Suite à l’évolution de la réglementation relative aux dispositifs de retenue pour enfants en juillet 2013, une campagne d’évaluation expérimentale a permis de constater que la situation des plus jeunes impliqués dans un choc latéral était particulièrement critique. Pour y remédier, une méthodologie originale a été développée dans le but de dimensionner les matériaux d’absorption d’énergie « idéaux » à intégrer aux sièges-auto au niveau des zones d’impact de la tête, de l’épaule et du bassin. Une étude paramétrique basée sur ce concept a alors consisté à piloter la retenue de ces trois segments corporels dans le but de minimiser, soit les critères réglementaires (mannequins Q0 et Q1), soit les critères biomécaniques (modèle hybride Q0-6WOC). Les recommandations issues de cette étude ont ensuite été appliquées à un dispositif de retenue existant afin de l’optimiser en choc latéral. Après avoir vérifié que les valeurs d’accélération linéaire résultante de la tête et de HPC étaient bien inférieures aux seuils imposés par la réglementation, un modèle par Eléments Finis (EF) du siège-auto optimisé a été développé puis validé en situation dynamique. Finalement, après couplage de ce modèle EF du dispositif de retenue optimisé avec le modèle hybride Q0-6WOC, il a été montré que les résultats de simulation numérique en choc latéral étaient deux fois plus faibles que ceux obtenus avec le dispositif de retenue de référence. / Following changes in Child Restraint System (CRS) regulation in July 2013, an experimental CRS evaluation campaign has been conducted. Then, it has been noticed that the situation amongst the youngest involved in side impact was particularly critical. An original methodology has been therefore developed in order to define the “best” energy absorption materials to use in child seats for head, shoulder and pelvis areas. A parametric study in which the restraint of each body segments was independently piloted has then been conducted. The aim was to minimize either regulatory criteria of Q0 and Q1 dummies, or biomechanical criteria based on Q0-6WOC hybrid model. Those recommendations have thereafter been applied to improve an existing child restraint system under side impact. First, it has been checked that resultant linear acceleration of the head and HPC criteria were below regulation limits. Second, Finite Element (FE) model of the optimized car seat has been created and validated in several dynamical steps. Third, both reference child restraint system and optimized child seat has been evaluated in side impact with Q0-6WOC hybrid model. Finally, it has been showed that technical changes helped to cut in half the biomechanical results.

The diploma thesis deals especially with basic crash test conducted by the organizations Euro NCAP and RCAR. On basis of RCAR standard for low speed crash test is designed crush element for a car Ford Taurus by using a virtual simulation. Thesis describes the selection, editing, and creating a finite element model and impact simulation to the barrier. The purpose was use a real vehicle, design into it a new crush element, try different shape and material implementation of crush element and make their comparison.

Les constructeurs automobiles sont tenus de respecter des minima sécuritaires vérifiés lors de crash-tests normalisés, d'où un nombre de scénarios de tests limité ne tenant pas compte des particularités individuelles. Ce mémoire propose d'évaluer le comportement humain réel en phase de pré-crash sur simulateur de conduite. L'expérimentation, intégrant un scénario d'accident difficilement évitable, a permis d'étudier le comportement de 76 conducteurs dont 40 sur simulateur dynamique. Pour ce groupe, 43 voies de mesures centrées sur le conducteur ont été intégrées au protocole. Parmi les résultats obtenus, on retiendra la possible détection précoce de l'accident, pour la moitié des conducteurs, sur la base de leur interaction avec le véhicule. Les manœuvres d’évitement amènent 25% des sujets à positionner l'avant-bras devant le volant au moment de l’impact. Cette situation peut compromettre l'efficacité des airbags, ce qui est vérifié sur banc statique, par le déploiement d'airbags face à un mannequin de type Hybrid III-50%. La projection du bras entraine un impact de 120g à la tête. De plus, l'intégration de membres supérieurs issus de SHPM montre que la situation provoque des fractures de l'avant-bras. Un modèle numérique a été conçu pour estimer les effets de la position atypique lors d'un crash frontal à 50km/h. L'accélération de la tête atteint 270g, synonyme de risques lésionnels élevés. Enfin, une modification technologique des airbags est proposée, basée sur l'hypothèse que la détection à distance peut permettre un déclenchement anticipé et plus lent des airbags. Testée expérimentalement et numériquement, cette évolution permet de respecter les critères lésionnels. / Automakers are lawfully required to achieve a minimum level of security which is checked during standardized crash tests. This results in a limited number of scenarios, which do not take individual specificities into account. This dissertation evaluates real human behaviour during the pre-crash phase, by means of a driving simulator. The experiment, integrating an unavoidable accident, studied the behaviour of 76 drivers, of which 40 drivers on a dynamic simulator. Concerning this group, 43 acquisition channels dedicated to drivers were added. From the results, one can retain that the crash can be predicted for half of the drivers through the observation of their behaviour and their interaction with the car. Due to swerving manoeuvres, 25% of the drivers have their forearm just in front of the steering wheel at the time of crash. This situation may compromise the efficiency of the airbags, that is verified experimentally on a static bench, by the deployment of airbags in front of a Hybrid III-50% dummy. The throwing of the arm causes an impact of 120 g to the head. In a second stage, the integration of left upper limbs from PMHS reveals that the situation is likely to generate fractures in the forearm. A numerical model has been designed to estimate the consequences of the atypical position during a frontal crash at 50km/h. The head acceleration reaches 270 g, synonymous with high lesion risks. Finally, a technological modification of the airbags is proposed to reduce this risk. The assumption is made that the use of remote sensors technologies can allow an early detection of the crash and therefore slower triggering of airbags. Tested experimentally and then numerically, this technical evolution reduces the violence of the impact to respect the injury criteria.

Zugl.: Erlangen, Nürnberg, Univ., Diss., 2009

Ballistic shields are used by defense teams in dangerous situations as protection against threats such as gunfire. When a ballistic shield is struck, the shield material will deform to absorb the kinetic energy of the incoming projectile. The rapid back-face deformation of the shield can contact the arm, which can impart a large force over an extremely short duration. This work modified an Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) to be used for the characterization of behind ballistic shield blunt impact loading profiles. The modified ATD was instrumented to measure impacts at the hand, wrist, forearm, and elbow to compare the force transfer at different locations of impact. A custom jig was designed to support the ATD behind a ballistic shield, provide a high degree of adjustability, and be subjected to impact testing. Two ballistic shield models, both with the same protection rating, were tested and showed to have statistically different responses to the same impact conditions, indicating further need for shield safety evaluation. To apply these loading profiles to future injury criteria development tests, a pneumatic impacting apparatus was re-designed that will allow the high energy impact profiles to be re-created in the McMaster Injury Biomechanics lab. Understanding the ballistic impact conditions, as well as the response of different ballistic shield models provided insight into the possible methods available to reduce upper extremity injury risk. This work has provided essential data for informing a future standard for shield safety evaluation. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / When a ballistic shield is impacted by a bullet it deforms to absorb the incoming energy. The high-speed deformation of the shield material can impact the arm leading to fracture and possible life-threatening risks if the shield is dropped due to this injury. At the time of this work, there were no standards that limited the amount of allowable back-face deflection or tools available that could measure the force transferred to the arm in this scenario. The purpose of this work was to develop a measurement device that could measure the force transferred to the arm from the behind shield impact. An existing crash test dummy arm was modified to provide measurement capabilities for this loading scenario. Ballistic shield testing was conducted where two different ballistic shield models were impacted to observe how the impact force changed with shield design, as well as the distance the device was placed behind the shield. A pneumatic impacting apparatus was then re-designed in the McMaster Injury Biomechanics lab that will allow the ballistic impact conditions to be re-created for evaluating the injury tolerance of the arm. The results of this work will be used to inform the future development of a ballistic shield evaluation standard.

The main objective of this thesis is construction of crash test dummy for vehicle-pedestrian crash tests. There is review of nowadays used crash test dummies types in the introduction of this thesis. This is followed by part describing construction itself. Chapter about construction begins by characterizing of used materials features in relation with real human body physiology. Main part of chapter is describing construction of crash test dummy’s skeleton and its individual components including 3D modelling and strength analysis. Thesis is finished by cost assessment.

Für die Fahrzeugsicherheit und die Bewertung von Fahrzeugstrukturen spielt die Entwicklung von Crashtest-Dummys eine zentrale Rolle. Diese menschenähnlichen Puppen werden bei Crashtests eingesetzt, um die Auswirkungen von Kollisionen auf den Körper zu untersuchen. Der Stand des Wissens zeigt, dass aktuelle Crashtest-Dummys nach dem Prinzip der Ermittlung von physikalischen Belastungsgrößen arbeiten. Die komplexe Verletzungsentstehung infolge von Verkehrsunfällen lässt sich damit nicht vollständig darstellen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung, Konstruktion und Erprobung eines neuartigen Dummys mit biofidelen Eigenschaften zur Darstellung komplexer Verletzungen. Es wird ein Konzept entwickelt, mit dem Verletzungen durch Materialschäden direkt am Dummy dargestellt werden können. Die Konstruktion des biofidelen Dummys orientiert sich an der menschlichen Anatomie und Trauma-Biomechanik. Mit der Auswahl unterschiedlicher Werkstoffe wird ein Dummy gefertigt, der viele komplexe Verletzungen direkt darstellt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde der biofidele Dummy in Schlittenversuchen und Crashtests untersucht. Die erfolgreiche Validierung des biofidelen Dummys zeigt, dass es möglich ist, eine Korrelation zwischen Materialschäden am Dummy und menschlichen Verletzungen herzuleiten.

Quando ocorre uma colisão, o comportamento estrutural de veículos, componentes ou sistemas mecânicos é analisado através de um parâmetro chamado crashworthiness, conceituado como a capacidade ou habilidade de uma estrutura, ou parte dela, de absorver energia cinética (resultante de impacto) e manter o colapso sob controle, mantendo a integridade no espaço do(s) ocupante(s). Este parâmetro pode também ser determinado para outro tipo de estruturas, como por exemplo, dispositivos de armazenamento de material (containers). Esta dissertação apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre crashworthiness e o comportamento de estruturas quando submetidas a ensaios de impacto. Apresentam-se conceitos, histórico, evolução e principais áreas envolvidas. Destaca-se a utilização de programas de modelamento por elementos finitos na simulação e análise de colisão. Simula-se e analisa-se o impacto de modelos simplificados de container, típicos para o armazenamento de material radioativo, em queda livre contra uma superfície rígida, utilizando o software de elementos finitos ANSYS/LS-DYNA numa análise dinâmica explícita, apresentando-se resultados e conclusões e sugestões para trabalhos futuros. / The structural behavior of a vehicle or a mechanical system during collision is a very complex event. To analyze this behavior it's necessary to submit them to crash tests. These tests are made for the determination of the structure behavior and measure the kinetic energy absorption capability of a structure produced during a collision. This parameter is known as crashworthiness. In this work it is made a bibliographical review about crashworthiness and the behavior of structures under impact tests. Also, concepts, historical, evolution and the main involved areas are presented. The use of software's of finite elements in modeling and analyze of impact tests its highlighted. The drop test of a model of container, typical to storage of radioactive waste, is performed using the software of finite element ANSYS/LS-DYNA in an explicit analysis. Results, conclusions and comments for futures works are presented.

As barreiras de concreto são dispositivos utilizados como componentes de segurança em rodovias, que visam absorver o choque lateral de veículos desgovernados, propiciando sua recondução à faixa de tráfego e minimizando os danos aos ocupantes do veículo. Neste trabalho é analisado o desempenho de barreiras de concreto com o uso de modelos experimentais e numéricos baseados nas recomendações das normas brasileiras e internacionais. O estudo consiste em analisar a eficiência estática e dinâmica dessas barreiras. A análise estática engloba o estudo de distribuição de tensões na barreira considerando diferentes tipos de conectores, modo de ruptura, bem como a resistência desses conectores através de ensaios experimentais. Os ensaios são realizados de acordo com os critérios estabelecidos pela norma americana AASHTO LRFD 2012. A análise numérica, realizada com o uso de software de elementos finitos LS-DYNA©, contempla a atuação da geometria e da rigidez da barreira no processo de absorção de energia de impacto entre a barreira e o veículo, a eficiência do seu redirecionamento e adequação para os níveis de contenção estabelecidos em normas internacionais. Os resultados evidenciaram que a geometria da barreira é um fator importante para o desempenho da mesma, e, também que o uso de conectores em barreiras temporárias são primordiais para o bom funcionamento do sistema de contenção. / Concrete barriers are devices used as safety components in roads, which aim at absorbing side impact of unguided vehicles, redirecting them to the traffic lane and minimizing damage to the vehicle occupants. The present work analyzes the performance of concrete barriers through experimental and numerical models based on the recommendations of the Brazilian and international standards. The study consists in analyzing the static and dynamic efficiency of these barriers. The static analysis includes determining the stress distribution and yield lines in the barrier for different types of connectors, as well as studying the resistance of these connectors by performing experimental tests; these tests were conducted according to the criteria established by the American Standard AASHTO LRFD 2012. The numerical analysis, conducted with the commercial finite element software LS-DYNA©, evaluates the effect of geometry and stiffness of the barrier on the energy absorption performance., efficiency in redirecting the vehicles and suitability for providing restraint levels established in international standards. The results showed that the geometry of the barrier is an important factor for the barrier performance. In addition, the use of connectors in temporary barriers is essential for the smooth operation of the containment system.

La mise en évidence d'une divergence entre l'accidentologie et les crashs tests demande de revisiter les critères de tolérance thoracique. En parallèle, l'émergence des mannequins numériques de crash permet d'appréhender des lésions particulières ; ce que ne permet pas le mannequin physique Hybrid III. Parmi ces lésions, il y a la fracture de côte. Dans ce contexte, ce travail s'est centré sur la réalisation et la validation d'un modèle numérique lésionnel personnalisé des côtes en choc automobile. Se référant à la bibliographie, il a été choisi de faire des essais de flexion trois points, en incluant des mesures de déformations par jauges et un suivi cinématique par vidéo. Les conditions d'essais ont été définies à partir de plusieurs modèles : système masse-ressort ; RDM ; calculs en éléments finis ; et des mesures réalisées sur SHPM. En amont des essais, chaque côte a été scannée pour étudier la géométrie et pouvoir générer son maillage personnalisé en éléments finis. Les essais statiques, utilisant les côtes 6, 8 et 10, montrent un effort maxi croissant des côtes 6 vers 10 et un déplacement à l'effort maxi nettement supérieur pour la côte 10. Les essais dynamiques, avec une vitesse par niveau de côte et un impacteur différent par côté (impacteurs cylindrique et type ceinture) donnent une influence très nette de la vitesse ainsi que de la géométrie de l'impacteur. Il existe une vitesse optimum concernant cet essai, en terme d'effort maxi, comprise entre 0,10 et 0,25 m.s-1. Alors que la ruine de la côte a lieu pour un même déplacement, l'impacteur ceinture permet de supporter un effort maximum supérieur de 30% ; ce qui est cohérent avec les observations en accidentologie. L'étude géométrique montre que les caractéristiques de la côte évoluent avec le niveau, mais pas la concentration linéique de minéraux. Enfin, les premiers modèles numériques lésionnels personnalisés, visant dans un premier temps à reproduire les essais, valident la faisabilité de la démarche et ouvrent des perspectives de développement.