Introduction: Les évidences scientifiques actuelles sur l’apnée du sommeil pédiatrique considérant le développement crâniofacial sont limitées, et l’identification des enfants vulnérables est difficile, car un manque d’évidence existe quant aux facteurs de risque et aux symptômes de cette population. Objectifs: Évaluer l’histoire naturelle de l’apnée du sommeil, de l’enfance à la fin de l’adolescence, afin de récolter de l’information supplémentaire quant à la persistance, la rémission et l’incidence de la maladie, tout en considérant l’impact de la croissance et du développement crâniofacial. Les objectifs secondaires de cette étude sont également d’évaluer la trajectoire des comorbidités associées à l’apnée du sommeil (comportementales et neurocognitives). Matériel et Méthode : La cohorte d’enfants initialement recrutés au CHUSJ, pour qui des troubles de sommeil étaient suspectés, ont été recontactés pour un suivi 5 ans suivant leur date initiale d’évaluation. Dix-neuf enfants ont été réévalués en complétant des examens dentaires et orthodontiques, des questionnaires (Epworth, PSQI, CPRS-R) ainsi qu’une polysomnographie à domicile. Résultats: L’âge moyen des participants adolescents à V2 étaient 12.79 ± 2.74 à. À V2, les garçons (IAH=3.28 ± 2.43) étaient atteints plus sévèrement que les filles (IAH=2.81 ± 2.02), mais de façon non significative (p=0.589). Au suivi 5 ans plus tard (V2), aucun enfant était atteint sévèrement alors que 42% étaient légèrement atteints et 22% souffraient d’une AOS modérée comparativement à V1, où 36% des enfants étaient atteints légèrement, 18% atteints de façon modérée et 18% souffraient d’apnée sévère. La prévalence à V2 est de 63.2% alors que l’incidence est de 54.5%. Un taux de de rémission de 25% a été noté. Aucune caractéristique dentaire ni squelettique a été associée à la présence et à la persistance de l’apnée du sommeil. Conclusion: Les troubles respiratoires ne sont pas nécessairement résolus à l’adolescence, et de nouveaux facteurs de risque, similaires à ceux retrouvés chez l’adulte, font émergence. La connaissance des caractéristiques crâniofaciales associées à l’AOS est essentielle pour optimiser les traitements et maximiser les récurrences. / Introduction: Current scientific studies of the history of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea that consider craniofacial development impacts remain somewhat limited, while there is incomplete global evidence for establishing risk factor and symptom algorithm that adequately identify vulnerable children. Objective: To evaluate the natural history of sleep apnea, from childhood to the end of adolescence, and gather additional information regarding the persistence, remission, and incidence of the disease while considering the impact of growth and craniofacial development. As secondary goals, the study will assess the trajectory of associated sleep apnea comorbidities (behavioral and neurocognitive). Methods: The cohort of children who were initially recruited at the CHUSJ, for whom obstructive sleep apnea was suspected, were recalled for a 5-year follow-up, according to the date of their first evaluation. A total of 19 children were seen to complete dental and orthodontic evaluations, three questionnaires (Epworth, PSQI, CPRS-R) and a home-based polysomnography. Results: The mean age of the adolescent participants at follow-up was 12.79 ± 2.74. At V2, boys (AHI=3.28 ± 2.43) were more severely affected than girls (2.81 ± 2.02) but the difference was not significant (p=0.589). At the 5-year follow-up (V2), none of the children were severely ill but 42% had mild sleep apnea while 22% had moderate apnea comparatively to V1 where 36% had mild apnea, while 18% suffered from moderate apnea and 18% were severely ill. Prevalence at V2 was 63.2% and incidence was 54.5%. Remission rate was 25%. No skeletal or dental features were associated with the presence and persistence of obstructive sleep apnea. Conclusion: Obstructive sleep disordered breathing are not necessarily resolved at adolescence. On the other hand, with the onset of adolescence, new risk factors similar to those we find in adults emerge. In order to maximize treatments outcome and minimize recurrences, knowledge of craniofacial features is essential.

Problématique à laquelle répond ce projet de recherche: Les troubles respiratoires obstructifs du sommeil (TROS) comprennent différentes anomalies allant du ronflement chronique au syndrome d’apnée obstructive du sommeil (SAOS). Le SAOS toucherait entre 1 et 5% d’une population pédiatrique générale avec un pic d’incidence entre 2 et 6 ans. Les enfants obèses sont particulièrement atteints avec une prévalence pouvant atteindre 40%. Chez les enfants atteints de malformations crânio-faciales sévères, la prévalence peut atteindre plus de 50%. Les conséquences du SAOS sur le développement de l’enfant peuvent être significatives en l’absence de traitement, tant au point de vue de la croissance que des performances cognitives, du comportement et des paramètres cardio-vasculaires, pulmonaires ou métaboliques. Chez l’adulte, la prévalence du SAOS est estimée, dans la population générale, à 3 à 7% des hommes et à 2 à 5% des femmes d’âge moyen. Cette prévalence serait plus élevée dans certains sous-groupes de la population, notamment les personnes en surpoids ou obèses, chez les femmes enceintes, dans certaines ethnies et chez les personnes âgées. Le SAOS peut entrainer une sur- morbidité cardiovasculaire (hypertension artérielle, accident vasculaire cérébral et infarctus du myocarde) et une augmentation des accidents de travail ou de la circulation imputables à la somnolence. Il est actuellement reconnu que le SAOS pédiatrique et le SAOS de l’adulte ont des causes, des présentations et des conséquences différentes. On ne sait cependant pas si le SAOS de l’adolescent est une poursuite de la forme pédiatrique ou une forme précoce du SAOS de l’adulte. On ne sait pas non plus si certains facteurs de risque sont présents précocement chez l’enfant et persistent jusqu’à l’âge adulte, ou si les deux formes SAOS pédiatrique / adulte ont une étiologie relativement indépendante. Objectifs: Comparer la distribution des caractéristiques morphologiques dento-faciales, fonctionnelles oro- nasales et de l’adiposité entre les membres d’une même famille, (quand à la fois) lorsqu’un enfant et un parent présentent des symptômes de troubles obstructifs du sommeil. Un des membres devra avoir reçu préalablement un diagnostic de SAOS. Type de recherche: Étude transversale observationnelle Méthodologie: Nous avons recruté des enfants afin de planifier un enregistrement du sommeil au CHU Sainte- Justine avec au minimum un de ses parents biologiques directs. Les procédures expérimentales qui ont été utilisées avec chacune de ces familles étaient : • Une évaluation crânio-faciale et fonctionnelle de l’enfant et d'au moins un de ses parents, incluant la prise de photos • Un questionnaire de dépistage du SAOS et un arbre généalogique sur 3 générations • Un enregistrement du sommeil de l’enfant • L'enregistrement du poids et de la taille, de la circonférence du cou, de la circonférence de la taille ainsi que des symptômes liés au SAOS Résultats: Nous avons inclus un groupe de 20 paires (un enfant couplé à un de ses parents). De ce groupe, 13 enfants ont été diagnostiqué du SAOS et 7 en étaient non atteints. Pour ce qui est de l'analyse des questionnaires des enfants, 100% des apnéiques rapportaient une obstruction nasale. Pour les caractéristiques crânio-faciales, 85% de tous les enfants avait la même classification du tonus labial et jugal, 90% de tous les enfants avait avaient la même forme d'arcade maxillaire et mandibulaire et 100% des enfants apnéiques présentaient la même classification de chevauchement dentaire que leur parent. Dans le cas de l'analyse anthropométrique sur photographies, les mesures de la hauteur faciale totale, de la hauteur du tier inférieur et la 2 position antéro-postérieure du maxillaire sont celles qui ont démontrées une certaine tendance d'héritabilité. La mesure N-Gn était plus grande chez les enfants apnéiques, ce qui signifie une hauteur faciale totale plus grande (Cohen d = 1,007). La mesure Sn-Gn était aussi plus grande chez les enfants apnéiques, ce qui signifie un tier inférieur plus long (Cohen d = 1,010). Enfin, l'angle T- N-Sn est plus petit chez les enfants apnéiques (Cohen d = 0,851). Conclusion: L'étude actuelle est une étude pilote constitué d'un échantillon limité. Seul un des deux parents de chaque famille a accepté de participer. Malgré cela, on peut voir une certaine tendance d'héritabilité au niveau du tonus labial et jugal, de la forme des arcades dentaires, de la classification du chevauchement dentaire et de l'obstruction nasale. Des études plus importantes seront cependant nécessaires afin d'obtenir des résultats statistiquement significatifs. / Problem addressed by this research project: Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) includes different abnormalities ranging from chronic snoring to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). OSAS would affect between 1 and 5% of a general pediatric population with a peak incidence between 2 and 6 years old. Obese children are particularly affected with a prevalence of up to 40%. In children with severe craniofacial malformations, the prevalence can reach more than 50%. The consequences of OSAS on child development can be significant in the absence of treatment, both in terms of growth and cognitive performance, behavior and cardiovascular, pulmonary or metabolic parameters. In adults, the prevalence of OSAS is estimated, in the general population, at 3 to 7% of men and 2 to 5% of middle-aged women. This prevalence would be higher in certain subgroups of the population, in particular overweight or obese people, in pregnant women, in certain ethnic groups and in the elderly. OSAS may lead to increased cardiovascular morbidity (arterial hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction), and an increase in work or traffic accidents attributable to drowsiness. It is currently recognized that pediatric OSAS and adult OSAS have different causes, presentations and consequences. However, it is not known whether adolescent OSAS is a continuation of the pediatric form or an early form of adult OSAS. It is also unclear whether certain risk factors are present early in childhood and persist into adulthood, or whether the two pediatric/adult forms of OSAS have a relatively independent etiology. Aims: To compare the distribution of dentofacial morphological, oronasal functional characteristics and adiposity between members of the same family, when both child and parent present with symptoms of SDB. One of the members must have previously received a diagnosis of OSAS. Type of research: Observational cross-sectional study Methodology: We recruited children scheduled for sleep recording at CHU Sainte-Justine as well as at least one of their direct biological parents. The experimental procedures that were used with each of these families were: • A craniofacial and functional assessment of the child and at least one of his parents, including taking photos • An OSAS screening questionnaire and a 3-generation family tree • A sleep recording of the child • Records of weight and height, neck circumference, waist circumference and symptoms related to sleep apnea were also collected Results: We included a group of 20 pairs (a child coupled to one of his parents. Of this group, 13 children were diagnosed with OSAS and 7 were unaffected. Regarding the analysis of the children's questionnaires, 100% of apneic patients report nasal obstruction. For craniofacial features, 85% of all children had the same labial and jugal tone classification, 90% of all children had the same maxillary and mandibular arch shape, and 100% of apneic children had the same classification of the dental crowding as their parent. In the case of the anthropometric analysis on photographs, the measurements of the total facial height, the height of the lower third and the anteroposterior position of the maxilla are those that demonstrated a certain trend. The N-Gn measurement was greater in children with apnea, signifying greater total facial height (Cohen d = 1.007). The Sn-Gn measure was also greater in children with apnea, meaning one lower third longer (Cohen d = 1.010). Finally, the T-N-Sn angle is smaller in apneic children (Cohen d = 0.851). 5 Conclusion: The current study is a pilot study consisting of a limited sample. Only one parent from each family agreed to participate. Despite this, we can see a certain trend of heritability at the level of the labial and jugal tone, the shape of the dental arches, the classification of the dental crowding and the nasal obstruction. However, larger studies will be needed to obtain statistically significant results.

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Introdução- Obstrução das vias aeríferas superiores associadas a mudanças nos padrões de sono, estão diretamente relacionados a problemas de crescimento e aprendizagem, o que interfere com a qualidade de vida das crianças com este quadro. Métodos de expansão maxilar já mostraram efeito favorável sobre a função respiratória. Aparelhos removíveis intra-orais têm sido usados no tratamento do ronco e apneia do sono, buscando reequilibrar a postura da mandíbula e da língua para melhorar a função respiratória. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as dimensões da faringe, o crescimento craniofacial e os sintomas respiratórios obstrutivos em crianças com ronco e aumento das tonsilas faríngeas e palatinas em tratamento com um aparelho ortodôntico e ortopédico bucal. Métodos- Quarenta crianças de 6 a 9 anos de idade com tonsilas faríngeas e palatinas graus 3 e 4 e apresentando maxila atrésica e sobressaliência anterior foram divididos em dois grupos aleatórios: 24 pacientes tratados com o aparelho oral e 16 controles não tratados. As dimensões da faringe foram medidas por faringometria acústica. Cefalometria avaliou o crescimento facial, incluindo os valores relacionados com a apnéia do sono. Os pais preencheram questionários sobre os sintomas respiratórios da criança. Os pacientes foram reavaliados após 6 meses, em ambos os grupos. Resultados: A faringometria acústica confirmou um aumento volumétrico de 3,1 cm3 (d.p. ± 2,5) na faringe, no grupo de estudo e uma redução volumétrica de -1,2 cm3 (d.p. ± 1,3) no não tratado (p <0,001). A área mínima de colapsibilidade no grupo de estudo apresentou incremento de 1,1 cm2 (dp ± 0,2) para 1,3 cm2 (d.p. ± 0,2) e uma redução no grupo controle de 1,5 cm2 (dp ± 0,3) para 1,3 cm2 (d.p. ± 0,3) estatisticamente significante (p <0,001). A cefalometria comprovou crescimento craniofacial mais favorável no grupo de estudo, em comparação aos controles, incluindo os valores relacionados a apnéia do sono, como ANB, MMPA e H-ML (p <0,001) . O questionário de sintomas confirmou uma melhoria no padrão de respiração e sono no grupo tratado. Conclusão- As crianças que foram submetidos a esse protocolo de tratamento apresentaram aumento de dimensões da faringe, direção de crescimento mais favorável, e uma melhora na respiração e qualidade do sono / Introduction- Airway obstruction due to associated changes in sleep patterns are directly related to problems of growth and learning, which interfer with the quality of life for these children. Maxillary expansion methods have shown favorable effect on respiratory function. Intra-oral removable appliances have been used in the treatment of snoring and sleep apnea, seeking to rebalance the posture of the jaw and tongue to improve breathing function. The purpose of this thesis is evaluate the facial growth, pharyngeal dimensions and respiratory symptoms in snoring children with enlarged tonsils and adenoids under treatment with an orthodontic and orthopedic oral appliance. Methods- Forty snoring children ages 6 to 9 years old with tonsil and adenoid enlargement grades 3 and 4 and presenting constricted maxilla were divided into two randomized groups: 24 patients treated with the oral appliance and 16 untreated controls. Pharyngeal size was measured by acoustic pharyngometry. Cephalometry evaluated the facial growth including values related to sleep apnea. Pharyngeal size was measured by acoustic pharyngometry. Parents filled out questionnaires about their child\'s respiratory symptoms. Patients were re-evaluated after 6 months, in both groups Results- Acoustic pharyngometry confirmed a volumetric gain of 3.1 cm3 (s.d. ±2.5) in the pharynx at the study group and a volumetric reduction of -1.2 cm3 (s.d. ±1.3) at the untreated (p<0.001). The minimum area on collapsibility at the study group showed an increment from1.1 cm2 (s.d.±0.2) to 1.3 cm2 (s.d.±0.2) and a reduction on the control group from 1.5 cm2 (s.d.±0.3) to 1.3 cm2 (s.d.±0.3) statistically significant (p<0.001). Cephalometry showed a more favorable facial growth on the study group compared to controls, including values related to sleep apnea prediction such as ANB, MMPA and H-ML (p<0.001). The symptoms questionnaire confirmed an improvement on the breathing pattern at the group treated. Conclusions- Children who underwent this treatment protocol presented more favorable growth direction, enlargement of pharyngeal dimensions, and an improvement in breathing and sleep

Os defeitos da calota craniana causados por traumas severos, neoplasias, cirurgias ou deformidades congênitas representam um grande desafio para os cirurgiões. O uso de enxertia óssea autóloga continua sendo o método de tratamento padrão ouro, embora apresente morbidade na área doadora e seja considerado insuficiente para reconstrução de grandes defeitos. Recentemente, com o advento da bioengenharia tecidual, novas expectativas surgiram na regeneração óssea. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um modelo experimental em ratos para o estudo de deformidades craniofaciais e verificar se as células-tronco humanas provenientes de dentes decíduos seriam capazes de regenerar defeitos críticos em calota craniana de ratos não imunossuprimidos. Foram realizados dois defeitos ósseos de espessura total com diâmetro de 5 x 8 mm na região biparietal. O lado esquerdo foi preenchido com membrana de colágeno, enquanto o lado direito com membrana de colágeno associada a células-tronco humanas provenientes de dentes decíduos. Essas células foram caracterizadas previamente in vitro como células mesenquimais. A eutanásia dos animais foi realizada no 7º, 21º, 30º e 60º dia de pós-operatório e amostras de tecido ósseo foram extraídas para realização da análise histológica. A análise da presença de células humanas no novo osso formado foi confirmada através do estudo molecular. A linhagem de células-tronco humanas provenientes de dentes decíduos foi positiva para células-tronco mesenquimais e sua diferenciação em tecido ósseo também foi evidenciada in vitro. Foi observada a formação óssea após 21 dias de cirurgia nos dois lados, sendo o lado direito um osso mais maduro. A reação da cadeia de polimerase para DNA humano foi amplificada apenas no lado direito demonstrando que existiam células humanas nesse novo osso formado. O uso de células-tronco de dentes decíduos humanas em ratos não imunossuprimidos não evidenciou rejeição durante o período estudado. Os achados sugerem que o modelo experimental descrito poderá ser utilizado para o estudo dos defeitos ósseos cranianos em cirurgia craniofacial e que o uso de células-tronco humanas provenientes de dentes decíduos associado à membrana de colágeno parece representar uma importante estratégia para a reconstrução de tecidos ósseos e seu uso pode ser considerado uma opção para o reparo de grandes defeitos ósseos cranianos. / Repair of bone defects caused by severe trauma, resection of tumors, and congenital deformity remains a big challenge to surgeons. As a gold standard for the treatment of bone defects in clinic, autologous bone grafts are usually limited by considerable donor site mobility and available supply of tissue that can be harvested. Recently, tissue engineering has become a promising approach for bone regeneration. The main aim of this study is to create an experimental surgical protocol and evaluate the capacity of human dental pulp stem cells isolated from deciduous teeth, to reconstruct critical size cranial bone defects in nonimmunosuppressed rats. Bilateral 5 x 8 mm cranial full-thickness defects of parietal bone were created. The left side was supplied with collagen membrane only and the right side with collagen membrane and human dental pulp stem cells. Cells were used after in vitro characterization as mesenchymal cells. Animals were euthanized at 7, 21, 30 and 60 days postoperatively and cranial tissue samples were taken from the defects for histologic analysis. Analysis of the presence of human cells in the new bone was confirmed by molecular analysis. The human dental pulp stem cells lineage was positive for the four mesenchymal cell markers tested and showed osteogenic in vitro differentiation. The bone formation was observed 21 days after surgery on both sides, but a more mature bone was present in the right side. Human DNA was polymerase chain reaction-amplified only at the right side, indicating that this new bone had human cells. The use of human dental pulp stem cells in nonimmunosuppressed rats did not cause any graft rejection during this period. Our findings suggest that surgical protocol created may ultimately be used in experimental studies of cranial bone defects in craniofacial surgery and the use of human dental pulp stem cells together with collagen membrane seems to be a promising strategy for in vivo bone tissue reconstruction and their use might provide an option to repair human large cranial bone defects.

Esta tese é composta por três capítulos. O primeiro teve o objetivo de avaliar a acurácia e a semelhança da reconstrução facial forense computadorizada (RFFC) tridimensional realizada com softwares livres. As RFFC foram realizadas no programa Blender® a partir de tomografias do crânio, utilizando templates do MakeHuman®. A avaliação da acurácia foi feita no CloudCompare® que comparou a RFFC com a pele na tomografia, enquanto a avaliação da semelhança foi realizada no Picasa® utilizando fotografias dos participantes. Os resultados mostraram que do total de pontos que formam cada reconstrução, 63.20% a 73.67% apresentaram uma distância de -2,5 <= x <= 2,5mm entre a RFFC e a superfície da pele, enquanto a distância média variou entre -1,66 a 0,33mm. Duas das quatro reconstruções foram reconhecidas objetivamente pelo Picasa®. As RFFC realizadas utilizando esses softwares apresentam plausíveis níveis de acurácia e semelhança, portanto indicam valor para uso no campo forense. Os outros dois capítulos tiveram como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade métrica facial do mesmo indivíduo por meio da análise de fotografias tomadas em um intervalo de tempo de cinco anos. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal realizado com fotografias frontais padronizadas de 666 indivíduos adultos divididos por faixa etária e sexo. Com o programa SAFF 2D foram marcados 32 pontos, cujas coordenadas foram utilizadas para calcular 40 medidas, sendo 20 horizontais e 20 verticais. Cada uma dessas medidas foi dividida pelo diâmetro da íris e assim foram obtidas razões iridianas. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria das razões não sofreu variação estatisticamente significante. As razões que tiveram maior variação foram aquelas da região do nariz e da boca. Quando se compara as faixas etárias entre si observa-se que a grande maioria das razões é diferente, mostrando a influência da idade nas dimensões faciais. Quando se compara a estabilidade dentro mesmo sexo observa-se que houve razões que diminuíram e outras aumentaram tanto no sexo feminino quanto no sexo masculino, enquanto outras variaram apenas em um dos sexos. Quando se compara a variação entre os sexos observa-se que a maioria das razões é diferente, mostrando o dimorfismo sexual das medidas faciais. A face passa por alterações métricas ao longo da vida em todas as faixas etárias, principalmente na região do nariz e boca, com maiores diferenças após os 60 anos. Além disso, algumas medidas faciais são mais influenciadas pelo sexo do que outras. Entretanto, a maioria das medidas levantadas se mantem relativamente estáveis dentro de um período de 5 anos tanto em relação ao sexo quanto a idade. / This thesis contains three chapters. The aim of the first chapter was to evaluate the accuracy and recognition level of three-dimensional (3D) computerized forensic craniofacial reconstruction (CCFR) performed in a blind test on open-source software using computed tomography data from live subjects. The CCFRs were completed using Blender® with 3D models obtained from the computed tomography data and templates from the MakeHuman® program. The evaluation of accuracy was carried out in CloudCompare®, by geometric comparison of the CCFR to the subject 3D face model (obtained from the CT data). A recognition level was performed using the Picasa® with a frontal standardized photography. The results were presented from all the points that form the CCFR model, with an average for each comparison between 63.20% and 73.67% with a distance -2.5 <= x <= 2.5 mm from the skin surface and the average distances were 1.66 to 0.33 mm. Two of the four CCFRs were correctly matched by the Picasa® tool. Free software programs are capable of producing 3D CCFRs with plausible levels of accuracy and recognition and therefore indicate their value for use in forensic applications. The other two chapters study the facial comparison and aimed to evaluate the facial metrical stability of an individual through photographs taken in a time interval of five years. It is a longitudinal study composed of standard frontal photographs of 666 adults divided by sex and age groups. By using the SAFF 2D® software, 32 landmarks were positioned, whose coordinates were used to calculate 40 measurements, 20 horizontal and 20 vertical. Each of these measurements was divided by iris diameter and thus iridian ratios were obtained. The results showed that most of the ratios did not suffer statistically significant variations. The ratios that had the greatest variation in the different age groups were those of the nose and mouth regions. When comparing the age groups with each other it is observed that the great majority of the reasons are different, showing the influence of age on the facial dimensions. When comparing stability with respect to sex, it was observed that there were ratios that decreased and others that increased in both sexes, while other ratios varied only in females or in males. When the sexes were compared, it was observed that the majority of the ratios were different, showing sexual dimorphism of the facial measures. The face undergoes metrical alterations throughout the life, mainly in the region of the nose and mouth, with the greatest differences seen in those who are aged 60 years and older. In addition, some facial measures are more influenced by sex than others. However, most of the measures raised have remained relatively stable within a period of five years in both sex and age groups.

A expansão rápida da maxila assistida cirurgicamente (ERMAC) é o procedimento de eleição para o tratamento da deficiência transversa de maxila em pacientes esqueleticamente maduros. Controvérsias em relação ao procedimento ainda persistem principalmente relacionadas aos métodos de avaliação, técnica cirúrgica utilizada, morbidade, eficácia clínica e estabilidade de resultados. A utilização da tomografia computadorizada para a avaliação da eficiência da ERMAC é uma opção atual e ainda pouco divulgada. Consequentemente, os parâmetros anatômicos para a utilização deste método ainda não foram totalmente estabelecidos. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a confiabilidade da metodologia proposta e as alterações esqueléticas maxilares decorrentes da ERMAC com a utilização do método de avaliação por tomografia computadorizada. No período de junho de 2004 a maio de 2005, 15 pacientes, sendo 10 do sexo feminino, foram submetidos a ERMAC. A técnica cirúrgica utilizada constou de osteotomia maxilar do tipo Le Fort I, sem osteotomia da sutura ptérigo-maxilar, associada a osteotomia sagital mediana do palato. O aparelho expansor utilizado foi do tipo Hyrax. Os pacientes foram submetidos a exames de tomografia computadorizada, em tomógrafos de múltiplos detectores, no pré-operatório e após 6 meses, utilizando-se metodologia idealizada para a avaliação específica deste procedimento cirúrgico. Para a determinação do padrão das alterações transversais e ântero-posteriores, medidas lineares e angulares foram realizadas diretamente na estação de trabalho dos aparelhos de tomografia. Através de imagens obtidas nas aquisições tomográficas axiais e em reconstruções coronais, as regiões anterior, média e posterior da maxila foram avaliadas separadamente. A área de secção transversa da maxila foi também calculada. Após a avaliação dos resultados observou-se que a confiabilidade do método foi estatisticamente comprovada. Um significativo aumento da área de secção transversa da maxila foi observado (p<0.05). Entretanto, o padrão de expansão transversa não se mostrou uniforme. O aumento das dimensões transversas nas regiões anterior e média foi estatisticamente comprovado. Não foi observada expansão transversa significativa na região posterior da maxila. Ao se avaliar a relação entre a abertura do parafuso expansor e a efetiva expansão esquelética da maxila, observou-se que esta foi menor que a abertura do parafuso, em termos absolutos. O aumento transverso relativo à expansão do parafuso foi estatisticamente maior nas regiões anterior e média da maxila do que em sua região posterior. Em conclusão, a avaliação por tomografia computadorizada para a análise das alterações esqueléticas da região maxilar, em pacientes submetidos à ERMAC é metodologia confiável e reprodutível. A expansão transversa da maxila decorrente do procedimento de ERMAC utilizado no presente estudo acarretou uma expansão não uniforme da maxila, com predomínio da expansão transversa nas regiões anterior e média. / Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion is the procedure of choice for treating transverse maxillary deficiency in mature patients. Some controversies regarding surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion remain, mainly concerning technical aspects such as type and location of osteotomy sites, as well as surgical morbidity, clinical efficiency, and stability. The evaluation of transverse expansion is still a theme of discussion. On conventional anteroposterior radiographs, anatomical structures are superimposed, resulting in a high number of image artifacts, as well as hindering the tracing and evaluation. The use of computed tomography as a method of evaluating the efficiency of this procedure has not been widely reported. Consequently, few landmarks for use in evaluating maxillary expansion have been defined. The goals of the present study were to define parameters to assess skeletal changes after surgically assisted palatal expansion, to evaluate the reliability of the proposed method and to use computed tomography to assess those parameters. From June of 2004 to May of 2005, 15 patients underwent surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (a modified Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy without pterygomaxillary separation, together with a sagital palatal osteotomy) according to a defined protocol, using a Hyrax appliance. To determine the pattern of transversal and anteroposterior expansion, linear and angular measurements were performed on multislice computed tomography, using computed software directly on the workstation. The anterior, intermediate and posterior portions of the maxilla were evaluated separately, using a specific method, in axial acquisition and coronal reconstructed views. The cross-sectional area of the maxilla was calculated to obtain general information about maxillary expansion. The reliability of the method was statistically confirmed. Significant maxillary overall expansion was observed. However, different patterns of expansion were seen in the three regions analyzed. In the anterior and intermediate portions of the maxilla, the increase in maxillary width was significantly greater than that observed in the posterior portion. The opening of the jackscrew was greater than skeletal expansion. Comparing jackscrew opening and transverse expansion, the same pattern of asymmetric expansion was verified. No change was observed in anteroposterior dimensions. The method of computed tomography evaluation is a useful tool for evaluation of surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion changes. The accurate evaluation of the postoperative changes was heavily dependent upon images acquired through computed tomography. An overall maxillary expansion was confirmed. However, transverse expansion of the maxilla achieved through surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion without pterygoid plate separation was less than uniform.

Craniofaciossinostose sindrômica (CS) é uma desordem congênita associada às mutações dos genes FGFR1, FGFR2 e FGFR3. Ocasiona uma fusão prematura das suturas craniofaciais, levando à deficiência no crescimento do crânio e terço médio da face. A severidade dos sintomas relacionados à hipertensão intracraniana, aparelho respiratório (síndrome da hipopneia-apneia do sono) e ocular (órbitas rasas, proptose ocular, exorbitismo e falta de proteção do globo ocular), são parâmetros para indicar o procedimento cirúrgico. A tomografia-3D é uma opção atual e pouco utilizada para avaliar os volumes orbitais e a magnitude dos avanços craniofaciais e seus vetores; esse método permite melhor definição das estruturas anatômicas sem distorção das imagens, promovendo uma avaliação adequada dos resultados. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar os volumes orbitais, os avanços craniofaciais e seus vetores nas osteotomias Le Fort III e Monobloco com uso de aparelhos distratores, a correlação entre os avanços craniofaciais e a variação dos volumes orbitais e determinar a eficácia dos avanços craniofaciais por meio da comparação com índices normais de volumes orbitais. No período de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2012, foram selecionados 20 pacientes submetidos ao alongamento ósseo gradual do terço médio da face, divididos em dois grupos. Grupo LF (n = 9), submetidos à osteotomia Le Fort III e Grupo MB (n = 11), submetidos à osteotomia frontofacial monobloco. A avaliação constou da revisão de prontuários e exames tomográficos, em que foram mensurados o volume orbital pela segmentação de imagens no programa InVesalius e modelagem 3D no programa Magics, e a magnitude dos avanços craniofaciais, e seus vetores, foram medidos no programa Rhinoceros. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística: teste t- Student e ANOVA. No Grupo MB, houve aumento de 8,94 mm3 e 9,84 mm3 para a variação do volume orbital, nas órbitas direita e esquerda, respectivamente; no Grupo LF: 5,70 mm3 e 5,77 mm3, respectivamente, para esses parâmetros. A resultante do avanço médio, para a órbita direita e esquerda no Grupo LF foi 11,36 ± 3,80 mm e 11,11 ± 3,45 mm, respectivamente; já no Grupo MB, foi 14,22 ± 4,12 mm e 14,48 ± 4,49 mm, respectivamente. A correlação entre a resultante do avanço e a variação dos volumes orbitais foi significante no Grupo LF e para a órbita esquerda no Grupo MB. Em conclusão, o procedimento cirúrgico foi eficaz, tanto para o Grupo LF como para o Grupo MB, pois, houve aumento estatisticamente significativo do volume orbital no período pós-operatório; não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa, na avaliação da simetria, entre os volumes orbitais pós-operatórios, direito e esquerdo. Ainda, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os volumes orbitais pósoperatórios quando comparados aos índices de normalidade / Syndromic craniofacial synostosis (CS) is a congenital disorder, which is most often, an autosomal dominant mutation associated to FGFR1, FGFR2 and FGFR3 genes. It causes a premature fusion of craniofacial sutures, leading to deficiency in skull growth and middle-third of the face. The severity of the intracranial hypertension related, respiratory syndrome (hypopneaapnea) and eye (shallow orbits, ocular proptosis, exorbitism and lack of protection of the eyeball) symptoms, are parameters that indicate the surgical procedure. Distraction osteogenesis of the middle-third of the face is currently the chosen technique for the treatment of patients with Craniofacial Synostosis syndrome candidates for the advancement of the middle-third of the face. The 3D-tomography is a current option and seldom used for this purpose; this method allows better definition of anatomical structures without image distortion, providing a more accurate assessment of the results. The objectives of the present study, were to assess quantitatively the craniofacial advancement and its vectors through 3D tomographic images, the osteotomy Le Fort III and Monobloc with use of distractor devices; Also, to evaluate the correlation between the craniofacial advances and the variation of orbital volumes and determine the effectiveness of craniofacial advances through the comparison with normal levels of orbital volumes. From January 2001 to December 2012, 20 patients underwent distraction osteogenesis of the middle-third of the face, divided into two groups. LF group (n = 9) underwent a Le Fort III osteotomy and MB group (n = 11) underwent a monobloc frontalfacial osteotomy. The evaluation consisted of the reviewing of the records and tomographic exams; measured is the orbital volume by image segmentation on the InVesalius software and 3D modeling on Magics software and the magnitude of facial advances, and their vectors, were measured on Rhinoceros software. The results were subject to statistical analysis: t-Student test and ANOVA. In the MB group, there was an increase of 8.94 mm3 and 9.84 mm3 for the variation of the orbital volume, the right and left orbits, respectively; in Group LF: 5.70 mm3 and 5.77 mm3 for these parameters. The resulting of average advance, for right and left orbit in Group LF was of 11.36 ± 3.80 mm, 11.11 ± 3.45mm, respectively; as for group MB it was 14.22 ± 4.12 mm and 14.48 ± 4.49 mm, respectively. Correlation between the results from the progress and the variation of orbital volume was significant in Group LF and left orbit in MB Group. In conclusion, the surgical procedure was effective for both the LF group as for the MB Group because: there was a statistically significant increase in orbital volume on the postoperative period; there was no statistically significant difference in the evaluation of symmetry between the postoperative period left and right orbital volumes. Still, there was no statistically significant difference between the postoperative orbital volumes when compared to normal ranges