Les agroécosystèmes bananiers aux Antilles, longtemps menés en monocultures intensives, ont pris le virage d’une gestion agro-écologique depuis la mise en place du Plan Banane Durable en 2009. Pour atteindre l’objectif de diminution de l’utilisation des intrants chimiques, l’introduction de plantes de services (PdS) destinées à accomplir des services écosystémiques est à l’étude pour concilier au mieux les enjeux agronomiques et environnementaux. Parmi ces services, la régulation biologique des adventices par les PdS nécessite d’introduire des espèces ayant une bonne aptitude à la compétition pour la lumière vis-à-vis des adventices. Néanmoins la réalisation de ce service ne doit pas engendrer un dis-service vis à vis de la production agricole par les bananiers en provoquant une compétition pour les ressources minérales et hydriques du sol. Une bonne connaissance des processus de compétition aérienne et souterraine mis en place par les PdS est alors indispensable pour raisonner leur utilisation dans le système de culture. Nous avons choisi une approche par traits fonctionnels pour caractériser les espèces de cet agrosystème très anthropisé car l’étude exhaustive de processus écophysiologiques n’est pas adaptée pour le grand panel de plantes de services potentiellement utilisables. Nous faisons l’hypothèse qu’une combinaison de valeur de traits fonctionnels liés à l’acquisition et l’utilisation des ressources du milieu reflète une stratégie de compétition. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de 1) caractériser un panel d’espèces de PdS potentielles et d’adventices ainsi que deux cultivars de bananiers selon des traits fonctionnels liés à l’acquisition et l’utilisation des ressources aériennes et souterraines, 2) identifier des stratégies de compétition sur la base des combinaisons de valeur de traits obtenus pour chaque espèce et 3) comparer les effets compétitifs des espèces en fonction de leur stratégie de compétition. Cette étude repose sur un travail bibliographique pour identifier les traits d’intérêts, une première expérimentation au champ pour caractériser la stratégie de compétition des différentes espèces par la mesure de traits fonctionnels sur des plantes isolées et en situation de ressources non limitantes et sur une deuxième expérimentation au champ pour caractériser les relations de compétition entre espèces en fonction de leur stratégie respective. L’analyse des résultats a permis de construire deux classifications des espèces en fonction de leur stratégie, l’une basée sur les traits de compétition pour la lumière et l’autre basée sur les traits de compétition pour les ressources du sol. Nos résultats ont permis de distinguer 4 stratégies de compétition aérienne pour la lumière (« ombrage », « obstruction », « étouffement faible », étouffement fort») et 4 stratégies de compétition souterraine pour les ressources du sol (« exploration », « occupation », « exploitation », « neutre »). Les espèces du panel ont été replacées sur les grands axes de différenciation d’espèces de l’écologie opposant des stratégies de conservation et de capture des ressources. Les résultats ne mettent pas en évidence de liens entre stratégies aériennes et souterraines. Ces classifications fonctionnelles peuvent être utilisées pour identifier les espèces les plus adaptées, a priori, au contrôle des adventices dans le système de culture bananier aux Antilles. L’utilisation de traits fonctionnels dans un contexte agronomique a permis d’acquérir une meilleure connaissance des aptitudes des espèces à la compétition et ouvre des perspectives quant à la création d’un outil d’aide au choix des espèces composant des couverts multi-espèces. / Banana agro-ecosystems in the French West Indies have relied for a long time on intensive monocultures. A shift to agroecological management practices have been made since the “Plan Banane Durable” program in 2009. To achieve the aim of reducing the use of chemical inputs, the introduction of cover plants to deliver agroecosystem services under study to reconcile agronomic and environmental issues. These services include the biological control of weeds by cover plants which requires to introduce cover plant species with a good ability to compete for light towards weeds. However the introduction of cover plants should not cause a dis-service by reducing the production of bananas through a competition for mineral and water soil resources. A better knowledge of aboveground and belowground competition process by cover plants is then essential to reason their use in cropping systems. We chose an approach based on functional traits to characterize plant species from this very anthropized agroecosystem because an exhaustive study of the ecophysiological processes underlying competition is not suitable for a large panel of potentially useful cover plant species. We assume that a combination of values of functional traits related to the acquisition and use of resources reflects a strategy of competition. The objectives of this thesis were 1) to characterize a panel of potential cover plant and weed species as well as two banana cultivars according to functional traits related to the acquisition and use of aboveground and belowground resources, 2) identify competition strategies on the basis of the combinations of trait values obtained for each species and 3) comparing the competitive effects of the species as a function of their competition strategies. This study is based on a bibliographic work to identify traits of interest, a first field experiment to characterize the competition strategy of the different species by measuring functional traits on plants grown individually and in non-limiting resources conditions and a second field experiment to characterize the competitive relationships between species according to their respective competitive strategies. The analysis of the results allowed us to build two classifications of species according to their strategy, one based on competitive traits for light and the other one based on the competitive traits for soil resources. Our results allowed to distinguish four aboveground competition strategies for light ("shade", "obstruction," "smothering low”," strong smothering ") and four belowground competition strategies for soil resources (" exploration "," occupation "" exploitation, "" neutral "). The species of the panel were replaced on the main axes of differentiation between species in ecology opposing resource conservation and capture strategies. The results do not show links between aboveground and belowground strategies. These functional classifications can be used to identify the most qualified species, a priori, to be used in banana cropping systems of the French West Indies. The use of functional traits in an agronomic context enabled us to acquire a better knowledge of the species competition abilities and opens perspectives for the establishment of a decision-making tool for the choice of species to include in multi-species cover.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

An important strategy to obtain better quality of soil is the association of conservative systems on soil management with ground cover cultures which provide increased additions of carbon and nitrogen. Among the soil quality indicators, N has been pinpointed due to its relation to the productive capacity of the soil, once the increment on the yield of economical cultivations, when done subsequently to ground cover cultures, has been attributed to the increasing availability of N. In this way, leguminous plants are mainly preferred because of their symbiotic capacity with Rhizobium bacteria, which trap atmospheric nitrogen. The aim of this work was to evaluate three species of leguminous (crotalaria, guandu and black mucuna) for utilization of Direct Cultivation System (DCS) in maize culture. The statistical outline was done in randomized blocks with four repetitions in subdivided parcels, leguminous in parcels and two applications of N (0 and 80 kg ha-1) in subparcels. Before the seeding of DKB 333 B hybrid maize, the experimental area was prepared with limestone and cultivated leguminous before mentioned leguminous, in order to promote the implementation of the SPD. At 155 days after seeding, the high flowered leguminous were desiccated by apllication of 4 L ha-1 Glyfosate herbicide. The seeding of maize was then held making use of sowing machine propelled by mechanical traction with a spacing of 0,80 m x 0,20 m. The guandu species not only presented a better performance concerning the production of biomass and total accumulated N per hectare when compared to the other species. Crotalaria positively influenced the productivity of successively cultivated maize grains. The addition of 80 kg ha-1 of N for higher production of maize provided a reduction in the proportions of P, K, Ca + Mg, T and V in the soil. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A associação de sistemas conservacionistas de preparo do solo com culturas de cobertura que proporcionem elevadas adições de carbono e nitrogênio é estratégia importante na qualidade do solo. Entre os indicadores de qualidade do solo, destaca-se o N total por sua relação com a capacidade produtiva do solo, uma vez que o incremento no rendimento de culturas econômicas, quando cultivadas em sucessão a culturas de cobertura, tem sido principalmente atribuído ao aumento da disponibilidade de N. Neste sentido, as leguminosas são preferidas, principalmente pela sua capacidade de se relacionar simbioticamente com bactérias do gênero Rhizobium, que fixam nitrogênio atmosférico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar três espécies leguminosas (crotalária, guandu e mucuna preta) para utilização em Sistema Plantio Direto (SPD) na cultura do milho. O delineamento estatístico foi em blocos casualisados com quatro repetições em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, ficando as leguminosas nas parcelas e duas doses de N (0 e 80 kg ha-1) nas subparcelas. Antes da semeadura do milho híbrido DKB 333 B, a área experimental recebeu calagem e em seguida foi cultivada com as espécies de leguminosas mencionadas, de maneira a viabilizar a implantação do SPD. Aos 155 dias após a semeadura, quando as espécies leguminosas encontravam-se na fase de pleno florescimento, as mesmas foram dessecadas, aplicando-se 4 L ha-1 do herbicida Glyfosate, sendo realizada, posteriormente, a semeadura do milho, utilizando-se uma semeadora à tração mecânica no espaçamento de 0,80 m x 0,20 m. Constatou-se que o guandu apresentou uma melhor performance quanto à produção de fitomassa e N total acumulado por hectare quando comparado às demais leguminosas. Entretanto, a crotalária influenciou positivamente a produtividade de grãos de milho cultivado em sucessão. A adição de 80 kg ha-1 de N promoveu uma redução dos valores de P, K, Ca + Mg, T e V no solo.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2017-10-02T17:16:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jordana de Jesus Santos Pereira - 2017.pdf: 2005975 bytes, checksum: 1d53cfdb916b2f188eb7ed3980d23ed4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-03T13:19:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jordana de Jesus Santos Pereira - 2017.pdf: 2005975 bytes, checksum: 1d53cfdb916b2f188eb7ed3980d23ed4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-03T13:19:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jordana de Jesus Santos Pereira - 2017.pdf: 2005975 bytes, checksum: 1d53cfdb916b2f188eb7ed3980d23ed4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The fig (Ficus carica L.) is a fruitful species with great worldwide expansion, since it is considered a species of temperate climate, but that presents / displays good adaptation to a great diversity of climates and solos. Among the phytosanitary problems occurring in ficiculture, nematodes are the most important. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the influence of the application of different doses of organic compost and the intercropping with Crotalaria spectabilis on nematode population density and fig yield. The experiment was conducted in the orchard already installed, from September of the year 2015 to September 2016. The plants were arranged in a spacing of 4 m between rows and 2 m between plants. The treatments were five doses of organic compound, having as reference the recommended amount of nitrogen for the fig tree crop, combined with the presence or absence of Crotalaria spectabilis in a consortium. Five phytoematoid species were identified in the orchard, being Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Criconemoide sp. and Rotylenchulus sp .. M. incognita was present in higher population densities and with dominance over 90% in the three evaluation periods. This species was not affected by the doses of organic compound nor by the use of C. spectabilis. The productivity of the fig trees increased with the increase of the dose of applied organic compound. / O figo (Ficus carica L.) é uma espécie frutífera com grande expansão mundial, pois é considerada uma espécie de clima temperado, mas que apresenta boa adaptação a uma grande diversidade de climas e solos. Dentre os problemas fitossanitários ocorrentes na ficicultura, o de maior importância são os nematoides. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a influência da aplicação de diferentes doses de composto orgânico e da consorciação com Crotalaria spectabilis sobre a densidade populacional de nematoides e a produtividade de figueira. O experimento foi conduzido no pomar já instalado, a partir de setembro do ano de 2015 até setembro de 2016. As plantas estavam dispostas em um espaçamento de 4 m entrelinhas e 2 m entre plantas. Os tratamentos foram cinco doses de composto orgânico, tendo elas como referência a quantidade recomendada de nitrogênio para a cultura da figueira, combinadas com a presença ou a ausência de Crotalaria spectabilis em consórcio. Foram identificados cinco espécies de fitonematoides no pomar sendo, Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Criconemoide sp. e Rotylenchulus sp.. M. incognita apresentou-se em maiores densidades populacionais e com dominância acima de 90% nas três épocas de avaliação. Esta espécie não foi afetada pelas doses de composto orgânico nem pelo uso de C. spectabilis. A produtividade das figueiras aumentou com o aumento da dose de composto orgânico aplicado.