of AMS, in particular the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL), the tracker and the transition radiation detector (TRD). In this analysis, the numbers of electrons and leptons are estimated by fitting the distribution of the ECAL estimator and are verified using the TRD estimator: 11 million leptons are selected and analyzed. The systematic uncertainties are determined by changing the selection cuts and the fit procedure. The geometric acceptance of the detector and the selection efficiency are estimated thanks to simulated data. The differences observed on the control samples from data allow to correct the simulation. The systematic uncertainty associated to this correction is estimated by varying the control samples. In total, at 100 GeV (resp. 700 GeV), the statistic uncertainty of the lepton flux is 2% (30%) and the systematic uncertainty is 3% (40%). As the flux generally follows a power law as a function of energy, it is important to control the energy calibration. We have controlled in-situ the measurement of energy in the ECAL by comparing the electrons from flight data and from test beams, using in particular the E/p variable where p is momentum measured by the tracker. A second method of absolute calibration at low energy, independent from the tracker, is developed based on the geomagnetic cutoff effect. Two models of geomagnetic cutoff prediction, the Störmer approximation and the IGRF model, have been tested and compared. These two methods allow to control the energy calibration to a precision of 2% and to verify the stability of the ECAL performance with time.