A presente tese pretende compreender de que modo ocorreu o processo de autoidentificação das Geografias Culturais no âmbito político científico da Geografia acadêmica brasileira, relacionando um campo científico (BOURDIEU, 2004) a uma espacialidade empiríca. A operacionalização envolve a exploração de fontes secundárias, como Relatórios CAPES, de Projetos de Pesquisas, vinculados aos Programas de Pós- Graduação da Geografia Brasileira e leituras de teses de doutorado do Banco de Teses da CAPES (1987-2012). Os discursos, as ações e as representações dos agentes que integram, tensionam e também subvertem o campo são apreendidos em entrevistas qualitativas e entrevistas intermediadas por meio digital, realizadas com geógrafos e geógrafas de três grupos/redes de pesquisas escolhidos, sendo eles: o NEPEC, o NEER e o Grupo de Geografia Humanista e Cultural. Embora tenhamos menor acesso discursivo e oral por entrevista ao grupo NEPEC, tracejamos compreensões sobre o mesmo em leituras sistemáticas do Periódico Espaço e Cultura (UERJ, 1995-2011), o qual é capitaneado pelo Grupo. Essas ações metodológicas guardam estrita relação com as nominações culturais autoelencadas da literatura geográfica. Na construção do campo como um axioma, são relevantes os aspectos da posicionalidade e reflexibilidade do pesquisador, concomitante a reflexão balizada por uma narrativa arqueológica e com deslocamentos paraláticos, evitando-se as construções cronológicas e taxionômicas. Dentre a autocompreensão tracejada, destacam-se os autos posicionamentos de difusão de uma perspectiva importada e, por vezes, enredada numa ―territorialidade brasileira‖, conforme as discussões temáticas. De outro, o amalgamento de dispersos geógrafos (no espaço ôntico e institucional) com tendências temáticas, teóricas mais propensas para as abordagens não racionalistas anunciadas por Gomes (1996), indicando uma mudança epistêmica e de mundo (Modernidade). Nesse ínterim, um debate humanista cultural é angariado sob os auspícios das fenomenologias. Na reconfiguração de uma tradição crítica, sobressaem-se as questões de identidades e de espaço geográfico engendradas em uma luta pelo espaço e apoderamento das condições de existência, em oposição a um discurso privilegiado entre identidade e imagem de espaço em que a representação (científica) maximiza o efeito semiótico da venda do espetáculo. Dentre outros domínios, salientam-se os tensionamentos entre uma ideia/representação, real/materialidade, pesquisador/pesquisados, etc., em que os conceitos enunciados buscam configurar mediações, como partes das possibilidades, das transformações sociais e científicas desejadas. A racionalidade é pluralizada, resultando em linguagens compreensivas em oposição às preditivas, com propensão para uma ―epistemologia‖ em que as estruturas de poder trabalham na produção e valorização da diferença. / This thesis aims to understand how occurred the process of self-identification of Cultural Geographies in the political scientific context of the Brazilian academic Geography, relating a scientific field (Bourdieu, 2004) and to an empirical spatiality. The operalisation involves the exploitation of secondary sources such as CAPES Reports, Research Projects linked to the Post-Graduate Programs of the Brazilian Geography and readings doctoral theses of CAPES Bank thesis (1987-2012). The speeches, actions and representations of agents who form, confront and also subvert the field, are seized on qualitative interviews and mediated by digital media interviews with geographers of three groups/networks of research that were chosen, namely: the NEPEC, the NEER and the Group of Cultural and Humanistic Geography. Although we had less discursive and oral interview to access from NEPEC group, we showed understandings about the it in systematic readings of Space and Culture Journal (UERJ, 1995-2011), which is headed by the Group. These methodological actions keep close relationship with the nominations of cultural listed in geographical literature. In the construction field as an axiom, the aspects of positionality and reflexivity of the researcher are relevant, concomitant to the reflection imposed by an archaeological narrative and related to parallax displacements, avoiding the chronological and taxonomic constructions. Among the self-comprehension, we highlight the self-placements of diffusion of an imported perspective and, sometimes, entangled in a "Brazilian territoriality" along to the thematic discussions. In another perspective, the amalgamation of dispersed geographers (the ontic and institutional space) with thematic and theoretical trends, more likely for non-rationalist approaches announced by Gomes (1996), indicating an epistemic and world change (Modernity). Meanwhile, a humanist cultural debate is raised under the auspices of the phenomenologies. In the reconfiguration of a critical tradition, stand out the issues of identity and geographical space, engendered in a fight for space and empowerment of conditions of existence, in opposition to a privileged discourse between identity and image space in which the representation (scientific) maximizes the semiotic effect of the sale of the show. Among other areas, it is highlighted were the tensions between an idea/representation, real/materiality, researcher/researched, etc., in which the enunciated concepts seek to configure the mediations, as parts of the possibilities, of the desired social and scientific transformations. The rationality is pluralized, resulting in comprehensive languages in oppositon to predictives, with a propensity for an "epistemology" in which the power structures work in the production and appreciation of the difference.

A presente tese pretende compreender de que modo ocorreu o processo de autoidentificação das Geografias Culturais no âmbito político científico da Geografia acadêmica brasileira, relacionando um campo científico (BOURDIEU, 2004) a uma espacialidade empiríca. A operacionalização envolve a exploração de fontes secundárias, como Relatórios CAPES, de Projetos de Pesquisas, vinculados aos Programas de Pós- Graduação da Geografia Brasileira e leituras de teses de doutorado do Banco de Teses da CAPES (1987-2012). Os discursos, as ações e as representações dos agentes que integram, tensionam e também subvertem o campo são apreendidos em entrevistas qualitativas e entrevistas intermediadas por meio digital, realizadas com geógrafos e geógrafas de três grupos/redes de pesquisas escolhidos, sendo eles: o NEPEC, o NEER e o Grupo de Geografia Humanista e Cultural. Embora tenhamos menor acesso discursivo e oral por entrevista ao grupo NEPEC, tracejamos compreensões sobre o mesmo em leituras sistemáticas do Periódico Espaço e Cultura (UERJ, 1995-2011), o qual é capitaneado pelo Grupo. Essas ações metodológicas guardam estrita relação com as nominações culturais autoelencadas da literatura geográfica. Na construção do campo como um axioma, são relevantes os aspectos da posicionalidade e reflexibilidade do pesquisador, concomitante a reflexão balizada por uma narrativa arqueológica e com deslocamentos paraláticos, evitando-se as construções cronológicas e taxionômicas. Dentre a autocompreensão tracejada, destacam-se os autos posicionamentos de difusão de uma perspectiva importada e, por vezes, enredada numa ―territorialidade brasileira‖, conforme as discussões temáticas. De outro, o amalgamento de dispersos geógrafos (no espaço ôntico e institucional) com tendências temáticas, teóricas mais propensas para as abordagens não racionalistas anunciadas por Gomes (1996), indicando uma mudança epistêmica e de mundo (Modernidade). Nesse ínterim, um debate humanista cultural é angariado sob os auspícios das fenomenologias. Na reconfiguração de uma tradição crítica, sobressaem-se as questões de identidades e de espaço geográfico engendradas em uma luta pelo espaço e apoderamento das condições de existência, em oposição a um discurso privilegiado entre identidade e imagem de espaço em que a representação (científica) maximiza o efeito semiótico da venda do espetáculo. Dentre outros domínios, salientam-se os tensionamentos entre uma ideia/representação, real/materialidade, pesquisador/pesquisados, etc., em que os conceitos enunciados buscam configurar mediações, como partes das possibilidades, das transformações sociais e científicas desejadas. A racionalidade é pluralizada, resultando em linguagens compreensivas em oposição às preditivas, com propensão para uma ―epistemologia‖ em que as estruturas de poder trabalham na produção e valorização da diferença. / This thesis aims to understand how occurred the process of self-identification of Cultural Geographies in the political scientific context of the Brazilian academic Geography, relating a scientific field (Bourdieu, 2004) and to an empirical spatiality. The operalisation involves the exploitation of secondary sources such as CAPES Reports, Research Projects linked to the Post-Graduate Programs of the Brazilian Geography and readings doctoral theses of CAPES Bank thesis (1987-2012). The speeches, actions and representations of agents who form, confront and also subvert the field, are seized on qualitative interviews and mediated by digital media interviews with geographers of three groups/networks of research that were chosen, namely: the NEPEC, the NEER and the Group of Cultural and Humanistic Geography. Although we had less discursive and oral interview to access from NEPEC group, we showed understandings about the it in systematic readings of Space and Culture Journal (UERJ, 1995-2011), which is headed by the Group. These methodological actions keep close relationship with the nominations of cultural listed in geographical literature. In the construction field as an axiom, the aspects of positionality and reflexivity of the researcher are relevant, concomitant to the reflection imposed by an archaeological narrative and related to parallax displacements, avoiding the chronological and taxonomic constructions. Among the self-comprehension, we highlight the self-placements of diffusion of an imported perspective and, sometimes, entangled in a "Brazilian territoriality" along to the thematic discussions. In another perspective, the amalgamation of dispersed geographers (the ontic and institutional space) with thematic and theoretical trends, more likely for non-rationalist approaches announced by Gomes (1996), indicating an epistemic and world change (Modernity). Meanwhile, a humanist cultural debate is raised under the auspices of the phenomenologies. In the reconfiguration of a critical tradition, stand out the issues of identity and geographical space, engendered in a fight for space and empowerment of conditions of existence, in opposition to a privileged discourse between identity and image space in which the representation (scientific) maximizes the semiotic effect of the sale of the show. Among other areas, it is highlighted were the tensions between an idea/representation, real/materiality, researcher/researched, etc., in which the enunciated concepts seek to configure the mediations, as parts of the possibilities, of the desired social and scientific transformations. The rationality is pluralized, resulting in comprehensive languages in oppositon to predictives, with a propensity for an "epistemology" in which the power structures work in the production and appreciation of the difference.

A presente tese pretende compreender de que modo ocorreu o processo de autoidentificação das Geografias Culturais no âmbito político científico da Geografia acadêmica brasileira, relacionando um campo científico (BOURDIEU, 2004) a uma espacialidade empiríca. A operacionalização envolve a exploração de fontes secundárias, como Relatórios CAPES, de Projetos de Pesquisas, vinculados aos Programas de Pós- Graduação da Geografia Brasileira e leituras de teses de doutorado do Banco de Teses da CAPES (1987-2012). Os discursos, as ações e as representações dos agentes que integram, tensionam e também subvertem o campo são apreendidos em entrevistas qualitativas e entrevistas intermediadas por meio digital, realizadas com geógrafos e geógrafas de três grupos/redes de pesquisas escolhidos, sendo eles: o NEPEC, o NEER e o Grupo de Geografia Humanista e Cultural. Embora tenhamos menor acesso discursivo e oral por entrevista ao grupo NEPEC, tracejamos compreensões sobre o mesmo em leituras sistemáticas do Periódico Espaço e Cultura (UERJ, 1995-2011), o qual é capitaneado pelo Grupo. Essas ações metodológicas guardam estrita relação com as nominações culturais autoelencadas da literatura geográfica. Na construção do campo como um axioma, são relevantes os aspectos da posicionalidade e reflexibilidade do pesquisador, concomitante a reflexão balizada por uma narrativa arqueológica e com deslocamentos paraláticos, evitando-se as construções cronológicas e taxionômicas. Dentre a autocompreensão tracejada, destacam-se os autos posicionamentos de difusão de uma perspectiva importada e, por vezes, enredada numa ―territorialidade brasileira‖, conforme as discussões temáticas. De outro, o amalgamento de dispersos geógrafos (no espaço ôntico e institucional) com tendências temáticas, teóricas mais propensas para as abordagens não racionalistas anunciadas por Gomes (1996), indicando uma mudança epistêmica e de mundo (Modernidade). Nesse ínterim, um debate humanista cultural é angariado sob os auspícios das fenomenologias. Na reconfiguração de uma tradição crítica, sobressaem-se as questões de identidades e de espaço geográfico engendradas em uma luta pelo espaço e apoderamento das condições de existência, em oposição a um discurso privilegiado entre identidade e imagem de espaço em que a representação (científica) maximiza o efeito semiótico da venda do espetáculo. Dentre outros domínios, salientam-se os tensionamentos entre uma ideia/representação, real/materialidade, pesquisador/pesquisados, etc., em que os conceitos enunciados buscam configurar mediações, como partes das possibilidades, das transformações sociais e científicas desejadas. A racionalidade é pluralizada, resultando em linguagens compreensivas em oposição às preditivas, com propensão para uma ―epistemologia‖ em que as estruturas de poder trabalham na produção e valorização da diferença. / This thesis aims to understand how occurred the process of self-identification of Cultural Geographies in the political scientific context of the Brazilian academic Geography, relating a scientific field (Bourdieu, 2004) and to an empirical spatiality. The operalisation involves the exploitation of secondary sources such as CAPES Reports, Research Projects linked to the Post-Graduate Programs of the Brazilian Geography and readings doctoral theses of CAPES Bank thesis (1987-2012). The speeches, actions and representations of agents who form, confront and also subvert the field, are seized on qualitative interviews and mediated by digital media interviews with geographers of three groups/networks of research that were chosen, namely: the NEPEC, the NEER and the Group of Cultural and Humanistic Geography. Although we had less discursive and oral interview to access from NEPEC group, we showed understandings about the it in systematic readings of Space and Culture Journal (UERJ, 1995-2011), which is headed by the Group. These methodological actions keep close relationship with the nominations of cultural listed in geographical literature. In the construction field as an axiom, the aspects of positionality and reflexivity of the researcher are relevant, concomitant to the reflection imposed by an archaeological narrative and related to parallax displacements, avoiding the chronological and taxonomic constructions. Among the self-comprehension, we highlight the self-placements of diffusion of an imported perspective and, sometimes, entangled in a "Brazilian territoriality" along to the thematic discussions. In another perspective, the amalgamation of dispersed geographers (the ontic and institutional space) with thematic and theoretical trends, more likely for non-rationalist approaches announced by Gomes (1996), indicating an epistemic and world change (Modernity). Meanwhile, a humanist cultural debate is raised under the auspices of the phenomenologies. In the reconfiguration of a critical tradition, stand out the issues of identity and geographical space, engendered in a fight for space and empowerment of conditions of existence, in opposition to a privileged discourse between identity and image space in which the representation (scientific) maximizes the semiotic effect of the sale of the show. Among other areas, it is highlighted were the tensions between an idea/representation, real/materiality, researcher/researched, etc., in which the enunciated concepts seek to configure the mediations, as parts of the possibilities, of the desired social and scientific transformations. The rationality is pluralized, resulting in comprehensive languages in oppositon to predictives, with a propensity for an "epistemology" in which the power structures work in the production and appreciation of the difference.

Dans le champ de la didactique des langues-cultures étrangères et secondes, l'approche interculturelle semble connaître aujourd'hui une forme de crise, qui repose sur la déconstruction du concept de culture, et qui révèle un profond hiatus entre théories didactiques et pratiques de classe. L'interculturel cherche à se donner de nouveaux objets, fédérés par le concept de diversité. Cette diversité se conçoit moins comme une pluralité d'éléments que comme un complexus dynamique de relations entre sociétés : de l'« interculturation », en somme, plus que l'interculturalité. Cette étude tente de voir si le renouvellement de paradigme recherché peut permettre de repenser l'enseignement culturel en classe de langue. Celui-ci se réalise essentiellement par les manuels scolaires, c'est pourquoi nous avons choisi d'étudier leur discours afin de voir s'ils représentent des formes d'interculturation entre les sociétés, avec quels types de relations intersociétales. La Grèce, le Liban et le Maroc étant des pays marqués par diverses formes de diversité culturelle, l'étude des manuels de ces pays nous permet d'envisager les possibilités et les difficultés d'une didactisation de savoirs « diversitaires » dans les manuels, et de mettre en évidence le rôle complexe des institutions scolaires, entre diversité et unité de la nation. / In the field of second language and culture didactics, cross-cultural approaches seem to be going through a phase of crisis as a consequence of the deconstruction of the concept of culture itself : such a crisis reveals a fundamental discrepancy between didactic theories and classroom practices. Cross-cultural approaches presently need the identification of new objects of investigation, linked by the concept of diversity. Diversity is not quite conceived as a plurality of elements, but rather as a dynamic and complex cluster of relationships between societies : in other words, a process of « interculturation » rather than « interculturality ». The aim of this research is to investigate whether this new paradigm can help rethink the cultural dimension of language teaching in a classroom context ; given that this form of teaching is essentially carried out by means of textbooks, this study focuses on their discourse, in the attempt to determine in which measure they present forms of « interculturation » between societies, as well as which kinds of inter-societal relations they display. Since the Greek, Lebanese and Moroccan contexts are characterised by different forms of sociocultural diversity, the study of textbooks from these three countries can help assess the opportunities and challenges of teaching « diversity » through textbooks, and highlight the complex role of institutional discourses in educational contexts, caught between diversity and unity within one nation.

This thesis explores the Indigenous pedagogy modeled in the university course Thunderbird/Whale Protection and Welcoming Pole: Learning and Teaching in an Indigenous World. This case study uses primary data from in depth, retrospective interviews with Indigenous and non-Indigenous participants, as well as document data, to explore the pedagogy and impacts of this course. The research links Indigenous epistemological perspectives with the cultural practices of learning and teaching used. The development of a learning community was part of how Indigenous pedagogy was established through shared goals and principles, respectful relationships and community responsibility. Experiential learning took an Indigenous focus through observation and active engagement in carving and group projects, and through reflective practices and ceremony. The perceived impacts and influences of this course included building cross cultural bridges through the breaking down of cultural barriers, and the development of personal and professional awareness. The course also illuminated the cultural implications of education and demonstrated to Indigenous communities that the university was opening its doors to Indigenous pedagogical practices and culture.

Deux réacteurs, R1 et R2, ont été alimentés quotidiennement avec les effluents à traiter à des TRH de 13 jours et de 20 jours, respectivement. Les résultats obtenus ont montré un taux d'abattement de la dégradation de la matière organique de 53% pour R2, contre 35% pour R1. Afin de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement biologique de ces réacteurs, nous avons exploré les communautés microbiennes d'importance écologique impliquées dans la dégradation de la matière organique contenue dans ces effluents. Cela a été réalisé dans un premier temps par des approches moléculaires en utilisant la technique de DGGE et le pyroséquençage 454. Nous avons alors montré que les représentants du domaine des Bacteria étaient les plus représentés dans les deux réacteurs par rapport aux Archaea avec une plus grande diversité au niveau du réacteur R2. Les séquences de Bacteria obtenues sont affiliées principalement aux phylums des Firmicutes, des Bacteroïdetes, et des Synergistetes, impliquées dans l'hydrolyse et la fermentation de la matière organique des effluents. Une mention particulière est à accorder aux membres du phylum des Synergistetes qui ont été également détectés par pyroséquençage 454. Dans les deux réacteurs, ce phylum majoritaire était représenté par deux familles, celle des "Dethiosulfovibrionaceae" et celle des "Aminiphilaceae" dont on sait qu'elles interviennant dans la dégradation des acides aminés. Enfin, l'approche culturale nous a permis d'isoler dans nos réacteurs plusieurs souches bactériennes anaérobies mésophiles hétérotrophes. Parmi celles-ci, nous avons pu décrire deux nouvelles espèces Desulfocurvus thunnarius et A thunnarium. / For this purpose, two ASBR reactors R1 and R2 were tested. They were fed daily with the industrial effluents at HRT of 13 days and 20 days, respectively. The results obtained during the anaerobic treatment showed a degradation rate of the organic matter of 53% for R2 against 35% for R1. In order to better understand this process, we explored the microbial communities of ecological importance involved in the degradation of organic matter in the effluent to be treated. This was accomplished by initiating molecular approaches. Using the DGGE technique and 454 pyrosequencing, we showed that representatives of the domain Bacteria were the most dominant in both reactors as compared to Archaea with a greater diversity observed in R2 reactor. Bacteria sequences were affiliated to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Synergistetes, known to be involved in the hydrolysis and fermentation of organic matter. A particular mention is given to members of the phylum Synergistetes which were also detected by pyrosequencing 454. In both reactors, this phylum was represented by two families, the "Dethiosulfovibrionaceae" and that of "Aminiphilaceae" which are recognized as significant amino acids degraders. Finally, the cultivation approach allowed us to isolate several mesophilic heterotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Among them, a new sulfate-reducing species belonging to the family Desulfovibrionaceae, Desulfocurvus thunnarius, and A thunnarium.