The problem of this study was to make a critical evaluation of the qualifications and duties of counselors in girls' selected private summer camps in Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado for the following purposes: 1. To determine the duties and qualifications of camp counselors; 2. To determine criteria for qualifications and duties of camp counselors; 3. To determine the opinions of camp directors regarding the duties and qualifications of counselors; 4. To determine the extent to which counselors available for these areas meet the qualifications outlined by camp directors; 5. To determine the needs of the camps for counselors from the viewpoint of the directors of camps; 6. To determine the duties and needs indicated by the directors as far as training is concerned; 7. To determine recommendations for pre-service training in physical education departments for future counselors.

Counselor self-awareness is considered an important aspect of counseling effectiveness according to the American Counseling Association and the American Psychological Association and in numerous studies and articles within the counseling literature. With the effort to improve the effectiveness of counseling practicum students comes the need to understand the relationship between effectiveness ratings and the levels of counselor self-awareness. Gestalt Therapy literature, and the development of the Personal Orientation Inventory (Shostrom, 1963) provided the working definition of self-awareness in this study. Research and evaluation are means for improving the correlation between students' characteristics in counselor training programs and their effectiveness as perceived by faculty and doctoral supervisors. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of practicum students' ages and their levels of self-awareness upon counseling effectiveness as measured by faculty and doctoral supervisors in a university clinic setting. Twenty-nine students who were enrolled in four practicum classes were administered the Personal Orientation Instrument. Four faculty supervisors and eight doctoral supervisors were administered the Counselor Effectiveness Rating Scale (Myrick & Kelley, 1971). The instruments were administered in the tenth week of the counseling practicum semester. Analyses of the data revealed a statistically significant interaction between the older practicum students' levels of self-awareness and their counselor effectiveness as rated by the more experienced faculty supervisors. Further analyses of the data revealed that there was a statistically significant main effect between the practicum students' age groups and their counselor effectiveness as rated by the less experienced doctoral supervisors.

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

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The Asian American population has increased almost ten percent in the past decade, marking the second highest growth rate of any racial group in the United States. Because of this increase, researchers need to be more informed about current issues that exist among this population, specifically within Asian American women and body satisfaction. This review seeks to explore the current research that exists on Asian American women and body satisfaction. Potential causes and explanations for why this population may deal with body satisfaction are then explored. These include historical causes, peer pressure, familial pressure, and media influence. The review then looks at methods counselors can use to effectively work with the Asian American women population. Finally, some recommendations for future studies are offered. Through this review, researchers and counselors can be better informed to work with the Asian American population. / text

This study was designed to measure and compare individual supervision to triadic supervision in promoting counselor effectiveness and counselor development. During individual supervision, one counselor met with one supervisor for an hour. Two models of triadic supervision were created for this study: Split Focus and Single Focus. Triadic consists of two supervisees and one supervisor meeting for one hour. During the Split Focus, 30 minutes was allocated to each counselor for supervision. During the Single Focus, the whole hour was spent supervising only one of the counselors. The next week, the whole hour was spent supervising the other counselor. Three comparison groups were employed to determine the effectiveness of the three supervision models. An instrument was used to evaluate counselor effectiveness and another instrument was used to evaluate counselor development. 47 masters-level counseling students enrolled in practicum participated in this study. The practicum met for 16 weeks. Each counselor filled out a Supervisee Levels Questionnaire-Revised at the beginning (pre-test) and at the end (post-test) of the semester. This instrument determined the counselor's developmental growth. Each counselor submitted a tape of a counseling session at the beginning (pre-tape) and at the end (post-tape) of the semester. The tape was rated on-site by the doctoral supervisor utilizing the Counselor Rating Form-Short. An objective rater also rated the submitted tapes utilizing the same instrument. The instrument determines counselor effectiveness. At the end of the study, an Analysis of Covariance determined that the three supervision models did differ in developmental growth. The Split Focus grew significantly compared to Single Focus and compared to Individual supervision. However, the Single Focus grew significantly on the factor self and other awareness compared to Individual. In terms of effectiveness, an Analysis of Covariance determined that the three supervision models did not differ significantly.

This study examined the influence of earlier life experiences on the development of beginning counsellors' personal theories of counselling. The significance of the study lies in its potential to extend counsellor educators' knowledge of the early processes involved in personal theory building. A qualitative method using a phenomenological design was chosen for the study. Five master's in counselling students, and two recent master's in counselling graduates were given a questionnaire to complete and then interviewed individually. A thematic analysis, and comparison to Skovholt's and Ronnestad's (1 992) study Themes in Counsellor Development were used to interpret the results. The findings revealed that theory development was impacted by normative and difficult life experiences and interpersonal relationships with parents, siblings, significant others, teachers, university professors, and counsellors. . . It was recommended that the findings be used to support future directions for structuring theory-building activities to better address the developmental and personal attributes of counselling students.

For individuals with schizophrenia and their caregivers, psychosocial interventions have been shown to significantly improve recovery and reduce relapse rates. Although this population is underserved and stigmatized, counselors have been excluded from most research into attitudes toward and interventions for these families. Using a stratified random sample survey design, researchers explored the relationships between participating U.S. Licensed Professional Counselors’ attitudes towards, recovery beliefs regarding, familiarity with, desire for social distance from, and interest in providing services to individuals with schizophrenia and their caregivers. Most of the 111 participants (11.1% response rate) identified themselves as female (83.8%) and Caucasian (86.5%). A few participants described themselves as Hispanic (6.3%) or Black or African-American (5.4%). Respondents ranged in age in years from 20’s to 60’s with the largest group in their 40’s. Descriptive statistics indicated that the majority of LPC participants reported low to moderate stigmatizing attitudes, strong beliefs in recovery, and moderate to high interest in providing interventions for people with schizophrenia and their caregivers. Furthermore, almost half of participating LPCs reported already working with individuals with schizophrenia. Bivariate correlations and hierarchical regressions indicated that high interest in providing interventions for this population was significantly correlated (p < .01) with high frequency of already working with the population (large effect), low desire for social distance (medium effect), high desire to help socially (medium effect), and strong beliefs in recovery (small effect). The results support including LPCs in all areas pertaining to interventions, research, and recovery for people with schizophrenia and their caregivers.

The problem was to compare the effectiveness of an integrated didactic and experiential approach in the training of graduate counseling practicum students with that of the traditional approach in counseling practicum training.

The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of beliefs of substance abuse counselors regarding multiple relationships. The association between beliefs and the variables of educational level, recovery status, experience, and supervision were explored. Purposeful sampling and multiple criteria were used to select seven states of the 31 that responded to a request for information regarding licensure or certification in their state. Participants were chosen from the following seven states: Arizona, Illinois, Maine, Maryland (D.C.), Montana, North Carolina, and Wyoming. Twenty percent (20 %) of individuals from each of the seven states were selected to participate. Random sampling was utilized to select participants from each of the seven mailing lists. Participants were mailed a cover letter, demographic questionnaire, and a researcher-developed instrument entitled the Multiple Relationship Survey for Substance Abuse Counselors (MRS SAC). Of the 765 surveys that were assumed to have been delivered, 387 usable surveys were returned for a return rate of 50.6%. Results of the study showed that two variables were indicative of a lower total score on the MRS SAC, which indicated participants viewed more items as ethically problematic. Non-recovering individuals obtained a lower total score on the MRS SAC and individuals currently receiving supervision obtained a lower total score. This indicated non-recovering individuals and individuals receiving supervision found more multiple relationship behaviors to be ethically problematic than recovering individuals and individuals not receiving supervision. Highest degree obtained, experience prior to licensure, and supervision prior to licensure were not associated with lower total scores on the MRS SAC indicating these factors did not contribute to beliefs regarding multiple relationship behaviors. The results of this study have implications for substance abuse counselors, counselor educators, and national and state certification boards. Recommendations for further research were offered.