Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:43:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1265503 bytes, checksum: 1b038a31a8b5191ada34d81064b07b6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work has as its main aim studying how the manifested speakers subjectivity, the law judge s one, through the analysis of the many types and sub-types of modalization, identifying, describing and analyzing the semantic-pragmatic effects of modalizers in criminal sentences. Our problematization laid on the following question: how is the subjectivity manifested during the judges speeches, the ones who perform the criminal sentences, and the use of modalizers, real subjectivity speech marks, in a discourse genre which shows the distance the speaker has? Our claim is that the modalizers are current semantic-discursive strategies used in judicial sentences, expressing judges discursive proximity and distance arising from the tension the genre itself creates and from the need of impartiality. In order to reach our aims, we took as a theoretical reference the studies about modalization of authors like Castilho e Castilho (1992), Cervoni (1989), Coracini (1991), Koch (1996), Nascimento (2005), Neves (1997; 2006; 2011), Palmer (1991), Silva (2007) and also the studies about the argumentative theory from Ducrot e Anscombre (1988). We decided to work with a corpus composed eight (08) criminal sentences, stated by the Ministério Público , which are on Internet on the web page of Escola Judicial Desembargador Edésio Fernades-EJEF, of Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de Minas Gerais. We tried to analyze the sentences of different crimes, decreed by different judges, which six of them sentencing and two acquittals. This research is a descriptive-interpretative one through a qualitative approach. Though we have count the cases of modalization, we searched for the meanings in the modalized chunks and their relation with the immediate context: the speaker, the discursive genre, the interlocutors and the discourse aim. Our analyses showed that our hypothesis was true. There is a great incidence of modalizers in the judicial text arrangement, including in the three parts: report, fundamentation and dispositive. In fact, the speaker is marked in the sentences, indicating its views, opinions, driving understandings, denying some others, etc. and the modalization is mainly responsible for that. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a subjetividade dos locutores, os Juízes de Direito, a partir da análise dos diversos tipos e subtipos de modalização, identificando, descrevendo e analisando os efeitos semântico-pragmáticos dos modalizadores nas sentenças criminais. Nosso problema de pesquisa foi: como se manifesta a subjetividade dos juízes, os locutores das sentenças judiciais, a partir da utilização dos modalizadores, marcadores essencialmente subjetivos, num gênero discursivo em que a função do locutor é tomar e impor decisões, engajando-se, assim, no seu discurso; e, ao mesmo tempo, impõe-se-lhe minimizar a subjetividade, manter-se afastado do seu discurso? Como hipótese, pensamos que os modalizadores, uma vez que são marcadores de subjetividade, são recorrentes estratégias semântico-pragmáticas, expressando movimentos discursivos de afastamento e de engajamento dos juízes, resultado da tensão entre a função social desse gênero discursivo e a prescrição de afastamento na escrita dos textos sentenciais. Para dar conta desses objetivos, tomamos como referencial teórico os estudos sobre modalização de alguns autores como Castilho e Castilho (1992), Cervoni (1989), Coracini (1991), Koch (1996), Nascimento (2005), Neves (1997; 2006; 2011), Palmer (1991), Silva (2007) e outros autores; tomamos também alguns conceitos da Teoria da Argumentação na Língua, proposta por Ducrot e Anscombre (1988). Resolvemos trabalhar com um corpus constituído de oito (08) sentenças criminais, instauradas pelo Ministério Público, disponibilizadas, na Internet, pela Escola Judicial Desembargador Edésio Fernades-EJEF, do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de Minas Gerais. Buscamos analisar sentenças de crimes diferentes, julgadas por juízes também diversos, sendo seis condenatórias e duas absolutórias. Esta pesquisa é de cunho descritivo e interpretativo, numa abordagem qualitativa. Embora tenhamos contabilizado as incidências das modalizações, buscamos o sentido dos modalizadores e sua relação com o contexto discursivo: o locutor, o gênero discursivo, os interlocutores e os objetivos. Nossas análises indicaram que a nossa hipótese de pesquisa se confirmou. Há grande incidência de modalizadores na tecitura das sentenças judiciais, inclusive nas três partes constitutivas desse gênero: o relatório, a fundamentação e o dispositivo. De fato o locutor se marca nos enunciados, indicando seus posicionamentos, opiniões, direcionando interpretações, vetando outras, ordenando etc., sendo a modalização, em grande parte, responsável por isso.

L’internationalisation des échanges économiques inscrit les économies nationales dans un ordre mondialisé. Ce contexte de la mondialisation intensifie les échanges commerciaux et la concurrence des entreprises. Celles-ci doivent perpétuellement lutter pour survivre sur le marché. Pour ne pas disparaître, elles doivent devenir plus fortes, et plus grandes. Elles sont dès lors contraintes à un développement externe. Ce mode de croissance externe se matérialise par des opérations de concentration : fusion, scission, apports partiels d’actifs, cession de contrôle, offres publiques. Il s’agit d’étudier les fusions-acquisitions. Depuis quelques années, ces opérations sont devenues une réalité de la vie des affaires. Relayées à chaque réalisation - du moins les plus significatives - par les médias, elles sont le plus souvent connues pour la synergie qu’elles réalisent et/ou les conséquences sociales qu’elles emportent. Traitées dans les manuels de sciences économiques et de sciences juridiques de manière générale, les fusions-acquisitions sont rarement envisagées sous l’angle exclusif du droit pénal. C’est précisément l’objet de cette étude. Néanmoins, seules les opérations de fusions, scissions, et offres publiques, en droit pénal sont envisagées. Les risques juridiques liés à ces opérations, en particulier les risques pénaux, se situent à tous les étages. Dans le cadre de ces opérations, le droit pénal a vocation à protéger les différents intérêts en jeu, c’est-à-dire les divers intérêts des acteurs, personnes physiques ou morales. Mais certains obstacles obligent à une application mesurée du droit pénal en la matière. Le premier est la notion de personnalité juridique, fondement de plusieurs principes de droit pénal ; le second est une conjugaison de plusieurs difficultés : La diversité et/ou la spécificité des réglementations applicables à ces opérations, le caractère souvent international de ces dernières et la portée limitée du droit pénal accessoire. Cette étude se propose de concilier ces obstacles avec la nécessité et les exigences d’une vraie, juste et meilleure répression lors de la réalisation de ces opérations de ces opérations de fusions-acquisitions. En ce sens, notre contribution insiste sur un renouvellement de l’application du droit pénal lors de la réalisation de ces opérations. Deux principales pistes sont envisagées : considérer le caractère économique de l’opération pour consacrer une pénalisation – entendue ici comme l’action de sanctionner et de renforcer la sanction - des fusions-acquisitions eu égard au droit pénal économique ; prendre appui sur la notion d’entreprise pour apporter une réponse pénale adaptée à la répression. C’est à cette double condition que le droit pénal aura un réel intérêt dans le cadre de ces opérations. / The Internationalization of economical exchanges inscribes national’s economies in a globalized order. This globalized context intensifies the business’s trades and the competition between companies. These have to perpetually struggle to survive on the market. To avoid disappearance, they have to become stronger and bigger. Thenceforth, they are constrained to an external growth. This type of external growth materializes itself by concentrations: such as mergers, scissions, acquisitions, partial transfers of assets, transfers of control, takeovers. We talk about mergers and acquisitions. For some years now, these transactions had become a reality in a business’s life. Relay at each realization – at least the most significant ones – by the media, they are most known for the synergy they realized and/or social consequencies they cary. Generally studied in economics sciences and legal sciences manuals, mergers and acquisitions are rarely considered exclusively by criminal approach. This is precisely the purpose of this study. Nevertheless, only concentrations such as mergers scissions and takeovers will be considered in this study. Legal risks tied to such transactions, in particular criminal ones, are found at all stages. In the context of those concentrations, criminal Law is intended to protect all different interests in presence, meaning actors, natural persons as well as legal persons. But some certain obstacles call for a measured or moderated application of criminal Law. The first one is the legal personality, the basis of multiples criminal Law principles. The second is a combination of many or multiples difficulties: the diversity and/or the specificity of the applicable rules to those transactions, usually the international character of the latter ones and the limited scope of the Law on secondary penalties. This study is proposing to conciliate those obstacles with the necessity of and the requirements of a true, just and better criminal repression during these transactions realization. For this purpose, our contribution lay stress on renewal of the criminal Law application during the mergers and acquisitions. Two mains avenues will be considered: consider the economic character of the transactions to apply a penalization; intended here as the act of sanctioning and re-enforce the penalty of mergers and acquisitions in view of economic criminal Law; laying on the notion of enterprise to bring a penal answer adapted to the penalty. It will be at this double condition that the criminal Law will have a real interest in the frame, limit of those transactions.