Cross-border acquisitions as effective strategic choicesare used widely to enhance competitive advantages inChinese enterprises in manufacturing industry. The decisionmaking is influenced by certain institutions under theuniqueness of Chinese socialism system. This study investigatesthe influence of institutions towards the decisionmaking of cross-border acquisitions. The study aims to build a conceptual model to identifythe major regulative institutions and how they are influencingthe decision making of cross-border acquisitionsin Chinese manufacturing industry. The study conducts a case study on Lenovo and Geelybased on secondary data to investigate the influence ofregulative institutions on cross-border acquisitions. The decision making of cross-border acquisitions inmanufacturing enterprises is influenced by regulative institutionsfrom international and national level which presentedin three ways. First, the supportive regulation institutionscreate a favorable environment for cross-borderacquisitions. Second, government promotes cross-borderacquisitions by using policy as guidance. Third, the imperfectof the legal system impede the organizationsprogress.

Cross-border acquisitions (CBAs), as organisational entities which are formed and controlled by foreign firms, are one of the most effective methods of expansion available to international firms. Cross-border acquisition is a highly complex and multi-faceted business model which presents several challenges for management. Over the past several years, CBA has become a more frequent target for research in business, and has received significant attention from academia and practitioners alike. The aim of this research is to investigate the factors that impact interorganizational trust and as an outcome, the performance of CBAs in Iraq and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). According Fadol and Sandhu, (2013), Abosag and Lee, (2012), there are few studies that focused on alliances in Middle Eastern countries and more studies on these areas are required. The empirical study is preceded by a review of the existing literature that led to the development of a conceptual framework for this research. The target population samples for this research were collected from four target firm’s employees in Iraq and the UAE, where those firms were identified as having acquired by firms from Western Europe and Asia. The research tool used to collect the necessary data was a survey questionnaire, and the data analysis was undertaken using SPSS and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The findings of this study identify that relationship history, inter-firm distance, and integration approach factors have a positive impact on the level of target firm members’ trust; while factors such as collaboration history, complementarity, and autonomy preservation were not found to have a positive and significantly related to the trust. Moreover, Country risk was found to have a negative and significant relationship with the trust. Religion was not found to be positive and significantly related to the trust. Furthermore, positive relationship between trust and performance and between commitment and performance were found. The results of this study offer a framework that identifies the key factors in the development of trust within CBAs and demonstrates that this trust and it’s antecedents have a significant impact on firm performance in Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq and UAE. The findings of this study offer us implications for meaningful managerial practice in selecting cross-border competitors as target firms.

Taiwan ¡¥s mergers and acquisitions activities are more and more frequent in recently. The transaction cases grow from 1999¡¦s seventh to 2005¡¦s fifty-one. Although in the past research, our nation scholars seldom pay attention to this topic. From 2002 to 2005 our nation important management Journal has only four articles. Therefore, Taiwan ¡¥s researchers have many research space to expand it. Prior research on M&A founded that in nation ¡¥s enterprises M&A success opportunity are more bigger than M&A in the across nation. For this reason, many scholars suggest the key success or fail factor is ¡§culture different¡¨. Beside this answer, I want to find the others factor by case study which is including BenQ Thunder Tiger and Yageo that will affect Taiwanese enterprises M&A European and American enterprises. Then Taiwanese enterprises which are horizontal M&A(M&A that take place within one industry, often between direct competitors)can reference the research result. The results indicate that: Merger and acquire between European and American famous enterprise often over reliable result in due diligence not exactly. Thinking difference and nation superiority are main reason which cause conflict between acquire and acquired firm. Taiwanese enterprises generally do not take ground for human due diligence, Taiwanese enterprises which lack of international people are not good for postmerger integration. Mergers and acquires strategy is the least choice to enter overseas market.

The purpose of this thesis has been to examine how cultural differences influence post-acquisition organizational change when there is an acquisition between two countries, in this case, the United Kingdom and Sweden. The study followed a qualitative research method. This is to get a deep insight into the company's actions of how they assimilate and adapt to the new country and culture. The theoretical basis implies mainly acquisitions, culture, integration and organizational change. Furthermore, in the empirical part introduces one case company from the United Kingdom whose acquiring a Swedish company; how they have adapted to each other, how the cultural differences have influenced each other and how integration has proceeded.   The analysis combines our theoretical framework with the collection of empirical data, which they put against each other in a discussion of how well the theory is consistent with empirical data. It also analyzes the context and differences between theory, empirical evidence and case companies' experiences from how the acquisition was formed. This is in order to find patterns showing how employees from lower to higher ranks within the company perceive the acquisition from a Swedish to a British company.   The analysis leads to the conclusion that when the British company takes over a Swedish organization, extreme amount of changes need to be done. The British company culture is reflected by the national culture where financial profits are more important than the personal relationships that Swedes highly value. It is possible to deal with cultural differences if one is aware of their existence, even between countries where the cultural distance is extremely significant.

I denna uppsats har aktiekursutveckling undersökts med utgångspunkt hur aktiekurserna påverkas vid kungörelse av företagsförvärv. En eventstudiemetod, med en marknadsmodell-estimering, har använts för att se hur anormal aktiekursutvecklingen har varit kring kungörelsen av förvärven. Aktiekursdatat är tagit från Stockholmsbörsen, där svenska köpande företags aktiekurser använts. Utöver den övergripande aktiekursutvecklingen undersöks om utvecklingen påverkas vid val av betalningsmetod, samt om det finns någon påverkan vid gränsöverskridande kontra inhemska förvärv. För de 100 förvärven som inkluderades i urvalet, påvisar resultaten att förvärven är mervärdeförstörande i snitt. Resultaten var även att förvärv där aktier används som betalningsmetod hade en mer positiv aktieutveckling än då kontanter användes. Gällande gränsöverskridande kontra inhemska förvärv, visade gränsöverskridande förvärv generellt en högre aktieavkastning. / This paper examines the stock development when an acquisition is announced between two listed companies. The paper will rely on the event study methodology and a market model for the estimation of the abnormal returns on the stock market as a result of the announcement of the acquisitions. Source of the data is the Stockholm Stock Exchange, the bidding companies in question are all Swedish. In addition to the overall performance of the stock market, the paper will cover if method of payment and if cross-border acquisitions influences the market reactions. For the 100 acquisitions which have been included in the population, the results show that the acquisitions are in fact value reducing. Furthermore, the results show when stock is used to finance the acquisitions, the announcement has a more positive impact on the stock development in contrast to when cash is used. Regarding cross-border versus domestic acquisitions, cross-border acquisitions have a more positive impact on stock development.

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are one of the fastest strategic options that companies choose to face the global competitive market. This is evident from the number and the amount of growth in the value of the deals, as well as the occurrence of the 'mega–mergers' in recent times. If companies do not adapt to the fast moving and evolving business environment, they will run the risk of becoming obsolete. The key principle behind buying a company is to create shareholder value, which will give the organisation a competitive advantage. The reasoning behind M&A is that one combined company may be more valuable than two separate companies. Despite the popularity of M&A, 60–80% of M&A fail to create value. There are several reasons why M&A fail, such as the insufficient analysis and examination during the planning and early stages of the transaction, overpayment and poor management in the integration phase. In the past 20 years, the volume of cross–border acquisitions has increased nearly three times faster than the volume of domestic acquisitions. Although cross–border M&A have become more popular, it comes with its own challenges and problems. The companies that enter into cross–border acquisitions need to face the issue of cultural differences, which is one of the common reasons of M&A failure. The participants of both companies need to integrate with the national and corporate cultures of the new company. In order for companies to be successful, the management needs to consider the impact and importance of these cultural differences. Organisations frequently struggle with cross–cultural issues and it has been argued that the cultural distance between the country of the acquirer and the acquired is an important determinant of the success of cross–border acquisitions. In the example of the German company Daimler Benz and the American company Chrysler Corporation the fact that these two companies have very different cultural backgrounds and that their structures differed significantly complicated the merger. The company's choice of languages, images, metaphors and rhetorical strategies had a huge impact on the acceptance of the merger by the employees. Hofstede investigated the social dimensions of culture in order to develop a comprehensive model of culture. The model was developed on data collected from the IBM study of work–related attitudes of 116,000 employees in over 50 countries and three regions. The first four dimensions of culture were derived from this study namely, Power Distance Index (PDI), Individualism (IDV), Masculinity (MAS), and Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI). Gray extended Hofstede's earlier cultural framework to an accounting perspective and suggested that accounting values are derived from cultural dimensions. Gray summarised his accounting values as: Professionalism versus statutory control, uniformity versus flexibility, conservatism versus optimism and secrecy versus transparency. The research question and objective of this study was to investigate the potential impact of cultural differences of cross–border acquisitions on companies from an accounting perspective. In order to answer the research question there were three objectives set. The first objective is to investigate the impact that cultural differences have on a company using Hofstede's cultural dimensions, the second objective is to investigate the impact that cultural differences have towards an accounting perspective using Gray's accounting values. The third and final objective of this research is to interpret the potential impact of a cross–border acquisition on a company taking the cultural differences into account. Considering the cultural differences, it was evident that there are differences between cultures, which may lead to cultural conflict and may hamper the success of cross–border mergers or acquisitions. The cultural differences that were observed, which was extended to an accounting perspective indicated that cultures do have an effect on the way accounting is done form one country to another. The conclusion can be made that companies do need to take the cultural differences into account before entering into cross–border mergers and acquisitions, and that proactive measures needs to be in place in order for the cross–border merger and acquisition to be a success. / Thesis (M.Com. (Management Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are one of the fastest strategic options that companies choose to face the global competitive market. This is evident from the number and the amount of growth in the value of the deals, as well as the occurrence of the 'mega–mergers' in recent times. If companies do not adapt to the fast moving and evolving business environment, they will run the risk of becoming obsolete. The key principle behind buying a company is to create shareholder value, which will give the organisation a competitive advantage. The reasoning behind M&A is that one combined company may be more valuable than two separate companies. Despite the popularity of M&A, 60–80% of M&A fail to create value. There are several reasons why M&A fail, such as the insufficient analysis and examination during the planning and early stages of the transaction, overpayment and poor management in the integration phase. In the past 20 years, the volume of cross–border acquisitions has increased nearly three times faster than the volume of domestic acquisitions. Although cross–border M&A have become more popular, it comes with its own challenges and problems. The companies that enter into cross–border acquisitions need to face the issue of cultural differences, which is one of the common reasons of M&A failure. The participants of both companies need to integrate with the national and corporate cultures of the new company. In order for companies to be successful, the management needs to consider the impact and importance of these cultural differences. Organisations frequently struggle with cross–cultural issues and it has been argued that the cultural distance between the country of the acquirer and the acquired is an important determinant of the success of cross–border acquisitions. In the example of the German company Daimler Benz and the American company Chrysler Corporation the fact that these two companies have very different cultural backgrounds and that their structures differed significantly complicated the merger. The company's choice of languages, images, metaphors and rhetorical strategies had a huge impact on the acceptance of the merger by the employees. Hofstede investigated the social dimensions of culture in order to develop a comprehensive model of culture. The model was developed on data collected from the IBM study of work–related attitudes of 116,000 employees in over 50 countries and three regions. The first four dimensions of culture were derived from this study namely, Power Distance Index (PDI), Individualism (IDV), Masculinity (MAS), and Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI). Gray extended Hofstede's earlier cultural framework to an accounting perspective and suggested that accounting values are derived from cultural dimensions. Gray summarised his accounting values as: Professionalism versus statutory control, uniformity versus flexibility, conservatism versus optimism and secrecy versus transparency. The research question and objective of this study was to investigate the potential impact of cultural differences of cross–border acquisitions on companies from an accounting perspective. In order to answer the research question there were three objectives set. The first objective is to investigate the impact that cultural differences have on a company using Hofstede's cultural dimensions, the second objective is to investigate the impact that cultural differences have towards an accounting perspective using Gray's accounting values. The third and final objective of this research is to interpret the potential impact of a cross–border acquisition on a company taking the cultural differences into account. Considering the cultural differences, it was evident that there are differences between cultures, which may lead to cultural conflict and may hamper the success of cross–border mergers or acquisitions. The cultural differences that were observed, which was extended to an accounting perspective indicated that cultures do have an effect on the way accounting is done form one country to another. The conclusion can be made that companies do need to take the cultural differences into account before entering into cross–border mergers and acquisitions, and that proactive measures needs to be in place in order for the cross–border merger and acquisition to be a success. / Thesis (M.Com. (Management Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Yes / The aim of the study is to investigate two relatively underexplored factors, namely, the R&D (research and development) capabilities of target firms and the strength of intellectual property (IP) institutions in target economies, that influences the choice of equity ownership in cross border acquisitions (CBAs) undertaken by multinational enterprises (MNEs) from BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) economies. We develop our key hypothesis on foreign market entry through CBAs by incorporating insights from transaction costs economics, the resource-based view and institutional theory to investigate the determinants of full versus partial equity ownership. Using logistic regression estimation methods to a sample of 111 CBA deals of BRICS MNEs in 22 European countries, we find that BRICS MNEs are likely to pursue full rather than partial acquisition mode when target firms have high R&D capabilities. However, the greater the degree of strength of IP institutions in target economies and higher the target firms’ R&D capabilities, the more likely it is for BRICS MNEs to undertake partial, rather than, full acquisition mode. We provide interesting theoretical insights and managerial implications that might underlie some of the key findings on CBAs by emerging market MNEs.

Submitted by Florian Otto (otto.florian@yahoo.de) on 2017-10-16T12:55:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20171016_Thesis_FlorianOtto.pdf: 1580347 bytes, checksum: 52be341ade29a8adbe8f3fdaa580bb1a (MD5) / Rejected by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br), reason: Dear Florian, It’s necessary to correct some things in your thesis. Page 4: The “Data de Aprovação” it’s 18/09/2017 Please, withdraw all the number of the pages before the introduction, but they need to be considered, example, if there are 9 pages before, the introduction will start with page 10. Please, put the numbers on the right side superior of the pages on 2017-10-16T13:17:25Z (GMT) / Submitted by Florian Otto (otto.florian@yahoo.de) on 2017-10-16T13:48:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20171016_Thesis_FlorianOtto.pdf: 1585174 bytes, checksum: 4ec5b97b4ff85efef101e2ce6a293b3f (MD5) / Rejected by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br), reason: Dear Florian, Please, withdraw the word “title” all the pages; The “Data da Aprovação” was 18/09/2017 on 2017-10-16T14:17:40Z (GMT) / Submitted by Florian Otto (otto.florian@yahoo.de) on 2017-10-16T14:40:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20171016_Thesis_FlorianOtto.pdf: 1584768 bytes, checksum: 7a4f7480dad4b067347eb9806339aac3 (MD5) / Rejected by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br), reason: Hi Florian, Please, correct the date to 18/09/2017 on 2017-10-17T12:14:00Z (GMT) / Submitted by Florian Otto (otto.florian@yahoo.de) on 2017-10-17T13:02:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20171017_Thesis_FlorianOtto.pdf: 1586948 bytes, checksum: 5b5a180f59d4bc647e93d82ae2a6fc32 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2017-10-17T13:07:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20171017_Thesis_FlorianOtto.pdf: 1586948 bytes, checksum: 5b5a180f59d4bc647e93d82ae2a6fc32 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-17T14:25:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 20171017_Thesis_FlorianOtto.pdf: 1586948 bytes, checksum: 5b5a180f59d4bc647e93d82ae2a6fc32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-18 / By using a multi-country set of acquirers from 14 different markets, this work aims to develop a global understanding of the impact of acquisition announcements on developed- and emerging-market acquirers. This paper uses an empirical event-study approach to investigate the effect of acquisition announcements on the share price of bidding firms. The sample contains 624 acquisition announcements with target firms located throughout the world between 1997 and 2015. The results contradict the conventional wisdom that developed-market acquirers generally experience losses. Both emerging-market and developed-market bidders gain significantly in the short term. Moreover, for developed-market acquirers, the announcement of cross-border acquisitions (CBAs) yields higher abnormal returns than the announcement of domestic acquisitions. On the other hand, emerging-market bidders gain from announcing domestic acquisitions, and lose substantially when publishing news about CBAs. In addition, the institutional environment is found to have an impact on acquirer returns. / Ao usar um conjunto de compradores de vários países de 14 mercados diferentes, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma compreensão global do impacto dos anúncios de aquisição em adquirentes de mercados desenvolvidos e emergentes. Este artigo utiliza uma abordagem empírica de estudo de eventos para investigar o efeito de anúncios de aquisição sobre o preço da ação das empresas de licitação. A amostra contém 624 anúncios de aquisição com empresas alvo localizadas em todo o mundo entre 1997 e 2015. Os resultados contradizem a sabedoria convencional de que os adquirentes do mercado desenvolvido geralmente experimentam perdas. Os concorrentes dos mercados emergentes e do mercado desenvolvido ganham significativamente no curto prazo. Além disso, para os adquirentes do mercado desenvolvido, o anúncio de aquisições transfronteiriças (CBAs) produz maiores retornos anormais do que o anúncio de aquisições domésticas. Por outro lado, os concorrentes dos mercados emergentes ganham com o anúncio de aquisições domésticas e perdem substancialmente ao publicar notícias sobre CBAs. Além disso, o ambiente institucional tem impacto nos retornos dos adquirentes.

The internationalization research domain has predominantly focused on country level antecedents of firm level decisions, with particular emphasis on why certain countries are selected over others for foreign direct investment (FDI). This approach may oversimplify what actually occurs from both practical and research perspectives. Recently, MNE strategic orientation and conduct, as an outflow of a region-based localization perspective (i.e.,semiglobalization), has gained increased scholarly attention. The tradition of considering country level institutional environments may be more robustly informed by extending a paradigm which considers region-based institutions, in addition to country. Thus, in this study I examine institutional effects, as underpinned by institutional theory, on one segment of FDI decision making, cross-border acquisitions behavior, in an understudied context, Latin American MNEs (i.e., Multilatinas). Linear and mixed regression are used to test hypotheses, by examining a sample of all Multilatina CBAs exacted over a five year period (2007-2011)in targeting host country firms within eight geographic regions. Multilevel study results provide overarching support for hypotheses, that a Multilatina's internationalization into a country and region through cross-border acquisition equity participation is influenced by both country and region institutional environments. Contributions are made to the semiglobalization, cross-border acquisitions, institutions, and Multilatina literature streams through development of a more robust, multilevel perspective which more accurately captures how MNEs consider institutional environments in their international strategy and conduct.