Le but de cette étude est de présenter un tableau des questions de défense en Crète aux époques classique et hellénistique. La cité grecque étant une entité double, la défense de la ville n’a pas été séparée de celle de son territoire. Le point de départ de ce travail est le catalogue des fortifications crétoises, qui comprend 61 sites fortifiés (enceintes urbaines, forts et tours isolées). À partir d’une étude qui fait une grande place aux questions de topographie, il a été possible d’une part, de dégager des dynamiques régionales et d’autre part, d’identifier certaines caractéristiques et certaines évolutions dans l’implantation des cités crétoises. L’exemple de la Crète permet d’alimenter le débat sur la place de l’enceinte dans la définition de la cité. Les vestiges archéologiques ne semblent pas aller dans le sens des sources littéraires, selon lesquelles toute cité était nécessairement ceinte d’un rempart. Mais l’existence d’une enceinte semble bien être la marque du statut de cité./This study aims to raise various questions regarding defence in Crete during the classical and Hellenistic Periods. As the Greek city-state was a double entity, it seemed important to not separate the defence of the town from the defence of the territory. The starting point of this work was the catalogue of Cretan fortifications, which contains 61 fortified sites (city walls, forts and watch-towers). Topography plays a key role in the study therefore it is possible, on the one hand to separate regional dynamics of some cities and, on the other, to identify certain characteristics and evolutions in the settlement of Cretan cities. The example of Crete encourages the debate on the role of the city-wall in the definition of the city-state. Archaeological remains do not seem not to agree with literary sources which declare that every town had a wall. However the existence of a city-wall appears to be indicative of the city-state.

The Late Bronze Age on the island of Crete saw a period of strong administrative and religious control by the palace at Knossos, which also controlled a vast trade network with the rest of the eastern Mediterranean. After the collapse of the palace of Knossos, the Final Palatial period (1490 - 1320 BCE), was a time of sociopolitical transition and change, witnessing an explosion in number and variety of mortuary practices used, even within the same cemetery. In this thesis I analyze Final Palatial burial practices in a more systematic method than has been previously attempted, in order to gain a better understanding of how the Minoans chose to use the mortuary sphere as a platform for constructing and negotiating their social and political identities in the dynamic socio-political climate of the Final Palatial period.

Ephorus was an historian held in high esteem by ancient authors, but his reputation has not fared as well among modern scholars. He has been accused of apolitical simplicity, lack of judgment in selecting sources, political bias, and, most damagingly, choosing or even distorting his material for the purpose of creating moral exempla. This characterization, however, is unfair to Ephorus and his History. Analysis of the fragments does not reveal an explicitly moral purpose to his work, thus he must be freed from the negative implications that such a purpose entails. Nevertheless, as this study will demonstrate, Ephorus did have a concept of ideal communities and how they functioned to ensure internal concord and external security, one that apparently approached historical reality in Scythia and Crete. Both communities, according to Ephorus, are characterized by an aversion to wealth, harmony amongst citizens, and shared communal ownership and responsibility. These themes appear again in Ephorus’ narrative of the 5th and 4th centuries, most prominently in the histories of Athens, Sparta, and Thebes. Furthermore, these themes are related to philosophical and political discourses of the 4th century found in the major philosophical schools. Thus, while Ephorus should not be considered a moral historian, his worldview was shaped by the philosophy of the 4th century, which helped in the creation of an organized, though possibly overly schematized, understanding of history. / text

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 15, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

Revised Ph. D. thesis. / Includes bibliographical references.

Author's Thesis--Bern. / On spine: Haftungs- u. Vermögensrecht von Gortyn. Bibliography: p. xiv-xx.

Based on the author's Thesis (Ph. D.--University of Oxford, 1979). / Includes bibliographical references and index.

Revised Ph. D. thesis. / Includes bibliographical references.

Η Φυλλιτική-Χαλαζιτική ενότητα αποτελεί τμήμα των Εξωτερικών Ελληνίδων και έχει υποστεί μεταμόρφωση σε συνθήκες υψηλής πίεσης. Στην Κεντρική Κρήτη εμφανίζεται κυρίως στο βόρειο τμήμα του παραθύρου των Ταλαίων ορέων. Σκοπός της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι να προσδιοριστεί η γεωμετρία του τριαξονικού ελλειψοειδούς της παραμόρφωσης και το ποσό της παραμόρφωσης στη Φυλλιτική-Χαλαζιτική ενότητα. Για το σκοπό αυτό συλλέχθηκαν 18 προσανατολισμένα δείγματα χαλαζιακής σύστασης και μετρήθηκαν ελλειπτικοί δείκτες της παραμόρφωσης σε δύο κάθετες μεταξύ τους τομές από κάθε δείγμα. Τα στοιχεία φανερώνουν ότι κατά την πλαστική φάση παραμόρφωσης D1 τα πετρώματα της Φυλλιτικής-Χαλαζιτικής ενότητας παραμορφώθηκαν κυρίως σε συνθήκες πλάτυνσης και σε μικρότερο βαθμό σε συνθήκες επίπεδης παραμόρφωσης. Επιπρόσθετα το ποσό της παραμόρφωσης έχει μια συστηματική και μη γραμμική αύξηση σε σχέση με την απόσταση από την επώθηση βάσης, ενώ ο τύπος του τριαξονικού ελλειψοειδούς δε συνδέεται με τη δομική θέση των δειγμάτων. / The Phyllite-Quartzite (PQ) unit is a part of the External Hellenides and has been subjected to a high pressure metamorphism. In Central Crete PQ unit mainly appears in the northern part of the Talaia window. The aim of this study is to determine the strain ellipsoid geometry and the intensity of deformation in the PQ unit. To do so 18 quartz-rich samples were collected, in which elliptical strain indicators were measured in two mutually perpendicular cross sections. Measurements show that during the D1 phase of the ductile deformation, rocks of the PQ unit were deformed mainly by flattening and secondary by plane strain conditions. Additionally, the amount of deformation shows systematic and non-linear increase relative to the distance of the Basal thrust while the type of strain ellipsoid is not related to the structural position of the samples in the PQ.

La fondation d’une Église locale par un apôtre constitue un élément important dans les relations interecclésiales. Une telle fondation peut cependant être l’objet de contestation, en particulier si le statut apostolique de la figure fondatrice n’est pas manifeste dans le Nouveau Testament. Une Église peut donc être amenée à se construire un passé apostolique, notamment par l'écriture de vies d’apôtre, qui peuvent souligner tant le statut apostolique de la figure que son caractère fondateur pour l’Église. La comparaison des modalités par lesquelles les Églises de Crète et de Chypre construisent leurs passés apostoliques à travers les figures de Tite et de Barnabé est l’objet du présent travail, lequel s’attache également à analyser les enjeux ecclésiaux et politiques de ces constructions et à étudier la réception de celles-ci par les Églises extérieures à ces îles. Après avoir présenté les données bibliques sur Tite et sur Barnabé puis avoir étudié la réception de ces figures dans le christianisme des cinq premiers s., cette thèse analyse le rapport que les Églises de Crète et de Chypre entretiennent avec elles. Elle s’intéresse d’abord aux écrits chypriotes et crétois composés à partir du Ve s. à leur sujet, puis aux textes qui les mentionnent de manière incidente, avant d’étudier les dévotions envers ces figures et les emplois identitaires de celles-ci, notamment durant les périodes franque et vénitienne. Ce travail examine enfin la réception des traditions sur Tite et sur Barnabé en dehors de leurs îles, dans la littérature de l’Empire byzantin et des mondes copte, syriaque et arménien. / The foundation of a local Church by an apostle is a major component in inter-ecclesial relationships. However, such foundation could be an object of dispute, especially if the apostolic status of the founder is not obvious in the New Testament. That is why a Church could be brought to build an apostolic past, notably by the production of apostle' lives, which can emphasize both the apostolic status of the figure and its founding feature of the church. The aim of this study is to compare how the Churches of Crete and Cyprus build their apostolic past through the figures of Titus and Barnabas. This work also analyzes the ecclesial and politic stakes of theses constructs and their reception by the Churches outside Crete and Cyprus. After presenting the New Testament datas about Titus and Barnabas, this thesis studies the reception of these figures in the Christianity in the first five centuries. Then it analyzes the relationship between these figures and the Churches of Crete and Cyprus. To do it, it interests first to the writings composed about them from the 5th century, then to the Cretan and Cypriot texts which mention them in an indirect way. Then, it intends to study the devotional practices toward these figures and their identity uses, especially during the periods of Frankish and Venetian rule. Finally, this work examines the reception of Cretan and Cypriot traditions regarding Titus and Barnabas outside their respective island, in the hagiographical and not hagiographical literature of the Byzantine Empire and of the Coptic, Syriac and Armenisch worlds.