Le but de cette étude est de présenter un tableau des questions de défense en Crète aux époques classique et hellénistique. La cité grecque étant une entité double, la défense de la ville n’a pas été séparée de celle de son territoire.<p>Le point de départ de ce travail est le catalogue des fortifications crétoises, qui comprend 61 sites fortifiés (enceintes urbaines, forts et tours isolées).<p>À partir d’une étude qui fait une grande place aux questions de topographie, il a été possible d’une part, de dégager des dynamiques régionales et d’autre part, d’identifier certaines caractéristiques et certaines évolutions dans l’implantation des cités crétoises.<p>L’exemple de la Crète permet d’alimenter le débat sur la place de l’enceinte dans la définition de la cité. Les vestiges archéologiques ne semblent pas aller dans le sens des sources littéraires, selon lesquelles toute cité était nécessairement ceinte d’un rempart. Mais l’existence d’une enceinte semble bien être la marque du statut de cité./This study aims to raise various questions regarding defence in Crete during the classical and Hellenistic Periods. As the Greek city-state was a double entity, it seemed important to not separate the defence of the town from the defence of the territory.<p>The starting point of this work was the catalogue of Cretan fortifications, which contains 61 fortified sites (city walls, forts and watch-towers).<p>Topography plays a key role in the study therefore it is possible, on the one hand to separate regional dynamics of some cities and, on the other, to identify certain characteristics and evolutions in the settlement of Cretan cities.<p>The example of Crete encourages the debate on the role of the city-wall in the definition of the city-state. Archaeological remains do not seem not to agree with literary sources which declare that every town had a wall. However the existence of a city-wall appears to be indicative of the city-state. / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The following dissertation considers the main aspects of trade during each phase of Minoan development from its beginnings in Early Minoan times (3500 BC) until the end of Minoan period in 1430 BC. The work concentrates largely on the commodities exchanged, the development of transportation and perceived trade routes as well as the role of the palaces once they were established. The theories on the Minoan Thalassocracy and colonisation are also discussed. The evidence used is mainly archaeological, which is able to trace the movement of non-perishable materials such as pottery and metals. Reference is also made to contemporary Near Eastern texts and art, as well as the Minoan Linear A and Mycenaean Linear B documents. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Ancient History)

The following dissertation considers the main aspects of trade during each phase of Minoan development from its beginnings in Early Minoan times (3500 BC) until the end of Minoan period in 1430 BC. The work concentrates largely on the commodities exchanged, the development of transportation and perceived trade routes as well as the role of the palaces once they were established. The theories on the Minoan Thalassocracy and colonisation are also discussed. The evidence used is mainly archaeological, which is able to trace the movement of non-perishable materials such as pottery and metals. Reference is also made to contemporary Near Eastern texts and art, as well as the Minoan Linear A and Mycenaean Linear B documents. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Ancient History)

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Très tôt dans l'histoire, l'homme se définit moins comme un individu que comme un membre appartenant à un groupe structuré et complexe, ce qui le différencie des autres groupes. La construction sociale du groupe repose ainsi sur deux fondements : le fait de se reconnaître comme groupe et celui d'être différents des autres groupes. L'idéologie funéraire participe entièrement à ce phénomène de construction identitaire. L'espace de la mort apparaît comme un espace chrono-culturel, social et identitaire où les communautés affirment, perpétuent ou réécrivent leurs anciennes et nouvelles normes collectives. Ces attitudes sont le reflet d'une parole sur la mort et témoignent de l'existence de stratégies identitaires de la part de communautés et de groupes qui ont fait la démarche consciente ou non de se prévaloir de ces discours et de ces images dans la mort. Mes travaux visent à identifier les phénomènes de continuité et de rupture et les multiples combinaisons adoptées par les communautés de l'île de Crète entre le MR III C et la période archaïque, en étudiant les marqueurs d'une attitude plus ou moins active des communautés dans la mort et de stratégies identitaires. Par ailleurs, je cherche à savoir si ces discours sur la mort n'auraient pas eu un effet sur les comportements identitaires de communautés en entraînant une attitude plus active des communautés dans leurs pratiques funéraires. Le phénomène identitaire étant un phénomène non figé dans le temps et dans l'espace, mes travaux tentent également de démontrer que plus l'identité collective est forte et stable, plus les différents phénomènes identitaires sont intrinsèquement liés et dénotent une société structurée. / Very early on in history, man regarded himself less as an individual than as a member of a structured and complex group with its own common past and shared social values that differentiated it from other groups. The social construction of the group was thus founded on two principles : the identification with a group and the differentiation from other groups The funerary ideology wholly embraces this phenomenon of ethnic crystallisation. The space of death manifests as a chrono-cultural, social, and identity space where communities affirm, perpetuate, or rewrite their old and new collective norms. These attitudes reflect a discourse on death and attest to the existence of identity strategies used by communities and groups who, whether consciously or not, referred to these discourses and images in death. This research aims to identify the phenomena of continuity and rupture, and the multiple combinations adopted by the communities of the Island of Crete between to LM III C to Archaic period, by studying the markers of the communities' more or less active approach to death and their identity strategies. Furthermore, I seek to confirm whether these discourses on death had an effect on the identity behaviours of the communities and led to a more active approach among the communities in their funeral practices. As the identity phenomenon varied in time and space, my research also attempts to demonstrate that the more powerful and stable the collective identity was, the more the different identity phenomena were intrinsically linked together, thus denoting a structured society.

Research into the depiction of cattle in Minoan Art ha'i concentrated on representations of interaction between men and cattle, in particular, the images of bull sports. This emphasis has detracted from other types of cattle imagery. In this thesis the representation of the cow and calf in Minoan glyptic is assessed. Discussion of representation and meaning are of equal value, as a full understanding of the potential meaning of an image is dependent upon a detailed knowledge of what is represented. Specific anatomical and behavioural details described in the images are therefore compared with known physiological and behavioural characteristics. The Bronze Age representations are found to be very accurate and detailed in their description of the relationship between the cow and calf. Both the aesthetic and social contexts of the image are discussed in detail. The majority of representations of cows and calves are found on seals and sealings. The size, shape and restrictions of the medium as well as the range of potential uses of the stones (administrative, amuletic, jewellery) are considered. Fauna! evidence from Bronze Age Crete and accounts of cattle in Linear B texts confirm the importance of bovines as an integral part of the agricultural system as well as providing evidence of the range of cattle exploited. In discussing the potential meaning of the image, the survey draws on Bronze Age Aegean, Near Eastern and Egyptian evidence and later Greek (in particular Cretan) examples. Evidence from unrelated societies in which the cow is prominent is used as evidence of the diversity of possible meaning. The thesis concludes that it is not possible to categorise the image as specifically religious or secular; the range of potential meanings reflect the importance of the animal in all aspects of Minoan society.

The present thesis describes and interprets a large corpus of ceramic material from the ongoing excavations of the University of Crete in the Iron Age necropolis of Orthi Petra, at Eleuthema, Crete. Given that the site is mostly known from preliminary reports, I offer an account of the geology and topography of Eleuthema and the surrounding region, as well as a detailed review of the archaeological remains, with particular emphasis to the Iron Age and the necropolis of Orthi Petra. The core of the study is, however, a formal analysis of ceramics from the latter site. Despite my sustained preoccupation with the chronology and typology of the Eleuthemian pottery, evidence from the whole of Crete is systematically integrated in the discussion. Hence, the analysis of the local ceramics is largely converted into a study of the Iron Age pottery of Crete. To meet the emerging challenges, I embark on building a format of ceramic analysis that facilitates and enhances the reader's understanding of my interpretation of stylistic development. I further pursue a synthetic picture for the chaíne opératoire of the local pottery by laying emphasis on its technology, as well as on the modes of and the interplay between ceramic production, dissemination and consumption. The concept of consumption is also applied to imported pottery and other classes of artefacts from the necropolis to engender a holistic and diachronic assessment of social interaction manifested in the funerary ritual held at Orthi Petra. Imported pottery is further appraised against a Cretan-wide background with regards to its origins, type, distribution and impact on local wares. Issues pertinent to the dissemination of stylistic change, the Orientalizing phenomenon and the interactions between Eleuthema and sites in the Eastern and Central Mediterranean are explored. Lastly, the history of the necropolis is outlined and the issue of the date and cause of its abandonment is reviewed.

Diploma thesis goal is to define the extent of possibilities which are presented to client who is interested in vacation in Crete offered by selected travel agencies. The thesis is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter, there are theoretically explained the most important concepts, terms and topics associated with tourism and travel agencies. Following chapter is from tourism development point of view oriented on the destination analysis. Characterictic traits, geography, history, weather conditions, administrative units and the most atractive sites of the island are described. In the third chapter, there are ten travel agencies according to given criterions selected and introduced. Supply of these companies related to Crete is subject of the analysis. The analysis is focused on four basic marketing mix elements, it means product, price, promotion and place. In the last chapter particular criterions are set. On the basis of these criterions the comparison of studied travel agencies is made and total extent of the offer which is presented to the clients is specified. The appraisal of its comprehensiveness comes out from the resultant summarisation of possibilities which are offered to the client. In conclusion there is advised the opportunity which could be used by travel agencies in order to gain broader range of clients.

A civilização minóica da Creta da Idade do Bronze foi uma das poucas civilizações européias a organizar a sociedade através de um sistema palacial. Os estudos sobre a formação dos estados minóicos devem analisar em profundidade o sistema administrativo palacial e as mudanças no mesmo ao longo de seus seis séculos de funcionamento - neste trabalho pretende-se analisar a evolução da complexidade das unidades sócio-políticas minóicas através da análise de suas formas administrativas. A definição de categorias de sítios administrativos - pela análise funcional dos vestígios arquiteturais e dos achados arqueológicos dos mesmos - e o estudo dos padrões hierárquicos entre os diversos sítios, serão o cerne do trabalho. O uso de metodologias apropriadas para a análise de processos de mudança e formação de instituições político-administrativas, como a Teoria de Sistemas e os conceitos de peer polity interaction de Colin Renfrew, serão as ferramentas básicas deste projeto. Esse trabalho é um desdobramento de pesquisa desenvolvida em Mestrado realizado no MAE/USP sobre as interações entre os estados primitivos de Creta e as práticas de culto minóicas. / The Minoan Civilization of the Bronze Age Crete was one of the few european civilizations that organized its society through a palatial system. The studies about the development of the Minoan States must analyse thoroughness the administrative palatial system and the changes that have occured on it during its six centuries of functioning. In this thesis we intend to analyse the complexity evolution of the Minoan polities through the analysis of its administrative configurations. The definition of administrative sites - through the function analysis of the architectural vestiges and of its archaeological discoveries - and the study of the hierarchic patterns among the sites, will be the main point of this research. The use of usefull methodologies for the analysis of early state formation and culture change, like systems theory and the concepts of peer polity interaction, will be the basis tools of this project. This research follows research developed in the mastership done in MAE/USP about the interaction between the early states of Crete and the Minoan ritual practices.

Alors que les recherches sur la Crète romaine connaissent un nouveau dynamisme depuis une vingtaine d’années et que les fouilles conduites jusqu’à récemment en Cyrénaïque fournissent de plus en plus d’informations sur la période du Haut-Empire romain, le cadre administratif dans lequel vivaient ces deux régions de l’Orient hellénophone a paradoxalement été mis de côté. La double province de Crète-Cyrénaïque, créée à l’époque de Pompée et qui existe jusqu’à la Tétrarchie, a en effet très peu suscité l’attention des historiens, en raison de son caractère périphérique et de sa marginalité supposée. Cette thèse souhaite réévaluer le rôle historique de la Crète-Cyrénaïque au sein de l’Empire romain et analyser la façon dont les sociétés locales ont réagi à la domination de Rome. La première partie de la recherche s’intéresse à l’histoire administrative de la province, en étudiant la chronologie de sa création et les raisons qui ont conduit Rome à privilégier l’union des deux régions. Les fastes complets des promagistrats en poste en Crète-Cyrénaïque (proconsuls, légats, questeurs, procurateurs) sont établis ; l’organisation interne de la province est ensuite étudiée. Les deuxième et troisième parties se concentrent sur la vie des élites crétoises et cyrénéennes sous domination romaine à partir d’une analyse prosopographique. Sont d’abord proposés les portraits des grandes élites impériales : sénateurs crétois et cyrénéens, archontes du Panhellènion et grands-prêtres du culte des empereurs. On discute ensuite de l’évolution du milieu des notables locaux, en mettant en avant ce que l’entrée dans l’imperium romanum a changé pour eux, ainsi que les modifications de leurs modes de représentation et de leurs stratégies de domination sociale. De nombreux stemmata de grandes familles provinciales sont établis pour mieux rendre compte des réalités des élites locales de la période. / The last twenty years or so have seen a dramatic increase in the interest on Roman Crete, while long-standing archaeological excavations in Cyrenaica (when they were still possible) brought to light lots of information on the Roman period. However, the administrative setting which the two areas lived in during the High Empire remains almost completely unknown because of the historians’ disinterest in this double province of the Roman Empire. Created by Pompey and still a reality during the Tetrarchy, the province of Crete and Cyrene is often thought as a marginal and unsuccessful administrative entity, far away from Rome. The thesis aims at re-evaluating the historical role of the province in the Roman Empire and at analyzing the way local societies reacted to the Roman domination. The first part focuses on the administrative history of the province. The chronology of its creation is studied along with the reasons why Rome chose the administrative solution of the union. The fasti of the Roman magistrates in charge of the province are established and the internal organization of the province is analyzed. In the second and third parts, the life and evolution of local societies under Roman domination are discussed through a prosopographical analysis. Portraying the senators originating from Crete and Cyrenaica as well as the archontes of the Hadrianic panhellenic league and the high priests of the imperial cult gives valuable information on how local elites reached the superior strata of Roman society. But most of the aristocrats were only active locally and never got beyond their own city-states. Several stemmata of local families help to understand how the Roman Empire change the way of representing themselves and alter their strategies of social domination.