The purpose of this study is to understand the short- and long term implications of the Covid-19 virus on the city center and what is done to revitalize it to a more attractive and available place. This case study is done on Umeå city center, where the municipality is going through a massive transformation and plans to increase its population size from 130 000 to 200 000 by 2050. That is a 50% population increase over a 30-year period, this also entails doubling the amount of constructing on a yearly basis. With the municipality focusing on densification of its cities, with a particular focus on the city center since they want to build a dense and vibrant city where everything is within a 5 km distance radius. The case study is done with a qualitative method using semi structural interviews. The observations made from the interview are compared to previous scientific studies, documents and theories made by urban planners and culture geographers. They include Jane Jacobs, Richard Florida and previous work on the correlation between urbanization and spread of infection as well as studies on people’s preferences on where to live, either being in or outside the city perimeter.  To gather empirical information a selection of people in suitable positions were interviewed. The results from the interviews and document shows that the city center has not been affected by the Covid-19 virus on a macro level. There has however been a wide impact on the microgeographic level, where stores and restaurant have been highly affected by the restrictions imposed. People have also seen their daily lives affected which has changed their routines and behavior in consumption and movement. There has been little change in the planning process or vision for the city center expect that there has been a greater emphasis on cooperation between businesses and the municipality.

<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Idag handlar det inte ”om” en kris ska drabba ett företag utan ”när” den drabbar ett företag. Kriser i dagens samhälle sker på en mängd olika nivåer och kan uppstå ur en mängd olika situationer, ur inre och yttre hot samt vara av materiell eller immateriell art. Gemensamt för kriser är dock att om de inte hanteras på rätt sätt kan de få förödande konsekvenser. För att undvika att företag drabbas av stora negativa effekter i samband med en krissituation trycker teoretiker på vikten av att företag engagerar sig i ett förberedande arbete. Detta är dock något som företag tenderar att avstå ifrån då ett sådant förberedande krisarbete anses vara av lägre prioritet, onödigt, tidskrävande och kostsamt. Detta har fått oss att fundera kring huruvida fler företag skulle initiera ett förberedande krisarbete om ett sådant arbete kunde förenklas.</p><p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Att presentera en tentativ krisförberedelsemodell för företag i avsaknad av ett förberedande krisarbete.</p><p><strong>Resultat och slutsats: </strong>Den tentativa krisförberedelsemodellen inkluderar förberedelser för två av de tre förberedelsestegen; förebyggande och styrning av en kris. Förberedelser gällande det förbyggande arbetet bör innefatta; att identifiera vilka olika risker och hot som finns i såväl företagets interna som externa miljö samt att uppskatta vilka av dessa risker och hot som kan anses ge upphov till den mest allvarliga potentiella krissituationen. Förberedelser gällande styrning av kris bör innefatta att enbart utarbeta planer för den krissituation som identifierats som allvarligast för företaget. För att styrningen ska bli effektiv ska även såväl lokal som central rollfördelning ske. Ett kristeam med ett fåtal medlemmar samt en kommunikationsansvarig bör därmed utnämnas och tränas inför den allvarligaste potentiella krissituationen som identifierats.</p> / <p><strong>Background:</strong> Nowadays, it is not about ”if” a crisis will affect a business, but ”when” it will affect a business. Crises can originate from many kinds of levels and situations, and can be of internal and external threats as well as of tangible and intangible nature. A common feature of crises is that if not handled properly, they can have devastating consequences. To avoid negative consequences associated with a crisis situation it is of importance for businesses to be engaged in preparatory work. However, businesses tend to avoid this kind of preparatory work since it tends to be of lower priority, unnecessary, time consuming and costly. This has led us to reflect on whether more companies would initiate such a preparatory work if it could be simplified.</p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong> To present a tentative model of crisis preparation for business in absence of such a preparatory work.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusion:</strong> The tentative model of crisis preparation includes the preparation of two of the three preparatory steps; preventative measures and crisis containment. Preparing the existing preventative efforts should include identifying the various risks and threats that exist in both a business’s internal and external environment and to estimate which of these risks and threats poses the most serious potential of becoming a crisis situation. Preparation of the crisis containment should include plans for the crisis identified as the most serious one for the business. For the crisis containment to be effective, it is also necessary that roles are divided amongst members of the organization. A crisis team of a few members and a communications officer should therefore be appointed, and thus be trained for the most serious potential crisis situation identified.</p>

Bakgrund: Idag handlar det inte ”om” en kris ska drabba ett företag utan ”när” den drabbar ett företag. Kriser i dagens samhälle sker på en mängd olika nivåer och kan uppstå ur en mängd olika situationer, ur inre och yttre hot samt vara av materiell eller immateriell art. Gemensamt för kriser är dock att om de inte hanteras på rätt sätt kan de få förödande konsekvenser. För att undvika att företag drabbas av stora negativa effekter i samband med en krissituation trycker teoretiker på vikten av att företag engagerar sig i ett förberedande arbete. Detta är dock något som företag tenderar att avstå ifrån då ett sådant förberedande krisarbete anses vara av lägre prioritet, onödigt, tidskrävande och kostsamt. Detta har fått oss att fundera kring huruvida fler företag skulle initiera ett förberedande krisarbete om ett sådant arbete kunde förenklas. Syfte: Att presentera en tentativ krisförberedelsemodell för företag i avsaknad av ett förberedande krisarbete. Resultat och slutsats: Den tentativa krisförberedelsemodellen inkluderar förberedelser för två av de tre förberedelsestegen; förebyggande och styrning av en kris. Förberedelser gällande det förbyggande arbetet bör innefatta; att identifiera vilka olika risker och hot som finns i såväl företagets interna som externa miljö samt att uppskatta vilka av dessa risker och hot som kan anses ge upphov till den mest allvarliga potentiella krissituationen. Förberedelser gällande styrning av kris bör innefatta att enbart utarbeta planer för den krissituation som identifierats som allvarligast för företaget. För att styrningen ska bli effektiv ska även såväl lokal som central rollfördelning ske. Ett kristeam med ett fåtal medlemmar samt en kommunikationsansvarig bör därmed utnämnas och tränas inför den allvarligaste potentiella krissituationen som identifierats. / Background: Nowadays, it is not about ”if” a crisis will affect a business, but ”when” it will affect a business. Crises can originate from many kinds of levels and situations, and can be of internal and external threats as well as of tangible and intangible nature. A common feature of crises is that if not handled properly, they can have devastating consequences. To avoid negative consequences associated with a crisis situation it is of importance for businesses to be engaged in preparatory work. However, businesses tend to avoid this kind of preparatory work since it tends to be of lower priority, unnecessary, time consuming and costly. This has led us to reflect on whether more companies would initiate such a preparatory work if it could be simplified. Purpose: To present a tentative model of crisis preparation for business in absence of such a preparatory work. Results and conclusion: The tentative model of crisis preparation includes the preparation of two of the three preparatory steps; preventative measures and crisis containment. Preparing the existing preventative efforts should include identifying the various risks and threats that exist in both a business’s internal and external environment and to estimate which of these risks and threats poses the most serious potential of becoming a crisis situation. Preparation of the crisis containment should include plans for the crisis identified as the most serious one for the business. For the crisis containment to be effective, it is also necessary that roles are divided amongst members of the organization. A crisis team of a few members and a communications officer should therefore be appointed, and thus be trained for the most serious potential crisis situation identified.

As the title suggests, this diploma thesis is focused on the activities of self-governing bodies in the event of extensive forest fires. First, the theoretical part describes general information about forest fires that concerns, among other things, the most common causes and kinds of forest fires. Drawing on this part, there is information on various ways of extinguishing fires, especially by means of the aerial fire-fighting service. The chapter of The Present State is further focused on legislation and the tasks of self-governing bodies in the event of extensive forest fires because the competences and duties of mayors have to be clearly defined in such serious situations, which consequently enhances the clarity of the situation. This diploma thesis follows two objectives. The first one is the evaluation of the activities of self-governing bodies in the event of extensive forest fires, and in connection with this, pointing out possible flaws. For this, a hypothesis has been established claiming that it is necessary to increase the readiness quality of the self-governing bodies for the possible occurrence of extensive forest fires. The other objective is to prepare a methodical process draft for solving an extensive forest fire. The output of the thesis is a methodical draft or manual, which should support the preparation for and solution of such situations. This final thesis will provided as a study material for students. The methodical draft will be further offered to mayors of municipalities that are endangered by forest fires.

Critical infrastructure (CI) is one of the most important branches in crisis man-agement. In recent years, CI demonstrated its importance on many occasions. My work is focused on the analysis of risks which can be a possible threat to CI. This is because the most important part of securing CI is the prevention of, and prepara-tion for, interruptions or damage. The risks in this part were specified using a FRAP analysis. I also identify the main reciprocal dependencies of all CI sectors to demonstrate which sector is the most important one. Finally, I specify the process of recovering or restoring these CI sectors. A new method was intentionally used for analytical-synthetic models. This method, in conjunction with the use of a FRAP analysis, is new to the branch of crisis management and was used for first time. The main aim of my work is to improve knowledge about CI at a regional level {--} city of České Budějovice. I submit new ways of identifying risks and resolv-ing problems during the recovery phase {--} specialized in CI.

The purpose of this study was to analyze critical elements for crisis planning at seven private four-year residential colleges and universities in Northern California. The researcher reviewed each campus's written crisis plans and interviewed campus officials in charge of leading their respective institution's crisis planning efforts. The data revealed that the threat of natural disasters was a common impetus for formal crisis planning. Institutions borrowed information from other campuses and public and private organizations to develop institutional crisis plans. Outside agencies both contributed to and gained from collaboration with these institutions, although all institutions sought a degree of self-sufficiency for food and water supplies. Emergency Operations Centers were designed to focus staffing and resources in a single, in some cases moveable, location in the event of a crisis. Campuses in this study invested considerable resources in systems of communication with students, faculty, and staff, including sirens, digital displays, and Connect-ED, but individual subscription remained a barrier to the smooth functioning of Connect-ED. Multi-layered communication systems enhance a campus's ability to communicate with all stakeholders. Philosophies varied on specificity versus flexibility as the framework for crisis planning. Campuses used threat assessment teams as proactive intervention to identify students who pose a threat to themselves or others. The State of California Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS), which became a template for the Federal National Incident Management System (NIMS), has become the unifying factor for crisis planning among these institutions. SEMS/NIMS, while not a mandate, emerged as a driving force for planning, because compliance with SEMS/NIMS is a requirement for receiving federal disaster emergency reimbursement for property damage. Practicing the plan, through tabletop and functional simulation exercises, allowed campus officials and civic safety agencies to develop a shared vocabulary and procedures. Crisis planning is a means to help a campus prepare for and respond to an incident in an effective manner, thus reducing harm to people and property damage. Although crisis planning cannot completely prevent incidents from occurring, appropriate and advanced planning and preparation can allow campus leaders to contain both the duration of and the damage caused by major crises.

Population Protection againts Impacts from Major Chemical Accident in recent years is an important area to address. This thesis focuses on the current situation and preventive security measures in protecting the population against the effects of serious chemical accidents. Specifically, it focuses on the Czech Republic and toxic industrial chemicals, explosive and flammable. A detailed analysis of the current situation in the Czech Republic with risk areas relating to chemical industry and hazardous chemicals was worked out. An analysis of the current status of population protection from the effects of serious chemical accidents is prepared. On the basis of the analysis measures are suggested to improve the current situation in accordance with legislation. The work was carried out research on their own knowledge of the population in this in pre-selected location.