The previously described 2-aryl-4-chloro-3-iodoquinolines were prepared following literature procedure and in turn converted to the corresponding hitherto unknown 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinoline derivatives using aniline in refluxing ethanol. These 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinolines were reacted with allybromide in ethanol at room temperature to afford 4-(N,N-allylphenylamino)-2-aryl-3-iodoquinoline derivatives. The 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinoline and 4-(N,N-allylphenylamino)-2-aryl-3-iodoquinoline derivatives were subjected to metal-catalysed carbon-carbon bond formations. Palladium(0)-copper iodide catalysed Sonogashira cross-coupling of 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinoline with terminal alkynes afforded series of 1,2,4-trisubstituted 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolines in a single step operation. On the other hand, the 4-(N,N-allylphenylamino)-2-aryl-3-iodoquinoline derivatives were found to undergo palladium-catalysed intramolecular Heck reaction to yield the corresponding 1,3,4-trisubstituted 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolines. All new compounds were characterized by using a combination of NMR (1H and 13C), IR, mass spectroscopic techniques as well as elemental analysis. / Chemistry / MSc. (Chemistry)

The 2-aryl-6,8-dibromoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones were prepared in a single-pot operation by condensing 6,8-dibromoanthranilamide and aryl aldehydes in the presence of molecular iodine in ethanol. Treatment of the 2-aryl-6,8-dibromoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones with thionylchloride in the presence of dimethylformamide afforded the corresponding 2-aryl-4-chloro-6,8-dibromoquinazolines. Palladium(0)-copper iodide catalysed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction of 2-aryl-4-chloro-6,8-dibromoquinazolines with terminal alkynes at room temperature afforded series of 2-aryl-6,8-dibromo-4-(alkynyl)quinazolines. Further transformation of the 2-aryl-6,8-dibromo-4-(phenylethynyl)quinazolines via Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling with arylboronic acids occurred without selectivity to afford the corresponding 2,6,8-triaryl-4-(phenylethynyl)quinazolines. The compounds were characterized using a combination of NMR (1H and 13C) and IR spectroscopic techniques as well as mass spectrometry. The absorption and emission properties of 2,6,8-triaryl-4-(phenylethynyl)quinazolines were determined in solution. / Chemistry / M.Sc. (Chemistry)

The previously described 2-aryl-4-chloro-3-iodoquinolines were prepared following literature procedure and in turn converted to the corresponding hitherto unknown 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinoline derivatives using aniline in refluxing ethanol. These 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinolines were reacted with allybromide in ethanol at room temperature to afford 4-(N,N-allylphenylamino)-2-aryl-3-iodoquinoline derivatives. The 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinoline and 4-(N,N-allylphenylamino)-2-aryl-3-iodoquinoline derivatives were subjected to metal-catalysed carbon-carbon bond formations. Palladium(0)-copper iodide catalysed Sonogashira cross-coupling of 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinoline with terminal alkynes afforded series of 1,2,4-trisubstituted 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolines in a single step operation. On the other hand, the 4-(N,N-allylphenylamino)-2-aryl-3-iodoquinoline derivatives were found to undergo palladium-catalysed intramolecular Heck reaction to yield the corresponding 1,3,4-trisubstituted 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolines. All new compounds were characterized by using a combination of NMR (1H and 13C), IR, mass spectroscopic techniques as well as elemental analysis. / Chemistry / MSc. (Chemistry)

The 2-aryl-6,8-dibromoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones were prepared in a single-pot operation by condensing 6,8-dibromoanthranilamide and aryl aldehydes in the presence of molecular iodine in ethanol. Treatment of the 2-aryl-6,8-dibromoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones with thionylchloride in the presence of dimethylformamide afforded the corresponding 2-aryl-4-chloro-6,8-dibromoquinazolines. Palladium(0)-copper iodide catalysed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction of 2-aryl-4-chloro-6,8-dibromoquinazolines with terminal alkynes at room temperature afforded series of 2-aryl-6,8-dibromo-4-(alkynyl)quinazolines. Further transformation of the 2-aryl-6,8-dibromo-4-(phenylethynyl)quinazolines via Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling with arylboronic acids occurred without selectivity to afford the corresponding 2,6,8-triaryl-4-(phenylethynyl)quinazolines. The compounds were characterized using a combination of NMR (1H and 13C) and IR spectroscopic techniques as well as mass spectrometry. The absorption and emission properties of 2,6,8-triaryl-4-(phenylethynyl)quinazolines were determined in solution. / Chemistry / M.Sc. (Chemistry)

Alloys, intermetallic compounds and multi-metal oxides are generally made by traditional solid-state methods that often require melting or grinding/pressing powders followed by high temperature annealing (> 1000 degrees C) for days or weeks. The research presented here takes advantage of the fact that nanoparticles have a large fraction of their atoms on the surface making them highly reactive and their small size virtually eliminates the solid-solid diffusion process as the rate limiting step. Materials that normally require high temperatures and long annealing times become more accessible at relatively low-temperatures because of the increased interfacial contact between the nanoparticle reactants. Metal nanoparticles, formed via reduction of metal salts in an aqueous solution and stabilized by PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), were mixed into nanoparticle composites in stoichometric proportions. The composite mixtures were then annealed at relatively low temperatures to form alloy and intermetallic compounds at or below 600 degrees C. This method was further extended to synthesizing multi-metal oxide systems by annealing metal oxide nanoparticle composites hundreds of degrees lower than more traditional methods. Nanoparticles of Pt (supported or unsupported) were added to a metal salt solution of tetraethylene glycol and heated to obtain alloy and intermetallic nanoparticles. The supported intermetallic nanoparticles were tested as catalysts and PtPb/Vulcan XC-72 showed enhanced catalytic activity for formic acid oxidation while Pt3Sn/Vulcan XC-72 and Cu3Pt/y-Al2O3 catalyzed CO oxidiation at lower temperatures than supported Pt. Intermetallic nanoparticles of Pd were synthesized by conversion chemistry methods previously mentioned and were supported on carbon and alumina. These nanoparticles were tested for Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. However; the homocoupled product was generally favored. The catalytic activity of Pd3Pb/y-Al2O3 was tested for the Heck reaction and gave results comparable to Pd/y-Al2O3 with a slightly better selectivity. Conversion chemistry techniques were used to convert Pt nanocubes into Ptbased intermetallic nanocrystals in solution. It was discovered that aggregated clusters of Pt nanoparticles were capable of converting to FePt3; however, when Pt nanocubes were used the intermetallic phase did not form. Alternatively, it was possible to form PtSn nanocubes by a conversion reaction with SnCl2.

Ce mémoire porte sur l’accès simple et peu coûteux à de nouveaux ligands ferrocéniques aminés et aminophosphinés et leur coordination avec des métaux de transition pour des applications en catalyse homogène.Des métallo-ligands aminés flexibles ont été obtenus et caractérisés après amination réductrice du 1,1’-diformylferrocène. D’autres ligands (N,N) rigides ont été isolés au départ du précurseur du 1,1’-di-tert-butyl-3,3’-diformylferrocène. Des aza-ferrocénophanes ont également été facilement préparés avec ces deux précurseurs carbonylés. Lors de la coordination de ces ligands avec le palladium, un palladacycle original a été isolé et caractérisé par diffraction de rayons X.Des ligands ferrocéniques (N,P) ont été obtenus par trois méthodes: i) ortholithiation de ligands ferrocéniques aminés suivie d’un ajout de chlorophosphine, ii) amination réductrice des ferrocènes formylés substitués ou non en présence d’amine portant une fonction phosphine, iii) substitution directe du ferrocène dilithié par des chlorophosphines comportant un hétérocycle azoté. Leur coordination avec du palladium et du platine a été étudiée. Ces métallo-ligands hybrides ont été impliqués dans des réactions de chlorures d’aryle avec des acides arylboroniques (couplage de Suzuki), ainsi que dans la réaction de Sonogashira avec le couplage de bromures et de chlorures d’aryle avec le phénylacétylène / This thesis focuses on simple and inexpensive access to new amino and aminophosphine ferrocenyl ligands and their coordination with transition metals for applications in homogeneous catalysis.Flexible amine metallo-ligands were obtained and characterized after reductive amination of 1,1'-diformylferrocene. Other rigid (N,N) ligands were isolated starting from the precursor 1,1'-di-tert-butyl-3, 3'-diformylferrocene. Aza-ferrocenophanes were also easily prepared with these two formyl precursors. During the coordination of these ligands with palladium, a stable and original palladacycle was isolated and characterized by DRX.(N,P) ferrocenyl ligands were obtained by three methods: i) ortholithiation of aminoferrocenyl ligands followed by addition of chlorophosphines, ii) reductive amination of substituted or not formylferrocene in the presence of amine bearing a phosphine function, iii) direct substitution of dilithiated ferrocene by chlorophosphines with a nitrogen-containing heterocycle. Their coordination with palladium and platinum has been studied. These hybrid metallo-ligands have been implicated in the reactions of aryl chlorides to arylboronic acids (Suzuki cross-coupling), as well as in the Sonogashira reaction involving of coupling aryl bromides and chlorides to phenylacetylene

Notre équipe de recherche a récemment développé les premiers inhibiteurs d’une enzyme à DDE, la transposase MOS1, une enzyme analogue à l’intégrase du VIH-1. Ces molécules, de type bisfurylmaléimides, ont également montré une efficacité contre les activités enzymatiques de l’intégrase du VIH. En se basant sur ces résultats, nous avons entrepris la synthèse de nouveaux bisfurylmaléimides dans le but d’identifier de nouveaux inhibiteurs de l’intégrase et de proposer de nouvelles molécules dans la lutte contre le virus responsable du SIDA. L’originalité de notre démarche est l’utilisation de la transposase MOS1 comme modèle pour concevoir nos molécules. Les méthodologies utilisées pour accéder à ces molécules font essentiellement appel à la chimie catalysée par des métaux de transition mais aussi à des réactions de chimie hétérocyclique telles que des réactions de Mitsunobu, de Knoevenagel ou encore de Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons. L’ensemble des molécules synthétisées a fait l’objet d’une évaluation de leurs activités inhibitrices sur la transposase MOS1 et l’intégrase du VIH-1. Leurs propriétés antivirales contre le VIH ont également été évaluées. Parallèlement à ces travaux, nous nous sommes intéressés à la réactivité du noyau maléimide dans des réactions de couplage pallado-catalysées et plus particulièrement dans des couplages de Sonogashira. / Our research team has recently developed the first inhibitors of a DDE enzyme, MOS1 transposase, an enzyme similar to the HIV-1 integrase. These molecules, having a bisfurylmaleimide structure, also showed efficacy against enzymatic activities of HIV integrase. Based on these results, we undertook the synthesis of new bisfurylmaleimides in order to identify new integrase inhibitors and propose new molecules in the fight against the virus that causes AIDS. The originality of our approach is the use of MOS1 transposase as a model for designing our molecules. Methodologies used to access these molecules are essentially involving chemistry catalyzed by transition metals but also reactions of heterocyclic chemistry such as Mitsunobu, Knoevenagel or Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reactions. All synthesized molecules has been evaluated for their inhibitory activities on the MOS1 transposase and HIV-1 integrase. Their antiviral properties against HIV were also evaluated. Parallel to this work, we investigated the reactivity of the maleimide core in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions especially in Sonogashira couplings.

Les récepteurs de l'adrénomédulline sont fortement exprimés dans les capillaires alvéolaires humains et fournissent une cible moléculaire pour l'imagerie de la circulation et de l'embolie pulmonaire. Au cours des années précédentes, le dérivé DFH12 marqué au 99mTc (PulmoBind) a démontré son potentiel en tant qu'agent d'imagerie SPECT de l'hypertension pulmonaire dans des études cliniques de phase I et II. L’objectif principal de mon projet est de développer le nouvel analogue DFH17 pour l’imagerie TEP des récepteurs de l'adrénomédulline via la méthode de l’Al18F. Pour atteindre cet objectif, un système d’élution semi-automatique a été conçu pour produire l’Al18F concentré directement dans le vial de réaction. En utilisant des tests de complexation avec le chélateur NOTA, des conditions optimales ont été trouvées pour le radiomarquage du DFH17 avec l’Al18F. La combinaison du rapport Al/DFH17 1:3 dans l'éthanol 50% a permis de produire le [18F]AlF-DFH17 avec des puretés radiochimiques et chimiques élevées. Les études TEP avec le [18F]AlF-DFH17 ont démontré un rapport élevé poumon-bruit de fond ainsi qu’une grande stabilité in vivo chez le rat, le chien et le primate. Des captations différenciées dans les poumons des trois espèces ont aussi été détectées par imagerie TEP et leurs différences ont été associées à des variations de la composant RAMP2. Compte tenu de l’importante captation pulmonaire, de la stabilité in vivo et de la dosimétrie favorable, le nouveau dérivé [18F]AlF-DFH17 est un excellent candidat potentiel en tant que traceur TEP des récepteurs adrénomédulline humains. L’expression des récepteurs AT1 de l’angiotensine II est altérée dans plusieurs maladies cardiovasculaires et rénales, telles la défaillance cardiaque, rénale et l’hypertension ainsi que dans certains cancers. Auparavant, le dérivé [11C]méthyl-Candesartan a démontré un potentiel comme agent d'imagerie TEP de l'AT1R rénal mais une proportion élevée du signal TEP correspondait à une liaison non-spécifique d'un radiométabolite hydrophobe. Dans ce travail, l’objectif principal est de développer le nouveau dérivé [18F]fluorobenzyl-Candesartan en utilisant le 4[18F]fluoroiodobenzène ([18F]FIB) avec un profil métabolique et de biodistribution potentiellement meilleurs. Pour atteindre cet objectif, des paramètres réactionnels de fluorination tels que le solvant, la quantité de précurseur, le catalyseur et la température ont été optimisés permettant la radiosynthèse du [18F]FIB avec des rendements et pureté élevés. Ensuite, le couplage du [18F]FIB au dérivé alcyne-trityl-Candesartan a été évalué en utilisant la réaction de Sonogashira suivie d'une détritylation acide. Suite à l’étude de plusieurs conditions de couplage, le rendement de radioconversion a été légèrement augmenté en utilisant le catalyseur Pd(PPh3)4/CuI et K2CO3 comme base. Les meilleures conditions de fluorination et de couplage ont été automatisées pour le module de synthèse Synthra® RNPlus Research. La production du [18F]FB-Candesartan été atteinte avec de faibles rendements et activités molaires en raison de la formation d’impuretés ayant des structures et temps de rétention par HPLC similaires à ceux de notre traceur. Des études supplémentaires afin d'améliorer le rendement, la purification par HPLC et l'activité molaire se sont avérées infructueuses pour l’instant. D’autres expériences devront être effectuées à cette fin. En conclusion, l'utilisation de la réaction de Sonogashira pour produire le [18F]FB-Candersartan avec des rendements et des activités molaires élevées s'est avérée difficile. / Adrenomedullin receptors are highly expressed in human alveolar capillaries and provide a molecular target for imaging the integrity of pulmonary microcirculation. In previous years, the 99mTc-labeled DFH12 derivative (PulmoBind) demonstrated its potential as a SPECT imaging agent of pulmonary hypertension in phase I and II clinical trials. In this work, we aimed to develop a NOTA-derivatized adrenomedullin analog (DFH17), radiolabeled with aluminum fluoride ([18F]AlF), for PET imaging of pulmonary microcirculation. To achieve this goal, highly concentrated [18F](AlF)2+ was produced from purified 18F using a semi-automatic system. Using inexpensive complexation assays with NOTA, optimal conditions at each step of the process were determined facilitating the radiolabeling optimization of DFH17. Furthermore, combining the Al-to-DFH17 1:3 ratio in 50% ethanol as co-solvent, allowed [18F]AlF-DFH17 production in high radiochemical and chemical purities. PET/CT and biodistribution demonstrated high [18F]AlF-DFH17 lung-to-background ratio and in vivo stability in rats, dog and primate. Contrasted inter-species uptake in the lungs associated with variations of RAMP2 were also detected by PET imaging. Considering high lung uptake, in vivo stability and favorable dosimetry observed in the monkey, the novel AM derivative [18F]AlF-DFH17 exhibits an excellent potential as a PET tracer of human AM receptors. Alterations of the expression levels of AT1R has been linked to cardiac and renal diseases, such as cardiac and renal failures, hypertension and some type of cancers. Previously, [11C]methyl-Candesartan displayed potential for PET imaging of AT1Rs, but a high proportion of PET signal corresponded to non-specific binding from a 11C-labeled hydrophobic metabolite. In this work, the main objective was to develop the novel derivative [18F]fluorobenzyl-Candesartan, with potentially better metabolic profile and biodistribution, using 4-[18F]fluoroidobenzene ([18F]FIB) as prosthetic group. To pursue this goal, radiofluorination parameters such as solvent, amount of precursor, type of catalyst and temperature were optimized to reliably synthesize [18F]FIB in high yield and purity. Coupling of [18F]FIB to the alkyne-trityl-Candesartan was evaluated using the Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction followed by an acid deprotection. After studying several Pd-cross-coupling conditions, the radioconversion yield was slightly increased by means of a Pd(PPh3)4/CuI catalyst and K2CO3 as base in DMF. Therefore, the best reaction conditions for [18F]FIB fluorination and its coupling to alkyne-Candesartan followed by an acid hydrolysis, was fully automated for Synthra® RNPlus Research synthesis module. In general, the synthesis of [18F]FB-Candesartan was achieved in low yields and molar activities due to the formation of structurally-close by-product(s) with similar HPLC retention time. Additional studies to further improve the yield, HPLC purification and molar activity (MA) have been unsuccessful. Other experiments will need to be performed to this end. In conclusion, the use of Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction to produce [18F]FB-Candesartan in high yields and molar activities was found to be challenging.

The known 2-aryl-6,8-dibromo-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-ones 122 were dehydrogenated using thallium(III) p-tolylsulfonate in dimethoxyethane under reflux to afford the 2-aryl-6,8-dibromoquinolin-4(1H)-ones 136. Palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling of the 2-aryl-6,8-dibromo-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-ones with terminal alkynes in the presence of PdCl2(PPh3)2-CuI (as homogeneous catalyst source) and 10% Pd/C-PPh3-CuI (as heterogeneous catalyst source) catalyst mixture and NEt3 as a base and co-solvent in ethanol under reflux afforded the corresponding 6,8-dialkynyl-2-aryl-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-ones 138 and 8-alkynyl-2-aryl-6-bromo-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-ones 137, respectively. PdCl2-catalyzed electrophilic cyclization of the 8-alkynyl-2-aryl-6-bromo-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-ones in acetonitrile under reflux afforded the 4-aryl-8-bromo-2-phenyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-6-ones 139 or the 2-aryl-6-bromo-8-(4-hydroxybutanoyl)-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-ones 140 from the 4-phenylethynyl-substituted or 4-alkylethynyl-substituted precursors, respectively. The 2-aryl-6,8-dibromoquinolin-4(1H)-ones 136 wturn, subjected to similar homogeneous and heterogeneous palladium catalyst sources using NEt3 as a base in DMF-water mixture under reflux and K2CO3 as a base in dioxane under reflux afforded 2,8-disubstituted 4-aryl-6-oxopyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolines 143 and 2-substituted 4-aryl-8-bromo-6-oxopyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolines 142, respectively. The monoalkynylated 4-aryl-8-bromo-2-phenyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-6-ones 139 and 2-substituted 4-aryl-8-bromo-6-oxopyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolines 142 were subsequently transformed using palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling with arylboronic acids in the presence of PdCl2(PPh3)2-PCy3 catalyst mixture and K2CO3 as a base in dioxane-water mixture to afford the corresponding novel 8-substituted 2-phenyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-6-ones 141 and 2,8-disubstituted 4-aryl-6-oxopyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolines 144, respectively. All the new compounds were characterized using a combination of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, mass spectroscopic techniques and X-ray crystallography. / Chemistry / D. Phil. (Chemistry)