Chinese firms in the cultural and creative industry (CCI) are substantially entering the global business landscape. But research on the motivation of Chinese enterprises’ internationalization mostly remains in the traditional industries (e.g., manufacturing and mining). Therefore, this thesis aims to explore the determinants of the internationalization of firms in China’s CCI. The empirical analysis is based on a qualitative case study of ByteDance (China’s CCI “national champion” firm and TikTok’s parent firm) via interviews and second-hand data. Our findings suggest that firm-specific advantage is an essential driver for Chinese firms in CCI to engage in internationalization. Our findings also reveal that top managers’ national sentiment promotes the internationalization of CCI enterprises in China in order to enhance cultural exports, and government encouragement of cultural exports motivates thesefirms to internationalize. However, we identify that from the host-government perspective, cultural exports can turn into a liability, which creates barriers to and hinders Chinese CCI firms’ internationalization. Our findings provide fresh insights into the determinants of the internationalization of firms in China’s CCI, which contribute to the literature on internationalization, particularly on emerging-market firms’ internationalization.

O propósito deste trabalho é contribuir para o entendimento da gestão de pessoas em estúdios de animação enquanto ambientes da indústria criativa brasileira. Ao realizar um estudo qualitativo em quatro estúdios de animação brasileiros, constatou-se que as práticas de gestão de pessoas nesse setor ainda são bastante incipientes, recebendo pouca atenção de seus gestores, que contam com um corpo administrativo insuficiente para atender às diversas questões associadas ao gerenciamento dos recursos humanos. Quatro dilemas fundamentais enfrentados pelos gestores desse segmento da indústria criativa vieram à tona através dos dados levantados. O primeiro deles diz respeito ao tamanho da organização. Há uma percepção por parte da maioria dos entrevistados que o crescimento ampliaria os problemas a serem gerenciados e que se manter pequeno significa também manter os problemas em número mais controlável. O segundo dilema perpassa a contraposição da imagem do artista e do empresário, sendo que a primeira parece mais valorizada que a segunda pelos entrevistados. O terceiro dilema está conectado também a essa percepção e diz respeito à opção pela dedicação exclusiva à realização de conteúdos autorais ou a prestação de serviços para terceiros em paralelo à criação de conteúdos próprios. O quarto dilema se refere à combinação harmônica entre a forte motivação intrínseca encontrada nos trabalhadores do setor e a implantação de sistemas gerenciais que alavanquem o potencial operacional dessas empresas. De certo modo, é a existência natural dessa motivação que fez a animação brasileira chegar até aqui, produzindo seus conteúdos apesar da ausência de uma estrutura empresarial que a sustentasse. No estágio em que se encontra, essa indústria precisa valer-se dessa motivação, associada à instrumentalização gerencial de seus dirigentes, para dar o salto que tornará o produto gerado nesse sistema algo competitivo e comercializável em várias partes do mundo. É preciso, no entanto, construir essa transição com muito cuidado para não esbarrar no perigo que Eikhof e Haunschild (2007) comentam: de que a prática comercial se sobreponha à prática artística, matando justamente o recurso fundamental desse setor e que tanto motiva seus atores, o exercício da criatividade. / The purpose of this work is to contribute for the understanding of human resource management in animation studios as part of the Brazilian creative industry environment. Through the qualitative study of four Brazilian animation studios it was possible to verify that human resource practices in this sector are still very poor and that they are getting little attention from managers of these small companies which in general have a small administrative team to supply the large range of demands connected to human resources. Four essential dilemmas were spotted through the data analyzed. The first one regards the issues linked to the size of these businesses. There is a current perception of those interviewed that getting bigger would enlarge the number of problems to be faced and remaining small could mean keeping it in a more manageable number. The second dilemma refers to the valuing of the image of artists and business men to the interviewees, which regard the first as more honorable than the second one. The third dilemma is connected to the belief that studios are supposed to choose between creating their own content or working for hire. The forth and last dilemma is related to the combination of the strong intrinsic motivation found in workers of this field and the adoption of management systems that could develop the operational potential of these businesses. The natural intrinsic motivation of these workers led Brazilian animation to the technical development it managed to acquire without a very structured industry behind it. At its current stage, Brazilian animation could benefit a lot if it could get to make this intrinsic motivation work along with some management expertise in order to generate content that could be sold worldwide. This transition to a new setting has, however, to be planned very carefully so not to risk having the economic drive suppressing the artistic one and killing the most fundamental resource of creative economy, the creativity itself.

Develops the cultural and creative industry is the main policy of the Taiwan government in recent years. Entrepreneurial as cultural creative industry in different stages, what an opportunity, resources and entrepreneurial team to influence an entrepreneurial activity, this is a main topic discussing in this research. This research topic¡¦s is focus on an opportunities, resources and entrepreneurial team. To perform a new business that should existence the natures both of dynamic and complexity. Furthermore, to had sort out three issues within internal factors, this expect to awareness what the differences between with opportunity, resources and entrepreneurial team through this research as well as tries to understand the entrepreneurial team how to respond it when opportunity and resources change in the different entrepreneurial processes. And other, this research had been analyzed an entrepreneurial team how to influence by these factors. The results obtain from research that social culture, industrial environment and technological progress still influencing in the first stage of entrepreneurial processes obviously. Under the social culture's vicissitude, people's life accomplishment had been promoted; the most of people are pursue to balancing between the life and culture. Thus, this makes the industrial environment have to the change, in other, the traditional creators should out of box as well, and establish a model of culture creativity. Entrepreneurial processes within gestation stage, it had emphasis the entrepreneurial team's composition and characteristic. Prior knowledge and shared values have influence obviously in this stage. It can be explain that entrepreneurial team's composition has complementary or similar in the prior knowledge. Let the members of entrepreneurial team no matter can complement one another in the communication or the specialty. Because they can be share their values with other into the team members, to conduct and policy-making standard. It should reduce the nonessential conflict. Finally, entrepreneurial processes within infancy stage that can explanation as the competitive advantages of entrepreneur from intangible assets. Intangible assets are from philosophy, annotation technique and style of creator. In this way, creator's intangible asset is not the tangible asset or the organizational capability can substitute.

The aim of this thesis was to study how Maori businesses in the creative industries internationalise products and services. Sub-topics also investigated were the motivators and drivers, the types of support received and the challenges associated with exporting. The exporter, not yet exporter and non-exporter formed the three groups for this study. A mixed-method approach utilising a postal survey and indepth face-to-face interviews provided the data and results for the main findings. Ten themes emerged from the survey results and assisted with interpreting the interviews. An original koru framework was presented throughout the thesis to portray the findings as they evolved. Networking was identified as the preferred internationalisation approach in this study. Of the ten themes, the uniqueness of a product was the most important driver to exporting. Maori tikanga was also relevant as a Maori business driver and presented challenges when Maori principles were incorporated with everyday mainstream practices. Maori tikanga was the only theme specific to the Maori participants, whereas the other nine aspects are likely to pertain to non- Maori businesses in this sector. “Strong” and “weak” ties were integral to the participants’ support infrastructure. However, government and its agencies were considered as being unhelpful to the smaller firm. Finance and exporting costs, followed by a lack of government assistance and incentives were the main export challenges for the participants. Another challenge for exporters were in finding suitable agents, contacts and distributors, whereas fluctuating exchange and interest rates were a problem for the not yet exporting group. A recommendation for Maori businesses is to continue creating unique products and to target international niche markets. Government needs to reassess their support policies and provide initiatives especially appropirate to micro and small businesses in the creative industries. There is also a need for government export agencies to better understand and market the uniqueness that Maori and their products offer to the international arena.

The aim of this thesis was to study how Maori businesses in the creative industries internationalise products and services. Sub-topics also investigated were the motivators and drivers, the types of support received and the challenges associated with exporting. The exporter, not yet exporter and non-exporter formed the three groups for this study. A mixed-method approach utilising a postal survey and indepth face-to-face interviews provided the data and results for the main findings. Ten themes emerged from the survey results and assisted with interpreting the interviews. An original koru framework was presented throughout the thesis to portray the findings as they evolved. Networking was identified as the preferred internationalisation approach in this study. Of the ten themes, the uniqueness of a product was the most important driver to exporting. Maori tikanga was also relevant as a Maori business driver and presented challenges when Maori principles were incorporated with everyday mainstream practices. Maori tikanga was the only theme specific to the Maori participants, whereas the other nine aspects are likely to pertain to non- Maori businesses in this sector. “Strong” and “weak” ties were integral to the participants’ support infrastructure. However, government and its agencies were considered as being unhelpful to the smaller firm. Finance and exporting costs, followed by a lack of government assistance and incentives were the main export challenges for the participants. Another challenge for exporters were in finding suitable agents, contacts and distributors, whereas fluctuating exchange and interest rates were a problem for the not yet exporting group. A recommendation for Maori businesses is to continue creating unique products and to target international niche markets. Government needs to reassess their support policies and provide initiatives especially appropirate to micro and small businesses in the creative industries. There is also a need for government export agencies to better understand and market the uniqueness that Maori and their products offer to the international arena.

The aim of this thesis was to study how Maori businesses in the creative industries internationalise products and services. Sub-topics also investigated were the motivators and drivers, the types of support received and the challenges associated with exporting. The exporter, not yet exporter and non-exporter formed the three groups for this study. A mixed-method approach utilising a postal survey and indepth face-to-face interviews provided the data and results for the main findings. Ten themes emerged from the survey results and assisted with interpreting the interviews. An original koru framework was presented throughout the thesis to portray the findings as they evolved. Networking was identified as the preferred internationalisation approach in this study. Of the ten themes, the uniqueness of a product was the most important driver to exporting. Maori tikanga was also relevant as a Maori business driver and presented challenges when Maori principles were incorporated with everyday mainstream practices. Maori tikanga was the only theme specific to the Maori participants, whereas the other nine aspects are likely to pertain to non- Maori businesses in this sector. “Strong” and “weak” ties were integral to the participants’ support infrastructure. However, government and its agencies were considered as being unhelpful to the smaller firm. Finance and exporting costs, followed by a lack of government assistance and incentives were the main export challenges for the participants. Another challenge for exporters were in finding suitable agents, contacts and distributors, whereas fluctuating exchange and interest rates were a problem for the not yet exporting group. A recommendation for Maori businesses is to continue creating unique products and to target international niche markets. Government needs to reassess their support policies and provide initiatives especially appropirate to micro and small businesses in the creative industries. There is also a need for government export agencies to better understand and market the uniqueness that Maori and their products offer to the international arena.

Esta dissertação objetivou avaliar se o setor audiovisual, considerando apenas as atividades de produção de TV, vídeo e cinema da indústria criativa no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, constitui um sistema de inovação de acordo com a teoria da Hélice Tripla. A pesquisa envolveu a identificação dos atores do setor audiovisual e suas interações, além de verificar se estas interações resultavam em inovação. Com abordagem qualitativa, o estudo exploratório utilizou entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado com atores representativos do setor da produção do audiovisual entre as três esferas. Como procedimento técnico foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo cujos resultados reforçaram as informações extraídas das entrevistas destacando dois pontos importantes (1) que a esfera da Indústria é mais dinâmica do setor e (2) que a esfera da Universidade está afastada das outras duas esferas. Os resultados finais indicaram que o setor audiovisual no estado do Rio Grande do Sul não pode ser considerado um sistema de inovação, mas seu modelo de setor se encontra em processo de evolução, partindo de uma mescla de modelos anteriores, parte estadista e parte laissez-faire e se encaminhando em direção ao modelo da Hélice Tripla. Além de direcionar a pesquisa em administração à indústria criativa, este estudo possui interesse e colaboração da Secretaria de Ciência, Inovação e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico através da parceria entre duas esferas – Universidade e Governo - unindo produção de conhecimento científico com o desenvolvimento econômico do estado. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-06T12:37:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Eduardo Luiz Cardoso.pdf: 3426536 bytes, checksum: e9762abac5f5564f367a174189106b35 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-06T12:37:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Eduardo Luiz Cardoso.pdf: 3426536 bytes, checksum: e9762abac5f5564f367a174189106b35 (MD5) / This dissertation aims to evaluate whether the audiovisual sector, only considering the production activities of TV, video and film, the creative industry in the state of Rio Grande do Sul is an innovation system according to the theory of Triple Helix. The research involved the identification of audiovisuals sectors actors and their interactions and verified whether these interactions resulted in innovation. Using a qualitative approach, the exploratory study used semi-structured interviews with stakeholders in the sector of the production of audiovisual between the three spheres. As technical procedure used was content analysis whose results reinforced the information extracted from the interviews highlight two important points (1) that the sphere of industry is the most dynamic of sector and (2) the sphere of university is away from the other two spheres. The results indicate that the audiovisual sector in the state of Rio Grande do Sul cannot be considered an innovation system, but their model in the industry is in a process of evolution, starting from a mixture of previous models, part statesman and part laissez-faire and are heading toward the Triple Helix model. In addition to direct research in management for the creative industry, this study has interest and cooperation from the Secretariat of Science, Technology Development and Innovation through partnership between two spheres - University and Government - joining production of scientific knowledge with the state's economic development.

Submitted by EKATERINA EMMANUIL INGLESIS BARCELLOS null (kettymoda@gmail.com) on 2016-04-09T04:40:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_INOVAÇÃO EM DESIGN...PARQUE TECNOL...BAURU_Barcellos_2016_ RepositórioUNESPBiblioteca.pdf: 8624950 bytes, checksum: 3a2853292281254eb0ab7e34854973d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-12T14:23:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 barcellos_eei_me_bauru.pdf: 8624950 bytes, checksum: 3a2853292281254eb0ab7e34854973d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-12T14:23:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 barcellos_eei_me_bauru.pdf: 8624950 bytes, checksum: 3a2853292281254eb0ab7e34854973d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A análise prática dos projetos de inovação concebidos em Parques Tecnológicos demonstra uma ação conjunta entre desenvolvimento científico e empreendedorismo criativo. Esta aproximação proporciona a troca de informações entre universidades e empresas de base tecnológica. A necessária interação entre centros científicos e a iniciativa privada promove a melhoria de produtos e sistemas, serviços e experiências, intermediando a aplicação prática com o conhecimento científico, garantindo resultados futuros e promovendo o desenvolvimento econômico. Este estudo certificou que o município de Bauru e região apresentam, como referência, um polo universitário com centros de estudo qualificados, conhecimento e competência nas áreas de Design, Engenharia e Comunicações, sinalizando a possibilidade de estender esta qualidade teórico-intelectual para a iniciativa empreendedora. A conjunção de fatores essenciais na região como: ambiente comercial e de serviços intenso, concentração de indústrias inovadoras, IDH favorável, estrutura local propícia, logística e geografia favoráveis, permitiram a iniciativa e o avanço da pesquisa. Tomando por base a experiência de Parques Científicos Tecnológicos que incluíram áreas de atuação similares em seu Portfolio, foi realizada a pesquisa in loco, nos principais Parques do Brasil e do Estado de São Paulo. Partindo de um contexto que une políticas públicas como fomento à relação universidade-empresa, este estudo identificou a importância, confirmou os indicadores adequados e elaborou uma proposta que viabilize a implantação de um Parque Tecnológico para Bauru e região, voltado à inovação criativa e ao Design. As informações das visitas, consolidadas por meio da submissão de formulários on-line a gestores e técnicos de Parques, confirmaram as diretrizes e a especificidade para a implantação do Parque local. A análise dos questionários em sobreposição aos dados obtidos nas visitas, possibilitou a definição das estratégias que potencializam o projeto proposto por esta Dissertação. A premissa deste estudo foi alcançada atestando a viabilidade de implantar um Parque de perfil inovador, referencial em Design, Indústria Criativa e Economia Criativa para Bauru e região. / A critical analysis of innovation projects designed in Science Parks enables joint action between scientific development and creative entrepreneurship. This approach provides an exchange of information between universities and technology companies. The necessary interaction between scientific centers and the private sector promote the improvement of products and systems, services and experiences, intermediating the practical application with scientific knowledge, ensuring future results and generating regional economic development. This study certified that the city of Bauru and its region have, as reference, a university center with qualified research centers, knowledge and expertise in the areas of Design, Engineering and Communications signaling the possibility of extending the theoretical and intellectual quality to entrepreneurial initiative. The combination of essential factors in the region such as: business environment and growing services, concentration of innovative industries, a good HDI index and favorable local structure, favorable logistics and geography, allowed the initiative and the advance of the research. Based on the Science Parks experience that included these areas of activity in its portfolio, the survey was carried out, on the spot, in main Brazilian and São Paulo State Science Parks. Starting from the contexto and performance of public policies that promote university-industry relationship in partnerships, this study identified the importance, confirmed appropriate indicators, and developed a proposal that enables the implementation of a Science Park in Bauru and its region, focused on creative innovation and Design. The information visits, consolidated by submitting online forms to managers and Parks technicians, confirmed the directives and specificity for the implanting of the local Science Park. The analysis of the overlaid data obtained from the questionnaires and visits enabled the definition of strategies that enhance the project proposed by this thesis. The premise of this study was achieved confirming the feasibility of implanting a referential innovative Park in Design, Creative Industry and Creative Economy for Bauru and its region. / FAPESP: 2014/22006-3 / FAPESP: 2014/19854-2

Esta dissertação objetivou avaliar se o setor audiovisual, considerando apenas as atividades de produção de TV, vídeo e cinema da indústria criativa no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, constitui um sistema de inovação de acordo com a teoria da Hélice Tripla. A pesquisa envolveu a identificação dos atores do setor audiovisual e suas interações, além de verificar se estas interações resultavam em inovação. Com abordagem qualitativa, o estudo exploratório utilizou entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado com atores representativos do setor da produção do audiovisual entre as três esferas. Como procedimento técnico foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo cujos resultados reforçaram as informações extraídas das entrevistas destacando dois pontos importantes (1) que a esfera da Indústria é mais dinâmica do setor e (2) que a esfera da Universidade está afastada das outras duas esferas. Os resultados finais indicaram que o setor audiovisual no estado do Rio Grande do Sul não pode ser considerado um sistema de inovação, mas seu modelo de setor se encontra em processo de evolução, partindo de uma mescla de modelos anteriores, parte estadista e parte laissez-faire e se encaminhando em direção ao modelo da Hélice Tripla. Além de direcionar a pesquisa em administração à indústria criativa, este estudo possui interesse e colaboração da Secretaria de Ciência, Inovação e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico através da parceria entre duas esferas – Universidade e Governo - unindo produção de conhecimento científico com o desenvolvimento econômico do estado. / This dissertation aims to evaluate whether the audiovisual sector, only considering the production activities of TV, video and film, the creative industry in the state of Rio Grande do Sul is an innovation system according to the theory of Triple Helix. The research involved the identification of audiovisuals sectors actors and their interactions and verified whether these interactions resulted in innovation. Using a qualitative approach, the exploratory study used semi-structured interviews with stakeholders in the sector of the production of audiovisual between the three spheres. As technical procedure used was content analysis whose results reinforced the information extracted from the interviews highlight two important points (1) that the sphere of industry is the most dynamic of sector and (2) the sphere of university is away from the other two spheres. The results indicate that the audiovisual sector in the state of Rio Grande do Sul cannot be considered an innovation system, but their model in the industry is in a process of evolution, starting from a mixture of previous models, part statesman and part laissez-faire and are heading toward the Triple Helix model. In addition to direct research in management for the creative industry, this study has interest and cooperation from the Secretariat of Science, Technology Development and Innovation through partnership between two spheres - University and Government - joining production of scientific knowledge with the state's economic development.

O propósito deste trabalho é contribuir para o entendimento da gestão de pessoas em estúdios de animação enquanto ambientes da indústria criativa brasileira. Ao realizar um estudo qualitativo em quatro estúdios de animação brasileiros, constatou-se que as práticas de gestão de pessoas nesse setor ainda são bastante incipientes, recebendo pouca atenção de seus gestores, que contam com um corpo administrativo insuficiente para atender às diversas questões associadas ao gerenciamento dos recursos humanos. Quatro dilemas fundamentais enfrentados pelos gestores desse segmento da indústria criativa vieram à tona através dos dados levantados. O primeiro deles diz respeito ao tamanho da organização. Há uma percepção por parte da maioria dos entrevistados que o crescimento ampliaria os problemas a serem gerenciados e que se manter pequeno significa também manter os problemas em número mais controlável. O segundo dilema perpassa a contraposição da imagem do artista e do empresário, sendo que a primeira parece mais valorizada que a segunda pelos entrevistados. O terceiro dilema está conectado também a essa percepção e diz respeito à opção pela dedicação exclusiva à realização de conteúdos autorais ou a prestação de serviços para terceiros em paralelo à criação de conteúdos próprios. O quarto dilema se refere à combinação harmônica entre a forte motivação intrínseca encontrada nos trabalhadores do setor e a implantação de sistemas gerenciais que alavanquem o potencial operacional dessas empresas. De certo modo, é a existência natural dessa motivação que fez a animação brasileira chegar até aqui, produzindo seus conteúdos apesar da ausência de uma estrutura empresarial que a sustentasse. No estágio em que se encontra, essa indústria precisa valer-se dessa motivação, associada à instrumentalização gerencial de seus dirigentes, para dar o salto que tornará o produto gerado nesse sistema algo competitivo e comercializável em várias partes do mundo. É preciso, no entanto, construir essa transição com muito cuidado para não esbarrar no perigo que Eikhof e Haunschild (2007) comentam: de que a prática comercial se sobreponha à prática artística, matando justamente o recurso fundamental desse setor e que tanto motiva seus atores, o exercício da criatividade. / The purpose of this work is to contribute for the understanding of human resource management in animation studios as part of the Brazilian creative industry environment. Through the qualitative study of four Brazilian animation studios it was possible to verify that human resource practices in this sector are still very poor and that they are getting little attention from managers of these small companies which in general have a small administrative team to supply the large range of demands connected to human resources. Four essential dilemmas were spotted through the data analyzed. The first one regards the issues linked to the size of these businesses. There is a current perception of those interviewed that getting bigger would enlarge the number of problems to be faced and remaining small could mean keeping it in a more manageable number. The second dilemma refers to the valuing of the image of artists and business men to the interviewees, which regard the first as more honorable than the second one. The third dilemma is connected to the belief that studios are supposed to choose between creating their own content or working for hire. The forth and last dilemma is related to the combination of the strong intrinsic motivation found in workers of this field and the adoption of management systems that could develop the operational potential of these businesses. The natural intrinsic motivation of these workers led Brazilian animation to the technical development it managed to acquire without a very structured industry behind it. At its current stage, Brazilian animation could benefit a lot if it could get to make this intrinsic motivation work along with some management expertise in order to generate content that could be sold worldwide. This transition to a new setting has, however, to be planned very carefully so not to risk having the economic drive suppressing the artistic one and killing the most fundamental resource of creative economy, the creativity itself.