FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo central desta pesquisa à analisar a prÃtica do crime de InfanticÃdio na cidade de Fortaleza na primeira metade do SÃculo XX. Para tanto, temos como ponto de partida os processos-crime dos quais sÃo sujeitos histÃricos, as âmulheres infanticidas,â que darÃo corpo, a essa anÃlise. Nos processos-crime de InfanticÃdio, encontraremos mulheres que mataram seus prÃprios filhos no momento do parto. Aliado, aos Processos Criminais, temos as notÃcias de InfanticÃdio veiculadas nos Jornais da cidade. Com esses elementos, percebemos vÃrias questÃes, entre elas: como a categoria InfanticÃdio, enquanto crime, à uma definiÃÃo social podendo ter definiÃÃes variÃveis dependendo dos espaÃos de regulaÃÃo do meio. Como a LegislaÃÃo Brasileira em seus estatutos penais considerou o fato da mulher matar o prÃprio filho. Como se constituÃam em suas narrativas e eram explicados pelas âmulheres infanticidasâ os motivos para o cometimento do crime, analisando como elas eram julgadas, observando questÃes, como a defesa da prÃpria honra, o estado puerperal e fatores sÃcio-econÃmicos. Como foram analisados pelo Conhecimento MÃdico os casos de InfanticÃdio. Como os crimes de InfanticÃdio e as mulheres que os cometeram apareciam narrados nos Jornais da cidade. Como se deram os investimentos, especialmente a partir dos Jornais, em relaÃÃo à naturalizaÃÃo do amor materno e a valorizaÃÃo da crianÃa. Como se deram Ãs relaÃÃes entre as âmulheres infanticidasâ e os vizinhos, famÃlia e testemunhas; como parecia ser imprescindÃvel, a ocultaÃÃo da gravidez e do recÃm-nascido. Por fim, analisando os processos de escolhas que desencadearam em crimes de InfanticÃdio para essas mulheres percebemos como, muitas vezes, honra se confundiu com sobrevivÃncia. / The main point of this research is to analyze the practice of the crime of Infanticide in the city of Fortaleza in the first half of Century XX. We have as starting point, the process-crime, which they are historical object, the "women infanticides" that will provide quite information to the analyze of this project. In the process-crime of Infanticide, we will find women who had killed their own children, at the birth moment. Beyond the criminal proceedings, we have the notice of Infanticide published at local newspaper. With these elements, we face with some questions, such as: Infanticide category, while crime, is a social definition, being able to have various definitions depending on the regulation spaces of the environment. Like Brazilian Legislation in its criminal statutes considered the fact of the woman to kill her proper son. As they are composed, in its narratives and infanticides were explained by the "women infanticides" the reasons for the commitment of the crime, analyzing as they were judged, observing questions, as the defense of the proper honor, the puerperal state and social-economic factor. As they had been analyzed, by the Medical Knowledge the cases of Infanticide. As the crimes of Infanticide and the women who had committed them they were written in the Newspaper of the city. The investments had been given, especially from Periodicals, in relation to the naturalization of the maternal love and the valuation of the child. As "women infanticides" had been given to the relations among the neighbors, family and witnesses. As it seemed to be essential, the occultation of the pregnancy and the just-been born one. Finally, analyzing the processes of choices that triggered in crimes of these women, we perceive as, many times, honor if it confused with survival.

With the knowledge that risk has become an omnipresent concept used to understand various social problems, this study aims to fill a perceived gap in literature by investigating the way in which risk discourse is applied to understand different categories of crime, namely traditional crime and corporate crime. It is hypothesized that risk logic is heavily applied to the understanding of traditional crime, with minimal attribution to conversations surrounding corporate crime. The pervasiveness of risk as a technique or tactic of government renders the study of its application to different types of crime an important addition to the existing risk literature. Using the method of a comparative content analysis, the parallels and discrepancies between the ways in which risk is used to discuss traditional and corporate crime by Canadian federal criminal justice organizations are explored. The results indicate a lack of focus on risk logic with respect to corporate crime, but demonstrate that risk discourse is perhaps not altogether absent from corporate crime discussions.

Crime as a social phenomenon has customarily been examined as sets of occurrences which happen outside the boundaries of the legitimate social structure. Research by Lawrence E. Cohen and Marcus Felson suggests that more fruitful explanatory models of crime may be developed from the routine activity approach, an approach which regards crime as a routine activity in the same sense that everyday work may be regarded as routine activity. Such an approach is consonant with the precepts of human ecology. Human ecology as a theoretical model posits an interrelationship among the divergent parts of the social fabric. In such a scenario crime is regarded as another manifestation of a symbiotic social interrelation, one among many that flourish in the social whole. Crime, in this approach, is a routine activity, just as work is a routine activity.

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This thesis presents a normative yet practical account of how Scots and English criminal law should assess the culpability of careless persons. At present, the law in both jurisdictions distinguishes between two types of culpable, unjustified risktaking: recklessness and negligence. In everyday language, these concepts have blurred edges: persons are labelled “reckless” or “negligent” with little thought to the difference, if any, that exists between these terms. Although unproblematic in the “everyday” context, this laxity in definition is inappropriate in the criminal courtroom. Negligence is not usually a sufficient form of culpability for serious offences, whilst recklessness typically is. In the most serious crimes, recklessness thus marks the limit of criminal liability. The concept ought, therefore, to be well understood and developed. Unfortunately, courts both north and south of the border have had difficulty defining and distinguishing between recklessness and negligence. This thesis explores the resulting jurisprudential quagmires and contends that, in both jurisdictions, the absence of a visible theory of culpable carelessness accounts for the courts’ difficulties. It then looks to criminal law theory to construct a defensible account of culpable carelessness which can distinguish clearly between recklessness and negligence and explain the circumstances in which the latter ought to be criminally culpable. Finally, the thesis considers the practical implications of this theory.

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My thesis, by offering an analysis of their individual stylistic approaches, considers how Ellroy, Higgins and Leonard expand the parameters of the crime fiction genre. The genre is still essentially conservative, a mediating detective/police hero synthesising narrative strands to indicate cause and effect, problem and resolution, thereby affirming the notion of a dominant grand narrative in society, of the status quo. I examine how Ellroy, Higgins and Leonard offer a critical perspective that subverts the artificial constraints of this concept by privileging the dialogic interaction of the multiple narratives of contemporary pluralistic society over the notion of a containable, transgressive, crime. Conventionally, in crime fiction, transgression is resolved with some restoration of the 'normal'. I review how Ellroy, Higgins and Leonard interrogate notions of normality by foregrounding ambiguity and the dialogic relationship between the multiple social narratives of normless, postmodem, society, rather than offering attempts to contain them within a single, dominant, 'normal', social narrative. I investigate how their respective 'languages' offer differing juxtapositions of words and images that freely exploit the linguistic richness of dialogue, of the language of the 'street', of the intertextual imagery of popular culture and of media dominated contemporary awareness. I view how, by using multiple intertextualities, they offer modes of narrative discourse that reflect a media dominated age and engage with a society where the simple binary divisions of good and bad, cause and effect, are increasingly inappropriate. Each explores a society where fiction, the media projection of reality, is often a more powerful source of identity than reality, itself often a result of fictionalised projections by those with vested interests in preserving a dominant social narrative. I examine how each avoids the conventional heroic figure in favour of ordinary people trying to survive within the dynamic of interacting social narratives.

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