Le modalità secondo cui iniziative imprenditoriali ad elevato impatto sociale possono amplificare il valore sociale creato mediante la propria attività costituisce uno dei temi più rilevanti per quelle imprese che intendono affrontare piaghe sociali ampiamente diffuse quali la povertà, l'accesso all'educazione e la salute. L'elaborato intende contribuire alla letteratura sull'imprenditorialità sociale discutendo le strategie, i modelli organizzativi e le competenze richieste per massimizzare l'ampiezza dell'impatto e aumentare le probabilità di successo. Tali temi sono discussi in tre articoli. Il primo, intitolato “Scaling social entrepreneurial impact: an open innovation perspective” presenta un modello teorico che mette in relazione tre differenti strategie di amplificazione dell'impatto sociale con le probabilità da parte dell'organizzazione di soddisfare le proprie attese in termini di valore creato atteso e di valore potenziale rivelato. Il modello suggerisce una relazione significativa tra l'adozione di confini organizzativi "aperti" e l'attitudine a rivelare nuovo valore potenziale. Inoltre, il grado di affinità tra i contesti in cui l'innovazione sociale è replicata modera tale relazione. Il secondo articolo, intitolato “Ba creation and Ba expansion in academic-practitioner partnerships in the social entrepreneurship field", fa riferimento all' "organizational knowledge creation theory" e propone, tramite un caso di studio longitudinale, un modello che illustra gli antecedenti della creazione e la successiva espansione del "Ba" nel contesto di una partnership tra un ateneo universitario e un'impresa sociale suggerendo in che modo gli attori coinvolti nel processo di creazione della conoscenza possano modificare i propri ruoli per produrre un impatto sociale superiore. Il terzo articolo, intitolato “Scaling Social Impact: A Replication and Extension of SCALERS” contribuisce alla letteratura replicando il primo test del modello SCALERS in un nuovo contesto internazionale (Italia) e sviluppandolo ulteriormente includendo alcune contingenze specifiche quali variabili moderatrici del modello. / Scaling social impact is among the most relevant challenges that social enterprises face in addressing global issues like poverty, access to education and health. The dissertation aims at contributing to social entrepreneurship literature by dealing with quests about how and why specific strategies and organizational models may improve the likelihood and the magnitude of the impact exerted by social organizations and which capabilities are most needed for impact to be scaled. Those issues are discussed along three essays. The first article entitled “Scaling social entrepreneurial impact: an open innovation perspective” presents a theoretical model connecting three strategies for spreading social innovation to organization’s confidence on achieving expected social impact and revealing new potential value. The model predicts that a strong relationship exists between the adoption of an open organizational structure and the attitude to reveal potential social value. Indeed, context similarity moderates this relation. The second article entitled “Ba creation and Ba expansion in academic-practitioner partnerships in the social entrepreneurship field” - by building on organizational knowledge creation theory - advances a model predicting the antecedents of ba creation and ba expansion within the framework of university – field organization partnerships, this way contributing to the social entrepreneurship field and suggesting how participants in ba creation and expansion may extend their roles in the knowledge creation process to achieve greater impact. The third article entitled “Scaling Social Impact: A Replication and Extension of SCALERS” contributes to the emerging scholarship on scaling of social impact by replicating initial results of the SCALERS model in an international context (i.e., Italy) and including some situational contingencies as moderating variables of the model.

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Knowledge management (KM) has been determined by many researchers as one of the most important domains within the information systems (IS) field, and knowledge sharing (KS) has been identified as the most vital component of KM. Lack of KS within organizations has been approached from many perspectives. One perspective that has been outlined in recent studies is the organizational culture (OC) perspective, which examines the interaction between OC and KS behaviors. Although research has been conducted on OC and KS, the findings of recent studies have been contradictory. These conflicts were due to the different operationalization of KS. The purpose of this research was to conduct a multi method study to investigate the interaction between KS and OC in detail. A case study within a Fortune 50 organization was undertaken to address the problem. By focusing on socialization adopted from the socialization, externalization, combination, internalization (SECI) model, the iceberg theory, and the Competing Values Framework (CVF), two questions were explored to address an unexamined area within the body of knowledge. Per the recent calls for research, the questions addressed KS itemized into knowledge seeking and knowledge contributing, and investigated the phenomenon at multiple levels of the organization. The first question examined the interaction between OC and KS via socialization amongst peers for: (a) overall organization, (b) non-managers, (c) first level managers, and (d) second-level managers. The second question examined the interaction between OC and KS via socialization amongst various levels for: (a) subordinates and managers in overall organization, (b) non-managers and first level managers, and (c) first level managers and second level managers. Data were collected through 82 surveys, 23 interviews, 23 observations, and company records for the calendar year of 2017 to provide multiple types of data for triangulation. The quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlation tables, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), and visualization. The qualitative data were analyzed through open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The combined results were triangulated to reach the conclusions. The MANCOVA displayed a significant interaction between OC and KS via socialization. Furthermore, the triangulated results showcased that perceived bureaucratic culture and perceived competitive- bureaucratic culture had a negative relationship with KS via socialization amongst peers, knowledge seeking for manager to subordinate, and subordinate to manager, but not for between level knowledge contributing. While perceived clan culture had a positive relationship with KS via socialization amongst peers, and for knowledge seeking from managers, but not for between level knowledge contributing. Perceived competitive culture was only discovered to have a negative relationship with knowledge seeking for level two managers, while having a positive relationship with knowledge contributing to employees, and knowledge contributing amongst peers with knowledge seeking as moderating variable. The various organizational levels also showcased distinct results which requires further investigation. Future research suggestions were made to extend the body of knowledge through various directions, alongside an IS solution recommendation for organizations to improve KS.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-06-28T15:52:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Kadígia Faccin_.pdf: 5715661 bytes, checksum: d848e99d1da8626663a9bb8f64bac6a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T15:52:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kadígia Faccin_.pdf: 5715661 bytes, checksum: d848e99d1da8626663a9bb8f64bac6a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-08 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O estudo das práticas colaborativas de criação de conhecimento em projetos colaborativos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento é particularmente relevante quando se consideram projetos de indústrias intensivas em conhecimento, como a de semicondutores no caso do projeto do transistor FD-SOI 28nm, desenvolvido no cluster de microeletrônica, em Grenoble, na França. As evidências demonstradas na literatura sobre as características da criação de conhecimento não têm atentado às práticas vivenciadas pelos atores, que facilitam este processo. Assim, a dinâmica das práticas colaborativas não consegue ser suficientemente explicada pelas perspectivas teóricas existentes, apresentando-se como uma “caixa preta” para os estudos das relações interorganizacionais. Neste trabalho, buscou-se compreender como ocorre a dinâmica das práticas colaborativas de criação do conhecimento em projetos colaborativos de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D), a partir do significado que os participantes do projeto atribuem às suas experiências. Na presente pesquisa, desenvolveu-se uma contribuição substantiva para explicar a dinâmica das práticas colaborativas de criação do conhecimento, que visa contribuir, tanto com o incremento da visão relacional, quanto da teoria de criação do conhecimento, utilizando os procedimentos metodológicos da grounded theory, bem como narrativa e mapas temporais em um estudo de caso único, tomando-se uma abordagem processual, de caráter qualitativo e de cunho analitico. Para que isso fosse possível, resgatou-se a história do desenvolvimento de um projeto colaborativo que começa na pesquisa básica e vai até o desenvolvimento experimental do produto. Neste estudo, contou-se a história do projeto colaborativo desenvolvido nos últimos 15 anos (1999 a 2014) a partir da percepção dos atores que colaboraram na criação do transistor FD-SOI 28nm. Dessa forma, por meio da análise de dados, foi possível fornecer uma descrição pragmática das condições contextuais responsáveis pela emergência de um conjunto de práticas colaborativas utilizadas no projeto. Essa descrição processual, somada à identificação das práticas colaborativas adotadas para a criação do conhecimento, permitiu a compreensão da dinâmica das práticas colaborativas em projetos conjuntos de P&D, que é a grande originalidade deste estudo. Entre os principais achados da pesquisa está o entendimento de que as diferentes práticas colaborativas adotadas tendem a agregar diferentes tipos de conhecimentos ao projeto; garantindo, assim, a síntese dinâmica entre conhecimentos tácitos e explícitos. Outrossim, reconheceu-se que o tipo de prática colaborativa adotada em um projeto conjunto de P&D varia de acordo com o estoque de conhecimento necessário para tornar o conceito realidade, e também conforme a estratégia de criação do conhecimento adotada em cada fase do projeto colaborativo de P&D. Este estudo possibilitou confirmar a tese de que a dinâmica das práticas colaborativas de criação do conhecimento em projetos conjuntos de P&D na indústria de semicondutores são fundamentais para a criação de conhecimento interorganizacional. Espera-se que os resultados encontrados por este estudo possam aumentar o conhecimento sobre a gestão de projetos colaborativos de P&D na indústria de semicondutores, assim como se espera que esses resultados possam gerar reflexões governamentais, sociais e novas contribuições acadêmicas sobre a criação de conhecimento interorganizacional. / The study of collaborative practices of knowledge creation in collaborative projects of research and development is particularly relevant when considering intensive- knowledge industry projects such as the semiconductor in the case of the project of the FD-SOI 28nm transistor, developed in the microelectronics cluster in Grenoble, France. The evidence demonstrated in the literature on the characteristics of knowledge creation do not attack the practices experienced by actors that facilitate this process. Thus, the dynamics of collaborative practices cannot be sufficiently explained by the existing theoretical perspectives, being a black box for the study of inter-organizational relationships. In this work, we sought to understand how the dynamics of collaborative practices of knowledge creation in collaborative projects of R&D occur, from the meaning that project participants attach to their experiences. In this research, we developed a substantive contribution to explain the dynamics of collaborative practices of knowledge creation, which aims at contributing to increase the relational view, as well as the knowledge creation theory by using methodological procedures of grounded theory as well as narrative and temporal maps, in a single case study, taking a procedural approach of qualitative and analitycal nature. To make this possible, we recovered the history of the development of a collaborative project which begins in basic research and extends to the experimental product development. In this study, the story of the collaborative project developed over the last 15 years (1999-2014) was described, according to actors who collaborated in the creation of the FD-SOI 28nm transistor. So, from the data analysis, it was possible to provide a pragmatic description of the contextual conditions responsible for the emergence of a set of collaborative practices used in the project. This procedural description, plus the identification of collaborative practices for knowledge creation, allowed the understanding of the dynamics of collaborative practices in joint R&D projects, which is the greatest originality of this study. Among the main findings of the research, it’s the understanding that the various collaborative practices tend to aggregate different types of knowledge to the project, thus ensuring a dynamic synthesis between tacit and explicit knowledge. It was also recognized that the type of collaborative practice adopted in a joint R&D project varies according to the stock of knowledge required to make the concept real, and according to the knowledge creation strategy, adopted at each stage of the collaborative R&D project. This study allowed us to confirm the thesis that the collaborative practices of knowledge creation in joint R&D projects in the semiconductor industry are fundamental to the creation of inter-organizational knowledge. We hope that the findings of this study will increase awareness of the management of collaborative projects of R&D in the semiconductor industry, and it is expected that these results will generate government and social reflections and new academic contributions on creating inter-organizational knowledge.

This thesis explores the work of three theologians, Arthur Peacocke, John Haught and Denis Edwards, each of whom has made a significant contribution to the dialogue between contemporary evolutionary biology and the Christian understanding of God. The thesis explores and analyses how evolutionary theory throws light on key theological themes such as the nature of God's providence, especially in relation to pain, suffering and evil, and the meaning of Jesus Christ. The thesis involves a critical reading of the selected theologians' works, with their respective emphases on classical, process and kenotic types of theological thinking, and also draws on resources from the classical theological tradition, primarily St. Thomas Aquinas. The study gives a positive assessment of the contributions of the three chosen authors. It highlights the critical importance that theological methodology plays in formulating insights into the relationship of God to evolutionary processes. Peacocke emphasises the use of critical realism as the most credible methodology for theology, consistent with its use by science. Haught agrees with this approach stressing, however, that the data of theology is not the same as that for science. Consequently, he argues that theology ought to constitute the deepest layer of explanation for understanding reality and for understanding God as the ultimate explanation for evolution. Edwards argues that we must find a way of talking about God that is consonant with the reality of the world but that this God always remains ultimately Mystery. Peacocke, Haught and Edwards explore the usefulness of kenotic theology for explaining how belief in an omnipotent and supremely loving God can be reconciled with the existence of pain, suffering and evil in the creation. Although a kenotic approach can account for the scientific evidence of a “self-creative” and emergent cosmos along with the presence of suffering and evil, a more comprehensive theological viewpoint must include an understanding of how God is active in creation, sustaining it in existence and drawing it towards its divinely ordained end. Haught's argument for the presence of genuine contingency in the cosmos as evidence of God's on-going creativity is critically examined. Genuinely new possibilities, in evolutionary terms, new species, cannot be explained by material causation alone. In his “metaphysics of the future”, Haught argues that, despite the enormity of pain and suffering evidenced in evolution, God continues to lovingly draw the creation towards a hopeful and promised future in God. This thesis appreciates the value of Edwards’ trinitarian “God of evolution” for it combines a more classical theological approach with evolutionary theory. For Edwards, biological evolution is seen as a process within an ontologically relational creation that reflects the divine relations of the Trinity. The creation of being-in-relation flows out of, and reflects, the divine trinitarian relations of mutual love. Edwards’ insights into the nature of original sin and grace within an evolutionary context are also positively assessed. Both Peacocke and Edwards propose a Wisdom Christology as the most fruitful link between the biblical Sophia tradition and a creation theology, holding together insights on the divine Being, Wisdom and the Christ-event itself. Aspects of process and kenotic theologies can be usefully combined with Aquinas' expansive notion of God as ultimate Being. Through this synthesis, the drama of evolution is more intimately related with the ultimate reality, the Mystery of God. Throughout this thesis, gender-neutral language has been maintained except in some quotations of St. Thomas Aquinas.

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