Thesis (Ph.D.)--Duquesne University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p. 346-364) and index.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wyoming, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Nov. 11, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 114-130).

The present study investigated what helped and what hindered multicultural supervision. The participants consisted of 19 females, and 6 males, including Asian-Canadians, Indo- Canadians, First Nations, Latin-Canadian and Afro-Canadian. They were individually interviewed, following an expanded version of Flanagan's (1954) Critical Incident Technique. There were 340 relevant meaning units related to positive incidents and 386 meaning units related to negative incidents. Forty-two meaning units were associated with coping efforts, and 87 meaning units were on recommendations. Categories extracted from these meaning units were grouped as follows: (a) 20 positive categories, (b) 15 negative categories, (c) 15 coping categories, and (d) 33 recommendations. The reliability of classifying meaning units according to these categories was satisfactory, based on inter-judge agreement (80% and higher). The validity of content analysis was established by (a) confirmation by participants, (b) crossvalidation by other participants, (c) cross-validation by an independent judge, and (d) cross-validation by other researchers. The most frequently cited positive categories were subsumed under five key areas: (a) personal attributes of the supervisor, (b) supervision competencies, (c) mentoring, (d) relationship, and (e) multicultural supervision competencies. The most frequently reported negative categories were associated with the following five areas: (a) personal difficulties as a visible minority, (b) negative personal attributes of the supervisor, (c) lack of a safe and trusting relationship, (d) lack of multicultural supervision competencies, and (e) lack of supervision competencies. The coping efforts employed were grouped into four areas: (a) help seeking, (b) existential coping, (c) active coping, and (d) emotional coping. Finally, recommendations were also grouped into four broad areas: (a) needs to improve the quality of supervision, (b) needs to improve multicultural supervision competencies, (c) needs for educational institutions to make changes, and (d) needs for minority students to make changes. The study provided a comprehensive picture of what works and what does not work in multicultural supervision. The results support a mentoring model, which posits that supervision is effective to the extent that the supervisor takes on the role of a mentor. The practical implications of the study include the need for cross-cultural supervision competencies and mentoring graduate students. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Due to demographic shifts and efforts to recruit culturally diverse professionals, it is plausible that more Caucasians will encounter ethnic minority counselors in the future. Yet, the majority of multicultural literature has only emphasized Caucasian counselors' multicultural counseling competence. Research has rarely discussed how ethic minority counselors influence the perceptions of Caucasian clients. The research purpose was to explore how acculturation and gender of Asian and Caucasian counselors influence Caucasians' perceptions of the counselors and counseling services. With an analog research design, 562 Caucasian college students read 1 of 8 randomly assigned counselor descriptions, which were varied by counselor characteristics, and reported their perceptions on dependent measures: Counselor Rating Form - Short Version (CRF-S), Working Alliance Inventory - Short (WAI-S) and 4 Willingness items. With the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help - Shortened Form as a covariate, 15 hypotheses were expected that Caucasians would prefer high-acculturated, same sex, and same ethnic counselors tested by simple contrast, while an exploratory question, investigating main and interaction effects among independent variables (counselor ethnicity, acculturation and gender, and participant gender) on dependent measures, was examined by MANCOVA and ANCOVA. Although only 2 of 15 hypotheses showed significance, the exploratory investigation revealed: Caucasian participants had a preference of high-acculturated counselors on CRF-S attractiveness, WAI-S and willingness to seek help. However, present data did not replicate the impression of similar ethnic matching in counseling dyads. On CRF-S expertness, Caucasian participants reported that Asian male counselors were perceived as more expert than Caucasian male counselors. For gender differences, the current finding showed that female participants were more willing to seek help for academic/career concerns, whereas male participants were more willing to discuss their somatic concerns. For the research implications, with appropriate trainings in multicultural counseling competence, both Caucasian and non-Caucasian counselors could become effective therapists. Counseling agencies may need to keep counselors' background information minimum so it would not impede counseling relationships. With the limitation of analog study, the generalization of the current findings to actual clinical settings needs to be cautious. The qualitative research approach could expand our understandings concerning the current research direction in depth.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MA (Social Work))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Differences between the therapist and the client such as differing genders, social classes, races, cultures and languages, inevitably influence the therapeutic situation. This research assignment reviews the literature available concerning multicultural counselling. the variables which therapists contend with in a multicultural therapeutic situation and the state of multicultural therapy in South Africa. The main body of this assignment focuses on the training experiences. as well as the countertransfcrential experiences. of therapists from a minority group with specific attention given to South African Chinese therapists. Also included are helpful ways of addressing the potential difficulties that arise in a therapeutic relationship where the culture or race of the therapist and client differ. In closing, this assignment asks what gaps exist in the literature with regard to South African Chinese therapists and what further research would be required to fill these gaps. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskille tussen die terapeut en die kliënt. soos verskillende geslagte. sosiale klasse. rasse. kulture en tale. beïnvloed die terapeutiese situasie onvermydelik. Hierdie navorsingsopdrag hersien die literatuur wat beskikbaar is ten opsigte van multikulturele voorligting. die veranderlikes waarmee terapeute te doen kry in 'n multikulturele terapeutiese situasie en die toestand van multikulturele terapie in Suid- Afrika. Die vernaamste deel van hierdie opdrag fokus op die opleidingservarings. asook die teenoordragervarings. van terapeute wat van 'n minderheidsgroep afkomstig is, met spesiale aandag aan Suid-Afrikaanse Chinese terapeute geskenk. Ook ingesluit is nuttige maniere om die potensiele struikelblokke wat in 'n terapeutiese verhouding ontstaan. waar die kultuur of ras van die terapeut en kliënt verskil. aan te spreek. Om afte sluit. hierdie opdrag bevraagteken die leemtes wat voorkom in cl ie Iiteratuur met betrekk ing tot Su id-A Crikaanse Ch inesc terapeute en watter verdere navorsi ng sal benodig word om hierdie leemtes te vul.

In this thesis a phenomenological-hermeneutic method of inquiry, coupled with an embracement of ecological and transpersonal principles, was employed to delve into the paradoxical nature of the transformational quest to awaken to non-dual living. In particular there is a specific focus on the difficulty of embracing and living out a traditionally Eastern spiritual tradition for Western individuals. Analysis of interview transcripts with three participants, as well as, the author’s own journals, found four major “stages” in the journey to daily living in a non-dual state, with 13 sub-themes. These interpretive themes delineate the chronological path followed by the three co-researchers on their journeys into embracing non-dual living. The first major theme – heeding the call: honouring what is – outlines childhood experiences and answering a call to walk the path. The second theme– the unfolding process: pulling back the veil – illuminates the depth at which consciousness development can impact one’s lived experience. The third major theme – the wonderful land of oz: pointing to the answer within – explores the individuals’ experience with various teachers on the path of consciousness development. The fourth, and final, major theme – finding a lotus in the muddy waters of life – reveals the need for beings on the path to return to the particular moment to face unresolved attachments and demons. These findings suggest the significance of an integrative approach to therapeutic/counselling experience, an approach that includes Eastern practices and philosophies in the repertoire of counselling tools, to ensure the deepest possible understanding between, and connection within, the partners in the therapeutic alliance. / viii, 249 leaves ; 29 cm.

Counseling Psychology has emphasized the importance of using multicultural and social justice frameworks in psychotherapy to avoid reenacting in session the privilege and oppression dynamics that exist in larger society. People of Color have historically underutilized psychotherapy services and have higher attrition rates when they do attend therapy, even though they have been more likely to face more sources of psychological distress (Kearney, Draper, & Baron, 2005; Sue & Sue, 2008). Additionally, White therapists have been over-represented in professional and training settings (Fouad & Arredondo, 2007; Hays & Chang, 2003). Add to that the fact that therapists have been trained in and practice psychotherapy theories developed primarily by White men and you have a system of counseling that works for some and not all. Thus, White therapists could be at risk for harming their clients of Color, and possibly their White clients as well, because of the utilization of these Euro-centrically biased ways of conceptualizing and treating clients (Mindrup, Spray, & Lamberghini-West, 2011). In this study, I examined the impact of therapist-reported White privilege attitudes on client-reported counseling outcomes and the therapeutic relationship. Participating therapists (N = 36) were recruited from a community mental health agency in the southeast and administered measures of White privilege attitudes, multicultural knowledge and awareness, and motivation to control prejudiced reactions. Outcome and therapeutic relationship data from clients of participating therapists, seen between fall 2012 and fall 2013 semesters, were provided by the agency. Therapist self-reported White privilege attitudes were not directly predictive of therapy outcomes and the therapeutic alliance. Therapists’ willingness to confront White privilege, White privilege remorse, and apprehension about addressing White privilege moderated the effects first session outcome scores and client gender had on number of sessions attended by clients. Client race/ethnicity was not directly predictive of therapy outcome scores or therapeutic alliance scores. However, client race/ethnicity varied significantly across therapists, suggesting that therapists were differentially effective. Results of this study indicate that therapist White privilege awareness has an effect on outcomes and the therapeutic alliance, although the relationship is complicated. Study limitations, strengths, and implication for future research are discussed.

This study examined how Japanese American elders conceptualize depression. Japanese American elders age 65 years and older (N = 120) were recruited from a senior center in Los Angeles, CA. Participants read a brief vignette that described an individual who met the criteria for major depression and then filled out a series of questionnaires. Counter to prior theories, these Japanese American elders emphasized that the interpersonal criteria contributed to the individual's problem to a lesser degree than the somatic, emotional, and cognitive criteria. These elders expressed Explanatory Models of depression that were similar to Western Conceptualizations of depression. The results also indicated that having an important role within one's family and higher activity levels tended to be related to lower Geriatric Depression Scale scores. Finally, acculturation, generational status, sex, educational level, and income were not related to problem conceptualization. Clinical implications and directions for future research were discussed. / Department of Psychological Science