Tom Clark has fulfilled a dual role in the development of the American legal system: He has served as a moderating influence, often arbitrating the differences between opposing factions on the Court; and, he has served as a figure of caution and restraint upon the members of the Court, developing a judicial philosophy which is deferential to other units of government.

The aim of my thesis is to evaluate the results of the first review conference on the Rome Statute that took place from 31 May to 11 June 2010 in Kampala, Uganda. The review conference provided all the attendants with exceptional possibility to share views and experience. Among the attendants were not only State and non-state parties and international legal experts, but also members of intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations. The thesis composes of four main chapters. Chapter one provides with an introduction to the topic of international criminal justice and my experience in the field and my attachment to the topic of the International Criminal Court. Chapter two named Introduction to the International Criminal Court briefly describes the establishment and functioning of the Court. It also provides the reader with summary of the crimes covered by the Rome Statute. The chapter concludes with introduction to cases and situations the International Criminal Court investigates. Chapter three is further divided into six parts and describes the review conference itself. The first part introduces the review conference, its reasons and ambitions together with its program. Part two describes special part of the conference called Stocktaking. Second part is subdivided according to...

The thesis adopts a doctrinal approach to consider how a subsidiarity and proportionality review by the CJEU could be applied to shared competences, and the criteria that the CJEU should take into account in balancing competing interests when determining the residency rights of EU citizens. It will identify limits to the competences of the EU through subsidiarity analysis, including how this should constrain the reasoning of the CJEU, but this has a consequence of better legitimising such genuinely European standards that do have a clear legal basis. Adhering to the rule of law is an important issue for the CJEU to demonstrate its respect for as a core value commonly associated with democracy and with the validity of law itself. A subsidiarity review undertaken by the CJEU involving the CJEU checking whether the Union has competence to act (conferral) and in cases concerning areas of shared competence would also serve to legitimise the CJEU’s ruling to the Member States and address the problem of ultra vires EU action lacking legitimacy in the perspective of the Member States eyes. Adopting a normative approach it considers how a subsidiarity and proportionality review could be anchored in EU law to address competence issues when the CJEU is striking a balance between fundamental principles of EU law, the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the residency rights of migrant EU citizens who are economically inactive. As subsidiarity in these types of cases relates to the cross border requirement, the CJEU should be explicit about departing from the purely internal rule as well as explaining the substance of rights of EU citizens. The proportionality element of the review relates to the actual consideration and weighing up by the CJEU of the competing interests identified in this context. This requires the CJEU to identify explicitly in its reasoning any competing interests that have been weighed up as well as stating any other particular factors involved in the balancing and the weight accorded to those factors. Although such an approach would not necessarily result in a change in the outcome of the case, it would help to improve the quality of the reasoning of the CJEU and consequently enhance the legitimacy of the CJEU’s ruling.

Depuis l'adoption de la nouvelle Constitution démocratique du Brésil en 1988, la Cour suprême joue un rôle de plus en plus significatif au sein du système politique brésilien. Constamment sollicitée pour contrôler la constitutionnalité des lois, le renforcement de ses attributions en matière de contentieux constitutionnel fait aujourd'hui de la Haute juridiction un organe législateur partiel participant, aux côtés du chef de l'État et du Congrès, à la formation de la volonté générale. Dans ce cadre, comme dans toutes les démocraties contemporaines comprenant un mécanisme de garantie juridictionnelle de la Constitution, le développement de la justice constitutionnelle au Brésil conduit à une remise en cause de la démocratie classique de type électorale fondée sur une confusion entre la volonté du peuple et celle des gouvernants élus. Partant du postulat que le fonctionnement démocratique s'inscrit désormais dans une perspective réflexive, cette thèse propose d'analyser, à travers l'étude de la jurisprudence de la Cour suprême, les changements opérés au sein du régime démocratique brésilien afin de savoir si les modifications qui en découlent ont entraîné un dépassement du modèle démocratique traditionnel ayant donné lieu à une démocratie dite « réflexive ». / Since the adoption of the new democratic Constitution of Brazil in 1998, the Supreme Court has played an increasingly significant role within the Brazilian political system. Constantly asked to review the constitutionality of laws, the further extension of its jurisdiction in constitutional law, currently renders the High court a partial legislative body involved, along with the Head of State and Congress, in the formation of general will. In this context, as in all contemporary democracies containing a mechanism of judicial review that guarantees the supremacy of the Constitution, the development of the constitutional justice of Brazil has led to a questioning of classical electoral democracy based on a confusion between the will of the people and that of electected officials. Based on the premise that the functioning of democracy must be understood as reflexive, this thesis proposes to analyze, through the study of the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court, the changes made within the Brazilian democratic system in order to determine if the modifications have resulted in an overtaking of the traditional democratic model that has given rise to a democracy called « reflexive ».

Ph.D., Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, 2000.

[pt] O presente trabalho, por meio do método reconstrutivo de abordagem, investiga recentes alterações performáticas (2007-2008) do Supremo Tribunal Federal como indicadoras de ativismo judicial. Para tanto, realiza uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o conceito de ativismo judicial no âmbito das jurisdições constitucionais, constatando a versatilidade semântica da expressão, conforme o modelo que se adote de jurisdição constitucional. Sob o prisma de uma teoria discursiva do Direito, a pesquisa propõe critérios para a identificação de ativismo judicial nas jurisdições constitucionais. Reconstruindo um sistema analítico de conceitos, a pesquisa obtém instrumentos para proceder à análise de discursos recentes do Supremo Tribunal Federal, finda a qual, identifica, com os critérios anteriormente propostos, a presença do fenômeno estudado. São, ainda, levantadas possíveis causas para as recentes alterações performáticas do Tribunal e, em vias de conclusão, apontam-se objeções ao perfil ativista do Supremo Tribunal Federal. / [en] The current work, by means of the reconstructive method of approach, investigates recent performative alterations (2007-2008) of the Supremo Tribunal Federal (Supreme Court of Brazil) as signs of judicial activism. Thus, it carries through a bibliographical review of the concept of judicial activism in the scope of the constitutional jurisdictions, evidencing the semantic versatility of the expression, according to the model of constitutional jurisdiction that is adopted. Under the prism of a discursive theory of Law, the research considers criteria for the identification of judicial activism in the constitutional jurisdictions. Reconstructing an analytical system of concepts, it provides instruments to proceed to the analysis of recent speeches of the Supremo Tribunal Federal. At the conclusion of the analysis, the presence of the studied phenomenon is identified, with the criteria previously considered. Possible causes for the recent per formative alterations of the Court are, still, raised and, in summation, objections to the activist profile inaugurated by the Supreme Federal Court are pointed out.

This thesis analyses the means by which items of Italian material culture came into the possession of the Tudor monarchs. The different modes of acquisition provide the structure for an investigation into Anglo-Italian relations during the sixteenth century. Although the items that came to England took many forms a synthesising approach is made possible by the fact that the 'biographies' of the objects which have been selected all share a common element - they reached England and were owned by the Tudor monarchs as a result of direct contact with Italian individuals. As a result, disparate items such as glass, armour, books, textiles and horses can be discussed as part of a broader whole in which elements of one culture travelled to another. This is not a discussion of the developing dominance of Italian culture over Western Europe during the sixteenth century, for, although the adjective 'Italian' carried clear connotations in late sixteenth-century England it appears to have been rarely used in relation to material culture. Instead it is a study of the appreciation of technical skill and the attempts that were made to appropriate it, which in turn provides a point of access to the life histories of the Italians who came to England in the sixteenth century and the way in which their interaction with the highest levels of the court played a role in shaping the idea of Italy and the Italian in England.

La thèse comporte deux parties : I - Le commentaire sur le traité italien de danse de la Renaissance Il ballarino de Fabritio Caroso. Il est suivi d'un apparat critique. II - La traduction en langue française de l'ouvrage et la transcription musicale en édition moderne des quatre-vingt une tablatures de luth jointes aux chorégraphies. Le commentaire indique les sources françaises de l’œuvre ainsi que quelques sources en Europe, puis examine les deux parties du traité de danse. La première partie intitulée Primo trattato donne les règles expliquant les pas. La deuxième partie, intitulée Secondo trattato contient les poésies, les chorégraphies et la musique des danses en tablature italienne de luth. La dédicataire principale du livre, Bianca Cappello, ainsi que les autres dédicataires des chorégraphies, est présentée en relation avec le mécénat féminin. La vie de Caroso a été l'objet de recherches sur la place de la danse dans les cours italiennes de la Renaissance et sur le statut du maître à danser. Le commentaire retranscrit les documents historiques italiens concernant la vie du maître à danser. La thèse situe Caroso dans l'histoire plus large de la danse noble depuis le Moyen Âge et étudie ensuite les trois éléments constitutifs du traité : poésie, musique, chorégraphie. Une comparaison est établie entre les deux traités de danse de Caroso : Il ballarino (1581) et Nobiltà di dame (1600), écrit presque vingt ans plus tard. Les critères de traduction et de transcription musicale sont ensuite expliqués. Les Annexes comportent des documents d'Archives italiennes, des documents musicaux et iconographiques. III - La traduction du Ballarino se présente dans l'ordre établi par Caroso et accompagnée des gravures originales. / There are two parts to the thesis : I - The commentary on the Italian treatise of Renaissance Court dances on Renaissance Il ballerino of Fabritio Caroso. It is followed by critical notes. II - The translation of the work into French and the musical transcription into modern edition of the eighty one lute tablatures linked to the choreographies. The commentary indicates the primary French sources of the work and some other European sources, then examines the two parts of the treatise. The first one, entitled Primo trattato, gives the rules with the explanation of the steps. The second one, entitled Secondo trattato, contains the poetry, the choreographies and the lute music of the dances in Italian tablature. The main dedicatee of the treatise's Bianca Cappello, and the other dedicatees are presented in relation with the feminine patronage. The study of Caroso's life has led to research about the role go dance in the Italian courts of the Renaissance and the status of the dance-master. The commentary includes Italian historical documents about the dance-master's life. The thesis places Caroso in the wider history of court dance in Italy since the Middle Ages. It then studies the three constituent elements of the work : poetry, music, choreography. It also provides a comparison between the two dance treatise by Caroso : Il ballerino (1581) and Nobility of the ladies (1600), written nearly twenty years later. The criterions of the translation and musical edition are explained. The appendix contains Italian archive documents, musical and iconographic documents. III - The translation of Il ballerina follows the order set by Caroso. The original engravings are included into the translation.

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International legal scholars and lawyers have dedicated much thought and energy to enhancing their understanding of how judges at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) come to decide cases the way they do. Although these studies of judicial behavior at the ICJ have provided insight into international judicial decision-making, still little is known about how international judges reach decisions. This project was an attempt to improve upon the explanations, given thus far, for the decisions made by ICJ judges in the cases brought before the Court. In this study I tried to ascertain whether and to what extent the legal tradition under which an ICJ justice has been educated and trained to practice law determines how she or he finds and applies the law in an international dispute. I also sought to answer the following question: Do the civil law and common law traditions differ in enough ways or to such a great extent as to render them distinct from one another? I began by examining the world's three principal legal traditions, civil law, common law, and socialist law, according to three criteria common to macrocomparative surveys on legal tradition: history, the conception of law, and the institutional elements of a legal system. The decisions of three ICJ cases were analyzed with a view to determining whether the justices voted along lines of legal tradition and/or discovered and applied the law in a manner typical of the legal tradition under which they were educated. From the analysis I concluded that legal tradition was not a significant variable in the judicial decision-making at the ICJ. The examination of the cases also indicated that the common law and civil law traditions appear to converging in so far as they have adopted the methods of the other tradition yet still diverging as they continue to reveal traditional differences.