Introdução: A importância da Língua Inglesa para a ciência é indiscutível e a comunidade científica deve ter o aprendizado desta como base para sua internacionalização. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar e avaliar um curso a distância de suporte de escrita científica para a redação de abstracts na Língua Inglesa, na área de Anomalias Craniofaciais. Métodos: O curso foi desenvolvido em um Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA) disponibilizado pela Universidade de São Paulo, por meio do Sistema de gerenciamento de cursos Moodle versão 1.5.2+. O material didático do curso, assim como seus exercícios e textos de fundamentação foram elaborados pela pesquisadora, com base na linguagem técnica - cientifica na área em estudo, a partir de uma análise detalhada da linguagem científica utilizada em teses, dissertações e artigos internacionais, publicados nos principais periódicos internacionais e livros de redação científica na Língua Inglesa. Quarenta alunos e profissionais do Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais participaram do estudo respondendo a um questionário intitulado Ficha de Pesquisa Motivacional (FPM), utilizado para avaliar a motivação dos alunos em realizar o curso antes de se matricularem. Resultados: O curso foi elaborado em quatro tópicos principais, divididos ao longo de quatro semanas. O conteúdo do curso englobava exercícios, textos e dicas sobre os princípios gerais de uma boa redação científica em Inglês, assim como, a aplicação destes princípios. Os resultados indicaram que os alunos ficaram satisfeitos com a forma de apresentação e elaboração do curso em EaD, classificando o mesmo como impressionante. Conclusão: O Curso a distância desenvolvido mostrou ser uma ferramenta motivadora para a realidade profissional da população avaliada. / Introduction: The importance of English for science is unquestionable. The scientific community should learn it as a basis for its internationalization. Aims: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a distance learning course in scientific writing support of abstracts on Craniofacial Anomalies. Methods: The course was developed in a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) provided by the University of São Paulo through the course management system Moodle .5.2+. The teaching material of the course, as well as its exercises and theory were prepared by the researcher based on the technical-scientific area of the study, from a detailed analysis of the scientific language used in thesis, dissertations and international articles, published in major international journals and books on scientific writing in English. Fourty students and professionals of the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies participated in the study by answering a questionnaire named Ficha de Pesquisa Motivacional (FPM) used to assess students motivation in taking the course before enrolling. Results:The course was designed in four main topics divided into four weeks. The content consisted of exercises, texts and tips on the general principles of good scientific writing in English, as well as the application of these principles. Results indicated that students were satisfied with the presentation and development of the course classifying it as impressive. Conclusion: The distance learning course proved a motivational tool for the professional reality of the assessed population.

In skeletal studies of prehistoric populations of Chile’s semiarid north, it is common practice for physical anthropologists to visually categorize crania as dolichophallic and brachycephalic which are then attributed to cultures or time periods based on the observed shape. The validity of this classification is still debated and poses several questions regarding the prehistory of Chile. The goal of this study is to investigate the craniofacial variation in populations representing the Archaic period and Intermediate-Late periods of Chile’s semiarid north using morphometric analysis. The samples comprise two collections from the Museo Arqueologico de La Serena in La Serena, Chile. The Archaic period dates from 10,000 BC to 300 AC. The Intermediate-Late period dates from 900 AC to 1500 AC. The Archaic period included 87 crania, while the Intermediate-Late period included 78 crania. Cranial vault modification was practiced in all prehistoric populations, and modified individuals comprise ~4.6% of the Archaic period sample and ~74.4% of the Intermediate-Late period sample. Individuals observed to be dolichocephalic are associated with the Archaic period, while brachycephalic individuals are associated with the Intermediate-Late period. Previous studies have shown that individuals with intentional cranial modification, annular and tabular, exhibit predictable changes in the craniofacial complex due to compensatory growth and shape changes related to peripheral structures of the cranial vault. A form of tabular modification is seen in both periods included in this sample, with the Intermediate-Late period sample being dominated by this modification. All craniometric landmarks were recorded using a Microscribe™ 3D digitizer, with exclusion of mandibular landmarks. MorphoJ was utilized to analyze the geometric morphometric data. Coordinates using the Microscribe were recorded in order to investigate the differences in shape of the craniofacial complex between the two samples. Two separate analyses were performed, one with all landmarks recorded and one excluding landmarks prosthion, alveolon, ectomolare and zygion. The results of both Canonical Variate analyses and associated Mahalanobis Distance values (2.699 and 2.9316) indicates statistically significant differences (p<0.001) between the two samples. It is also evident that shape changes along CV1, increases in minimum frontal breadth, upper facial breadth, and nasal height, correspond with characteristics associated with brachycephalism and tabular cranial vault modification. The large range of variation of the Intermediate-Late period sample is speculated to be a result of multiple small populations moving toward the coast possibly due to a change in climate. These small populations exhibited various morphologies which were influenced by nonrandom environmental factors. The Mahalanobis distances of the different cultural groups also indicate statistically significant differences. This method has the potential to be used in conjunction with others to identify cultural context and significance of remains in archaeological contexts in Chile. In the event of repatriation acts this method could also be used to attribute individuals to corresponding cultures and be donated to the appropriate community or facility.

The Discouragement Scale for Adults (DSA) was developed to assess for the Adlerian construct of discouragement in adults age 18 years and over. Data were collected from three samples: norm (n=586), presumed discouraged (n=47), and parents of children with craniofacial anomaly (n=105). Five subscales corresponding to life tasks identified in Adlerian literature as work, love, society, self-significance, and spirituality underlie the 60 item DSA. Item selection was based on ratings by five notable Adlerians and item correlations with scale scores. Gender, age, and ethnicity norms were established for the norm, presumed discouraged, and craniofacial samples. Across three samples, no significant ethnic differences were found. Normative findings indicated females are less discouraged than males on the Total DSA, the society and spirituality subscales. Age findings indicated the 18-34 year old sample is more discouraged than other ages on the Total DSA, the work, society, and spirituality subscales. Presumed discouraged findings indicated females are less discouraged than males on the society subscale. Craniofacial findings indicated females are less discouraged on the society subscale, but more discouraged on the self-significance subscale than males. Age findings indicated the 18-34 year old sample is more discouraged than other ages on the self subscale. Research on CPA parents' relationship status, CPA child's birth order, parental role of adult to CFA child, length of time the parent has cared for CFA child, the CFA child's age, CFA parent's education level, and CFA child's craniofacial anomaly diagnosis was conducted. Findings indicated birthmothers are less discouraged than birthfathers on the society subscale, but more discouraged on the self-significance subscale. Internal consistency ratings of the DSA were .9392, .9496, and .9365 for three samples. Correlations to measures of social interest were negative and significant, reflecting an inverse relationship between discouragement and social interest. Factor analysis and interscale correlations are presented. Future research could include continued instrument validation and establishment of score ranges to indicate adult discouragement.

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) has been determined to be the second most common birth defect in the United States, affecting 1 in every 940 births (Parker et al., 2010). The team approach is the accepted best practice for children with CLP (Kummer, 2020) and the school-based Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) has an important role to play in assessment and intervention of children with repaired CLP, however there is little research to describe their collaboration. This research aimed to explore and describe the referral practices of school-based SLP’s to CLP teams. A survey titled “Referral to Cleft Lip and Palate Teams: Practice of School-Based Speech Language Pathologist’s” was developed and distributed to members of the American Speech-Language Hearing Association’s (ASHA’s) Special Interest Groups (SIGs) 15 and 16 following an in depth literature review on the topic. A total of 57 practicing school-based SLPs acted as respondents. The results of the survey suggested VPD was the main reason for making a referral to a CLP team (89.72%), which validates the response that clients mostly referred had suspected VPD (89.47%). Making a team referral was not common practice, as 58.7% had never made a CLP team referral in the schools. ENTs (51.06%) were the preferred choice of referral in comparison to a CLP team (25.53%). Barriers to making CLP team referrals varied and obtaining permission from the school was experienced by some respondents (36.36%). Respondents made valuable comments which centered on positive experiences with working with CLP teams (11/56). The process of making referrals to CLP teams and collaboration between school-based SLPs and CLP teams needs to be addressed in graduate training and CE. According to Vallino et al., (2019) such communication enhances care, bridges the perceived gap between school-based SLPs and CLP teams, and will ensure that children with CLP and VPD receive the best care possible.

A thesis submitted to the College of Dental Medicine of Nova Southeastern University of the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry. Background: Therapeutic management of bone loss in the craniofacial region as a consequence of trauma, surgery or congenital malformations presents a clinical challenge. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), due to their inherent plasticity, are potential candidates for cell based therapies for the repair and reconstruction of craniofacial bone tissue. Guided differentiation of stem cells to osteogenic precursors is marked by spatio-temporally regulation of gene expression profiles including that of transcription factors, cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins, enzymes and several signaling pathways. Cytokines, produced by both immune and non-immune cells can influence both immuno- modulatory responses in the host and also affect cell physiology. Understanding the cytokine expression profiles will be of great advantage in developing methods for effective bone regeneration with minimal immunological insults either on the graft or on the host. Objective: The objective of the present study is to investigate the gene expression profiles of the various cytokines of HGMSCs in normal and osteogenic conditions. Methodology: HGMSCs were isolated from gingival tissues by standard enzymatic methods. HGMSCs were guided to osteogenic precursor cells and the differentiation process was monitored by measuring stage specific expression of genes and proteins. Mineral nodule formation of osteogenic differentiation was analyzed by using Alizarin red and Von Kossa Staining methods. Gene expression profiles of various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles of HGMSCs were investigated using quantitative real time PCR at 1, 2 and 3 weeks post-induction with osteogenic medium. Results: The osteogenic differentiation of HGMSCs was confirmed by alkaline phosphate enzyme activity assay, gene and protein expression studies of osteogenic markers. Mineral nodule formation was observed after 4 weeks ofosteogenic induction. The results of cytokine profile expressions revealed that there was a significant upregulation in the expression of TGF-β at all-time points. The gene expression of IL-10 was more or less consistent with an overall increase of 40% over that of controls at all time points studied. We observed a significant decrease in the mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-1? with respect to their control group (P<0.05) and the expression of IL-8 was upregulated significantly. Conclusion: There is an overall enhancement in the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β during the osteogenic differentiation of HGMSCs that indicates a potential shift of cytokines to dampen immune responses. The reduction of IL-6 and IL-1β expression is an added advantage to reduce the acute phase and inflammatory responses, favoring HGMSCs to be cells of choice for repair and regeneration of craniofacial bones. A beneficial combination of the cytokines expressed by HGMSCs during osteogenic differentiation to reduce acute phase and long term immune responses will facilitate the achievement of our long term goal.

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24787号 / 医博第4979号 / 新制||医||1066(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 松田 秀一, 教授 森本 尚樹, 教授 安達 泰治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Objectives: To test the hypotheses that mechanobehavior scores (MBS) were correlated with mandibular ramus lengths (Co-Go) and differed between facial phenotypes. Materials and Methods: Subjects gave informed consent to participate. Co-Go (mm), mandibular plane angles (SN-GoGn, °), and three-dimensional anatomy were derived from cephalometric radiography or cone beam computed tomography. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) energy densities (ED) (mJ/mm3) were measured using dynamic stereometry and duty factors (DF) (%) were measured from electromyography, to calculate MBS (= ED2 3 DF, (mmmJ3)2%) for each TMJ. Polynomial regressions, K-means cluster analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey post-hoc tests were employed. Results: Fifty females and 23 males produced replete data. Polynomial regressions showed MBS were correlated with Co-Go (females, R2 = 0.57; males, R2 = 0.81). Cluster analysis identified three groups (P<.001). Dolichofacial subjects, with shorter normalized Co-Go, clustered into two subgroups with low and high MBS compared to brachyfacial subjects with longer Co-Go. SN-GoGn was significantly larger (P<.03) in the dolichofacial subgroups combined (33.0 ± 5.98) compared to the brachyfacial group (29.8 ± 5.58). Conclusions: MBS correlated with Co-Go within sexes and differed significantly between brachyfacial and dolichofacial subjects.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Trisomy 21 occurs in approximately 1 out of 750 live births and causes brachycephaly, a small oral cavity, a shortened mid-face, and mental impairments in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Craniofacial dysmorphology occurs in essentially all individuals with trisomy 21 and causes functional difficulties. Mouse models are commonly used to study the etiology of human disorders because of the conserved phenotypes between species. The Ts65Dn Down syndrome mouse model has triplicated homologues for approximately half the genes on human chromosome 21 and exhibits many phenotypes that parallel those found in individuals with DS. Specifically, newborn and adult Ts65Dn mice display similar craniofacial defects as humans with DS. Ts65Dn embryos also exhibit smaller mandibular precursors than their euploid littermates at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5). Furthermore, Ts65Dn mice exhibit reduced birth weight which suggests a possible generalized delay in overall embryonic growth. Based on previous research at E9.5, it was hypothesized that Ts65Dn E13.5 embryos would have reduced mandibular precursors with altered gene expression. It was also hypothesized that other neural crest derived structures would be reduced in trisomic embryos. Using morphological measurements it was determined that the mandible, Meckel’s cartilage, and hyoid cartilage were significantly reduced in E13.5 trisomic embryos. The tongue was of similar size in trisomic and euploid embryos while cardiac and brain tissue volumes were not significantly different between genotypes. Analysis of total embryonic size at E9.5 and E13.5 revealed smaller trisomic embryos with developmental attenuation that was not related to maternal trisomy. A microarray analysis performed on the mandibular precursor revealed 155 differentially expressed non-trisomic genes. Sox9 was of particular interest for its role in cartilage condensation and endochondral ossification. It was hypothesized that the overexpression of Sox9 in the developing mandible would be localized to Meckel’s and hyoid cartilages. Immunohistochemistry performed on the mandibular precursor confirmed an overexpression of Sox9 in both Meckel’s and the hyoid cartilages. This research provides further insight into the development of trisomic tissues, both neural crest and non-neural crest-derived, and also the specific molecular mechanisms that negatively affect mandibular development in Ts65Dn mice and presumably individuals with Down syndrome.