While exploring the new forms of pollution in Africa, this study also focuses on the 2006 toxic dumping incident in Cote d’Ivoire viewed by commentators as the biggest scandal of the 21st century. Looks at the incident from a human rights approach considering the linkages between the human rights suffering and the environment and also the right to enjoy the best attainable state of physical and mental health. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr Imeru Tamirat, Faculty of Law, Addis Ababa University / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Student Number: 0108593A - MA research report - School of Social and Sciences - Faculty of Humanities / South Africa’s diplomatic involvement in the continent and particularly in Cote d’Ivoire is the main focus of this paper. Therefore, the rationale of this dissertation is to investigate the reasons of the African Union (AU) to choose South Africa as a peace broker rather than the Cote d’Ivoire crisis as such. South Africa’s diplomatic engagement in Cote d’Ivoire in 2004 was as a result of numerous attempts by AU, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and France to find a peaceful solution to what was once the most economic and political stable country in West Africa. The crust of this paper is to ascertain reasons why the AU designated South Africa the responsibility to mediate a peace process in Cote d’Ivoire. Furthermore, What difference can South Africa really make in Cote d’Ivoire search for peace, given the failure of other third parties as well as South Africa’s ability to export its model of power-sharing in the continent. Against this backdrop, it is also vital to examine reasons why South Africa accepted to broker a peace deal in Cote d’Ivoire in November 2004 rather that two years ago when the conflict was on its early stages. In fact, this is not the first time South Africa was requested to help solve conflicts in West Africa. Interestingly, at first, South Africa refused to offer mediation in West Africa in 2003 citing reasons that it was overburdened in other peacekeeping missions in Africa. Thus, this paper will attempt to find reasons why this time around South Africa accepted the job to mediate a peace process in Cote d’Ivoire in the backyard of Nigeria.

Les systèmes sédimentaires turbiditiques ont de tout temps présenté un intérêt pour la recherche académique et industrielle. Ils correspondent à d’importantes accumulations sous-marine, à l’organisation complexe et se développant au pied des marges continentales. Les processus gravitaires assurant le transport des matériaux au sein de ces systèmes sont variés et organisés selon un continuum longitudinal évoluant depuis les dépôts les plus concentrés vers des courants turbulents à l’aval via des effets de perte de charge et d’incorporation d’eau. Parmi les nombreux paramètres contrôlant l’organisation de ces systèmes, l’inclinaison de la pente continentale apparait comme un paramètre majeur. Les découvertes récentes de réservoirs pétroliers au pied de marges dites abruptes, associées à des pièges stratigraphiques suscitent un intérêt particulier des industriels sur les modalités de mise en place de ces systèmes à la transition entre la zone de bassin et la pente. L’analyse des architectures de dépôt, et des variations hydrodynamiques des écoulements, dans ces zones critiques de fermeture des réservoirs apparait comme cruciale d’un point vu académique et pétrolier. Les systèmes turbiditiques du bassin de Tabernas en Espagne (Tortonien supérieur/Messinien préévaporitique) d’une part, les Grés d’Annot dans le bassin du Sud-Est (France, Eocène/Oligocène) d’autre part et enfin les systèmes Crétacés de la marge Ivoirienne se développent dans des contextes de marge abrupte. Ils présentent des profils de pentes escarpées constituant de bons analogues adaptés à l’étude de la mise en place de ce type de réservoirs pétroliers. Ce travail se base sur des données de terrain (relevés de logs sédimentologiques, cartographie, mesure de paléo-courant) et sur l’analyse d’un bloc de sismique 3D le long de la marge Ivoirienne pour renforcer la pertinence des comparaisons. Les dépôts de ces systèmes turbiditiques témoignent des processus de ségrégation des écoulements avec un piégeage préférentiel des particules les plus grossières localisé au niveau des variations de pente le long du thalweg. Ces variations de la topographie sont à l‘origine de ressaut hydraulique entrainant une modification des écoulements. L’étude fine de l’architecture et de la mise en place de ces dépôts formant le biseau amont de ces systèmes sur la pente, apporte des avancées inédites sur les continuums de dépôts des écoulements au sein des zones de canyon et à la transition canyon/bassin. De plus, cette analyse met en évidence l’impact des zones de rupture de pente et du phénomène de ressaut hydraulique pouvant en découler. Le caractère pseudo tridimensionnel de tous les affleurements étudiés, semble au moins partiellement valider l’existence de biseaux amonts des systèmes turbiditiques. Néanmoins aucun d’entre eux ne permet de documenter le recouvrement amont par des argiles ; lesquelles assureraient en conditions réelles la qualité de la couverture. En amont de ces zones de biseaux, la présence de zone de By-pass des écoulements gravitaires apparait liée à l’augmentation de la pente et aux transformations des écoulements au passage des zones de ressaut hydraulique. Les modalités de biseaux amont des systèmes turbiditiques sont directement reliées à la présence de zone de changement de pente, où le phénomène de ressaut hydraulique entraine le dépôt d’une partie de la charge sédimentaire la plus grossière des écoulements sous forme de lags deposits s’accompagnant ou non d’une érosion partielle du fond marin. Cette érosion peut prendre la forme de structure du type plunge and pool dans le cas d’une diminution importante de la pente. Les biseaux peuvent également se mettre en place par des phénomènes d’érosion/dépôts régressifs sur la pente. Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre d’une thèse CIFRE en partenariat avec l’université Côte d’Azur, le groupe TOTAL et le laboratoire de Géoazur. / Turbidite systems present both academic and industrial interest for research. They correspond to important marin accumulations developing at the base of the continental slope, with a complex organization. The gravitational processes for transporting materials within these systems are varied and organized along a longitudinal continuum evolving from the most concentrated deposits to turbulent downstream currents through pressure drop and water incorporation effects. Among the many parameters controlling the organization of these systems, the inclination of the continental slope appears as a major parameter. The recent discoveries of oil reservoirs at the foot margins considered as “steep” associated with stratigraphic traps arouse particular industrial interest in the methods of setting up these systems at the transition between the basin zone and the slope. The analysis of the deposition architectures, and the hydrodynamic variations of the flows in these critical zones of field appears as crucial from an academic and petroleum point of view. The turbidite system of the Tabernas Basin in Spain (Upper Tortonian / Messinian Pre-Evaporitic), the Annot Sandstone in the South-East Basin (France, Eocene / Oligocene) and the Cretaceous system of the Ivorian margin develop in steep margin contexts with steep slopes profiles constituting good analogs adapted to the study of this type of stratigraphic trap. This work is based on field data (sedimentological log survey, cartography, paleocurrent measurement) and on the analysis of a 3D seismic block along the Ivorian margin to reinforce the relevance of the comparisons. Deposits of these turbidite system indicate segregation processes with preferential trapping of the coarser particles located in the upstream zones at the level of the slope break along the thalweg. These variations of the topography initiated a hydraulic jump causing a change in the flow condition. The detailed study of the architecture and the formation of these deposits forming the upstream pinch-out on the slope brings a new light on the continuity of these sandbodies within the zones of canyon and the transition canyon / basin. In addition, this analysis highlights the impact of the slope failure zones and the hydraulic jump phenomenon that may result. The pseudo-three-dimensional character of all outcrops studied seems to validate the existence of upstream pinch-out of turbidite systems. Nevertheless, none of them allows to document the upstream recovery by clays; which would ensure in real conditions the quality of the cover. Upstream of these pinch-out, the presence of by-pass zones appears related to the increase of the slope gradient and the flows transformations while crossing the hydraulic jump. The upstream pinch-out modalities of turbidite systems are directly related to the presence of a slope break where the hydraulic jump phenomenon causes the deposition of a part of the coarsest sediment load as lags deposits accompanied partial erosion of the seabed, often taking the form of plunge and pool in the case of a significant decrease of the slope. This work was conducted as part of a CIFRE thesis in partnership with the Côte d'Azur University, the TOTAL group and the Géoazur laboratory.

It has been over sixty (60) years since decolonization in Africa. In years gone by, a pattern has emerged of former French colonies being marginally worse off than their British counterparts. Britain and France as the two most dominant colonial powers in Africa allows for these comparisons in growth and development to be made. Using a case study of Cote D’Ivoire, this study argues the continuous existence of neocolonialism in former French colonies through cooperation agreements as an explanation to this divergence in growth. The research question posed is: “To what extent was the Cooperation Agreements signed between France and Cote D’Ivoire in 1960 a pivot from France colonial to neocolonial rule in Cote D’Ivoire?” In order to answer this question a conceptual framework focusing in particular on colonialism, extractive political and economic institutions, neocolonialism, dependency, and the structural theory of imperialism were chosen. The methods employed were secondary literature review, content analysis of the cooperation agreements signed between France and Cote D’Ivoire in 1960, and a conducted survey of Ivorians. This study concludes that these Agreements cede to France indirect and subtle control in all aspects of Ivorian statehood: economy, finance, military, foreign policy, diplomacy, trade, judiciary, education, natural resources, and even internal security. This has resulted in Cote D’Ivoire being politically and economically dependent on France. Arguably, the most detrimental to Ivorian growth and development is its lack of monetary control through the continuous use of the colonial currency of the CFA franc and membership in CFA Zone. As a currency, the CFA franc is pegged to the French franc and now Euro. This study argues that the currency is overvalued and incongruent to growth and development in an agricultural export-based economy like Cote D’Ivoire. And being political dependent on France renders Ivorian leaders reluctant to opt their country out from the CFA Zone, thus perpetuating a cycle of exploitation and inhibiting growth. The result of this study contributes to studies on growth divergence in Africa, and towards understanding relations between former colonies and colonizers, and its impact on global wealth divides and dependency.

The “Responsibility to Protect” (R2P) doctrine was created with the purpose of providing an implementation mechanism for the international community to halt and prevent mass atrocity conflicts, however, it is not a legally binding framework, and requires the UNSC’s engagement for its successful implementation. Whilst R2P is a rhetorically compelling international norm, it falls apart in practice. The lack of consistency in its implementation and the UNSC’s inaction to various cases of mass atrocity, which are, in principle, applicable to the doctrine, has sparked controversy. This thesis examines conflicts in which R2P has been utilized and one conflict of similar dimensions in which the principle wasn’t applied, discussing the factors that could explain the question ‘why has the application of R2P been inconsistent at halting atrocity conflicts?’. By juxtaposing two theoretical lenses, Realism and English School, and applying a comparative analysis to these three cases, the thesis establishes that state behavior is driven by preserving power and resources, when it converges with upholding international norms and values. Thus, the thesis concludes that members of the Security Council will support R2P implementation and uphold shared norms and values, only when it serves their national interests.