(in English): The aim of this thesis, called Portuguese in Macau, is to examine the situation of Portuguese language in the former Portuguese colony. The thesis is divided into several main parts. In order to examine the situation of Portuguese language in detail, a complete understanding of historical development in this territory as well as in China, where it belongs nowadays, is required. The history of Portuguese presence in Macau is outlined in the first chapter. The second chapter focuses on Macau's demographics. Development in number of inhabitants and ethnic composition is described. The chapter also takes account of population age composition, place of birth and religion. As a result of interaction of diverse cultures in Macau peninsula, a specific group of inhabitants has been formed. This community does identify themselves neither with the Chinese majority nor with the Portuguese minority. The chapter tends to define, who these native inhabitants of Macau, the so called filhos da terra, are. The historical formation and the most important characteristics are described. Considering the diverse ethnic composition of Macau's population, we can expect that this fact will be reflected in language situation of the territory. The fourth chapter focuses on language situation. Its first parts...

This study shows how the different ways of expressing the progressive in Jamaican Creole,using the three aspect markers a, de and gwain, differ from each other. It is a corpus study thatshows that these three particles that are used have different other functions and meanings. Itbriefly explains the history and grammar of the creole language along with what previousstudies state about the three aspect markers that are subject for this analysis.The aim of this study is to indicate that creole languages do not necessarily have tobe less complex, just because they are different from their original language. Each aspectmarker and its different functions are analyzed and compared to each other, as well ascontrasted with English, in order to see how and in what ways they differ.The results of the study show that there is a tendency towards a being morefrequently used as the progressive marker nowadays, but de used to be the most frequent one.Gwain has no other function apart from marking the progressive. These particles haveundergone a grammatical change through time. There does not seem to be any clear rules forin which contexts these markers should be used. The study concludes that Jamaican Creoledoes not seem to have a less complex way of expressing things, at least not the progressive,rather the opposite.

v anglickém jazyce The subject of this diploma thesis is the work of the francophone writer Patrick Chamoiseau. The thesis reflects especially the theme of slavery in short stories and fairy tales of this Martinique author. The diploma thesis puts Patrick Chamoiseau's work in a historical and political context as well as the personal life of the writer. The diploma thesis describes geographic and cultural particularities of the Lesser Antilles and analyzes in more detail the story The Slave Old Man and the Giant Dog and selected fairy tales. Based on this analysis, the thesis describes typical themes and language tools used by Patrick Chamoiseau. The thesis also deals with oral literature and culture of Martinique and the current problems of society are also discussed through a reflection of another work by Patrick Chamoiseuau.

Ce travail prend appui sur une collecte des données inédites et difficiles, celles d’un corpus complexe du Mahabharata, les textes sacrés de l’Inde, et les corpus de la tradition orale du Barldon, chantés en société créole de La Réunion depuis les présences des migrants indiens dans l’île. Plusieurs corpus de nature différente ont été collectés pour être analysés en synchronie et en diachronie de manière dynamique. Durant les années de recherches, nous avons ouvert une étude dans trois champs disciplinaires conjoints. Nous avons effectué des recherches à Pondichéry et nous avons ramené des documents sur l’esclavage indien et un manuscrit tamoul chanté à La Réunion à l’occasion du rituel de la « marche sur le feu ». Nous avons mené des travaux sur l’histoire de la langue, des cultes, de la culture, et des migrations. Nous avons constitué un appareil critique composé de l’analyse des corpus, des index, des annexes dont l’outillage conceptuel est composé d’un centaine de documents : 8 cartes, 4 croquis, 36 graphiques, 32 tableaux, 5 textes dont une édition tamoule critique, deux textes tamouls et créoles inédits leur traduction, 25 images et une séquence filmique. Nous avons reconstitué des strates de langue et notre travail montre que le Réunionnais a conservé un état de langue bien particulier et exposé au processus de la créolisation linguistique et culturelle, la langue du Barldon, une langue ancestrale que nos prospections n’ont pas permis de retrouver en Inde du Sud. Peut-on parler d’une langue sacrée conservée à la Réunion mais exposée à la dynamique de la créolisation ? Notre questionnement reprend les interrogations formulées par Gillette Staudacher-Valliamee sur la difficulté qu’il y a à poser pour La Réunion une créolisation linguistique et culturelle sans pidginisation, en rappelant que la question de langue est centrale. Notre travail réexamine la place de l’Inde dans la formulation des hypothèses énoncées pour la genèse du créole de l’océan Indien (A.Bollée 2009, R.Chaudenson 2010). / This work is based on a collection of unpublished and difficult data, those of a complex corpus of Mahabharata, the sacred texts of India, and corpus of the oral tradition of Barldon, sung in Creole society of La Réunion ever since the Indian migrants settled in the island. Several corpuses of different types were collected for effective synchronic and diachronic analysis. During our research work, we introduced three new areas in the same research field. We carried out research at Pondichery and brought back documents on Indian slavery and a Tamil manuscript sung in Reunion at the time of the ritual of “walk on fire”. We also worked on the history of language, cults, culture and migration. We established a critical apparatus which includes the analysis of the corpuses, indices, appendices whose conceptual tool consists of over hundred documents: 8 maps, 4 sketches, 36 graphs, 32 paintings, 5 texts of which one is Tamil critical edition, two unpublished translated Tamil and Creole texts, 25 images and a cinematic sequence. We reconstructed layers of language and our work shows that the Réunionnais remained a very special language and exposed to the process of linguistic and cultural creolisation, the language of Barldon, an ancestral language that our surveys have failed to find a place in South India. Can one speak of a sacred language in Réunion but kept exposed to the dynamics of creolisation? Our inquiry shows the queries made by Gillette Staudacher-Valliamee the difficulty of asking for Reunion the linguistic and cultural creolisation without pidginisation, by reminding that the question of language is central. Our work re-examines the place of India in formulating assumptions for the genesis of Creole in the Indian Ocean (A. Bollée 2009, R. Chaudenson 2010).

Text in Afrikaans / In this dissertation the ideology behind the debate on the position of Standard Afrikaans in the new, multilinguistic South African dispensation with eleven official languages is examined from a psycholinguistic perspective. The study concentrates on how ideology and power played and are still playing a role in the formation of the variety Standard Afrikaans. The study points out how historical and present-day philosophical, social and language-political considerations influenced the natural development of Afrikaans by advancing it in respect of status on the one hand and prejudicing it in respect of lexicon and corpus on the other hand. The mutual bond of Afrikaans and English as Germanic languages and the inherently hybrid nature of Afrikaans are highlighted. The study points out the artificial role of Eurocentrism and the ideal of "pure language" on perceptions and myths about Afrikaans, as well as the historical influence of the European heritage on Afrikaner thinking and the direct influence thereof on the appropriation of Afrikaans as a symbol and product of an exclusive, ethnical group. Classical perceptions and myths in respect of the origin of Afrikaans and the status of creole languages as opposed to so-called "pure" languages are queried. With reference to the results of the research the author reflects on the possibility of a paradigmatic shift in respect of Standard Afrikaans in its present format. Actual Afrikaans ("aktuele Afrikaans") as a basis for a generally accepted standard language is presented as a new concept. The author reflects on the internal and external desirability of a new approach to Afrikaans as the stimulus behind the survival and acceptance of Afrikaans as an intranational and international language of, inter alia, science, technology, philosophy and social interaction. Scientific arguments in respect of language change, language influencing, language diffusion and language fusion are advanced in this respect. / In hierdie proefskrif word die ideologie agter die debat oor Standaardafrikaans se posisie in die nuwe, multilinguistiese Suid-Afrikaanse bestel met elf amptelike tale vanuit 'n psigolinguistiese perspektief ondersoek. Daar word gekonsentreer op hoe ideologie en mag 'n rol in die vorming van die varieteit Standaardafrikaans gespeel het, en dit steeds doen. Daar word aangetoon hoe historiese en hedendaagse filosofiese, maatskaplike en taalpolitiese oorwegings die natuurlike ontwikkeling van Afrikaans bemvloed het deur dit onder andere enersyds statusgewys te bevoordeel en andersyds leksikaal en korpusgewys te benadeel. Die gemeenskaplike band van Afrikaans en Engels as Germaanse tale en die inherente hibridiese aard van Afrikaans word uitgelig. Daar word gewys op die kunsmatige rol wat Eurosentrisme en die strewe na "taalsuiwerheid" in opvattinge en mites oor Afrikaans gehad het, asook op die historiese invloed van die Europese erfenis op Afrikanerdenke en die indirekte invloed daarvan op die toe-eiening van Afrikaans as simbool en produk van 'n eksklusiewe, etniese groepering. Klassieke opvattinge en mites oor die ontstaan van Afrikaans en die status van kreoolse tale vergeleke met sogenaamde "suiwer" tale word bevraagteken. Na aanleiding van navorsingsresultate word daar besin oor 'n moontlike paradigmaverskuiwing ten opsigte van Standaardafrikaans in die huidige gedaante daarvan. Aktuele Afrikaans as 'n basis vir 'n algemeen aanvaarbare standaardtaal word as nu we konsep aangebied. Daar word besin oor die inteme en eksteme wenslikheid van 'n nuwe benadering tot Afrikaans as die stukrag vir die voortbestaan en aanvaarding .van Afrikaans as 'n intranasionale en intemasionale taal van, onder andere, die wetenskap, tegnologie, filosofie en sosiale omgang. Hiervoor word wetenskaplike argumente. / Afrikaans / D.Lit. et Phil.(Afrikaans)

Text in Afrikaans / In this dissertation the ideology behind the debate on the position of Standard Afrikaans in the new, multilinguistic South African dispensation with eleven official languages is examined from a psycholinguistic perspective. The study concentrates on how ideology and power played and are still playing a role in the formation of the variety Standard Afrikaans. The study points out how historical and present-day philosophical, social and language-political considerations influenced the natural development of Afrikaans by advancing it in respect of status on the one hand and prejudicing it in respect of lexicon and corpus on the other hand. The mutual bond of Afrikaans and English as Germanic languages and the inherently hybrid nature of Afrikaans are highlighted. The study points out the artificial role of Eurocentrism and the ideal of "pure language" on perceptions and myths about Afrikaans, as well as the historical influence of the European heritage on Afrikaner thinking and the direct influence thereof on the appropriation of Afrikaans as a symbol and product of an exclusive, ethnical group. Classical perceptions and myths in respect of the origin of Afrikaans and the status of creole languages as opposed to so-called "pure" languages are queried. With reference to the results of the research the author reflects on the possibility of a paradigmatic shift in respect of Standard Afrikaans in its present format. Actual Afrikaans ("aktuele Afrikaans") as a basis for a generally accepted standard language is presented as a new concept. The author reflects on the internal and external desirability of a new approach to Afrikaans as the stimulus behind the survival and acceptance of Afrikaans as an intranational and international language of, inter alia, science, technology, philosophy and social interaction. Scientific arguments in respect of language change, language influencing, language diffusion and language fusion are advanced in this respect. / In hierdie proefskrif word die ideologie agter die debat oor Standaardafrikaans se posisie in die nuwe, multilinguistiese Suid-Afrikaanse bestel met elf amptelike tale vanuit 'n psigolinguistiese perspektief ondersoek. Daar word gekonsentreer op hoe ideologie en mag 'n rol in die vorming van die varieteit Standaardafrikaans gespeel het, en dit steeds doen. Daar word aangetoon hoe historiese en hedendaagse filosofiese, maatskaplike en taalpolitiese oorwegings die natuurlike ontwikkeling van Afrikaans bemvloed het deur dit onder andere enersyds statusgewys te bevoordeel en andersyds leksikaal en korpusgewys te benadeel. Die gemeenskaplike band van Afrikaans en Engels as Germaanse tale en die inherente hibridiese aard van Afrikaans word uitgelig. Daar word gewys op die kunsmatige rol wat Eurosentrisme en die strewe na "taalsuiwerheid" in opvattinge en mites oor Afrikaans gehad het, asook op die historiese invloed van die Europese erfenis op Afrikanerdenke en die indirekte invloed daarvan op die toe-eiening van Afrikaans as simbool en produk van 'n eksklusiewe, etniese groepering. Klassieke opvattinge en mites oor die ontstaan van Afrikaans en die status van kreoolse tale vergeleke met sogenaamde "suiwer" tale word bevraagteken. Na aanleiding van navorsingsresultate word daar besin oor 'n moontlike paradigmaverskuiwing ten opsigte van Standaardafrikaans in die huidige gedaante daarvan. Aktuele Afrikaans as 'n basis vir 'n algemeen aanvaarbare standaardtaal word as nu we konsep aangebied. Daar word besin oor die inteme en eksteme wenslikheid van 'n nuwe benadering tot Afrikaans as die stukrag vir die voortbestaan en aanvaarding .van Afrikaans as 'n intranasionale en intemasionale taal van, onder andere, die wetenskap, tegnologie, filosofie en sosiale omgang. Hiervoor word wetenskaplike argumente. / Afrikaans / D.Lit. et Phil.(Afrikaans)