Sustainable Development is one of the most important arguments now a day. How we can make our world more sustainable in nature is the most significant phenomena for all of us. It is very difficult to transform the old, traditional and historically significant places to a more sustainable and modern in nature without hampering their values and historic resources. Cultural significances of old historic places represent the sense of connectivity and provide a continuation of past experience to the present and future generations (ICOMOS, 1999). These are the old urban characters which shapes the modern urban culture and identity over the time. They should treat as the most important belongings of history to go forward towards more advanced future. Future is always shaped by the past. Hence if we forget our history; it would be very difficult to get proper guidelines for future development. It is necessary for us to preserve our deteriorating heritage resources to develop our own future. However, globalization, rapid and uncontrolled urbanization and technological advancement make these attempt challenging. Urban heritage conservation in a very integrated way would be one of the solutions for conserving old values and ideas with their own traditional nature. Conservation with sustainable manner should be taken as the top priority in all development planning agendas. Moreover, proper urban heritage conservation can help to transform historical places as the source of history, culture and socio-economic advancement for the local community and can change unsustainable community into more sustainable in nature. Dhaka is one of the major old cities in South Asia. It has a various combination of historic places and communities which give Dhaka a unique urban character. It has long history of urbanization and this urban growth pattern has influenced mainly by the topography, socio-economic and socio-cultural characteristics along with inherent morphological quality. However over population growth, uncontrolled urbanization, poor infrastructure facilities and weak urban management contribute to deteriorating these urban heritages rapidly. There are several discussions about urban heritage conservation of developing countries but little discussions have found which has focused on the conservation with empowering local traditional economy to develop the sustainable community. By enhancing local economy through proper planning and policy and promote sustainable tourism can contribute to conserve heritage resources of Dhaka and support sustainable community development. Two historically significant communities are chosen for representing Dhaka‟s heritage which is unique in nature for their traditional professions, significant local arts, handmade crafts, life style, religious and social festivals, urban fabric and built heritage. These are Benarashi Palli at Mirpur and Shakhari Bazaar at old Dhaka. They had a self-sustained economy in the past which becomes declining day by day due to rapid and poor urban development management and ignorance of historical values and ideas. However, still these two communities are trying to survive with their own efforts and make them represented of the glorious past to us. The main focus of this study is to revive their past well-sustained economic conditions with proper conservation of heritage resources and community participation. At the same time explore several guidelines of comprehensive conservation for sustainable urban community in Dhaka. The research identifies that there is a severe lacking of integrated conservation policies in Dhaka. In fact, the importance of heritage conservation is still very far away from national planning policies in Bangladesh. Dhaka has several development control agencies however; they are not so well-integrated and well-organized to provide a comprehensive heritage planning policies for Dhaka as well as Bangladesh. Moreover, incompetent rules and regulations with scattered organizations make this problem more severe. The study has tried to incorporate all these issues and formulate a comprehensive conservation planning for Benarashi Palli and Shakhari Bazaar as well as Dhaka. Furthermore, the study tries to accommodate sustainable tourism for providing a sustainable urban economy which has always ignored in Bangladesh context. However, tourism could be a strong way of promoting heritage conservation in Dhaka which has already followed by many developing countries in South Asia. / published_or_final_version / Urban Planning and Design / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

published_or_final_version / Urban Design / Master / Master of Urban Design

An analysis of why cultural heritage sites are created, preserved, and developed is what concerns the pages of this study. It identifies patterns and shifts in cultural heritage preservation in the period between 1977 and 1999 in KwaZulu-Natal, and analyses the motivations for the preservation of cultural heritage. Using specific case studies, I argue that in KwaZulu-Natal political necessities and ideas of economic development largely motivated cultural heritage preservation. I also examine the (dis)connection between academic historians and cultural heritage preservation. I indicate that their (dis)connection with cultural heritage preservation, especially its motivations, was a complex one. I argue that in complex ways some academic historians were drawn into the tendencies that were characteristic of cultural heritage presentations of history in KwaZulu-Natal during this period. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001.

Orientador: Maria Tereza Duarte Paes Luchiari / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T20:26:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_CarlosMuriloPrado_M.pdf: 6227405 bytes, checksum: 4bf35669ee1ff444b5bc7cf19daa13f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A sociedade contemporânea vem passando por um período de rápidas transformações em que a valorização do entretenimento, associado ao espetáculo, desponta como a grande panacéia do século XXI. O turismo como vetor de desenvolvimento econômico passa a ser divulgado e incorporado pelas políticas públicas e estratégias econômicas. Em um momento em que a produção de imagens assume uma posição estratégica no planejamento urbano, a espetacularização do patrimônio cultural passou a ser uma ferramenta primordial na refuncionalização do território com vistas ao desenvolvimento local por meio do desenvolvimento do turismo. Com o fito de desmistificar as construções simbólicas a respeito do turismo como a melhor saída ao desenvolvimento local e à preservação, procuramos analisar a atividade turística como uma prática que produz e consome espaço, buscando abordar o patrimônio como um conjunto de formas-conteúdo da cidade (Santos 2002), considerando o espaço uma construção permanente, resultante de um conteúdo social variável. Desse modo, baseado no processo de preservação e refuncionalização do patrimônio em função da atividade turística, buscamos realizar um diálogo entre ciência geográfica e o desenvolvimento local. São estas reflexões a respeito das novas funções e usos atribuídos ao patrimônio do lugar São Luiz do Paraitinga que orientam nossas pesquisas / Abstract: The contemporary society has been going through a period of fast transformations in which the appraisal of the entertainment, associated with the spectacle, appears as the big XXI century panacea. The tourism as a power of economic development turns to be promoted and incorporated by the public policies and economic strategies. In a moment in which the image production assumes a strategical position in the urban planning, the act of making the cultural patrimony a spectacle has started to be a primordial tool in the territory "refunctionalization" aiming the local development through the tourism development. With the purpose of desmystifying the simbolic constructions about the tourism as the best outlet to the local development and to the preservation, we endeavour to analyse the touristic activity as a practise that produces and consumes space, and we strive to treat the patrimony as a shapes-content assemblage (Santos, 2002), considering the space a permanent construction, offspring of a variable social content. Therefore, based in the process of preservation and "refunctionalization" of the patrimony subordinated to the touristic activity, we try to achieve a dialogue between the geographical science and the local development. These reflections around the new functions and usages attributed to the patrimony of São Luiz do Paraitinga are the ones which guide our researches / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia

The Protection of Cultural Property during Occupation Cultural property represents an integral part of every nation, it completes the identity of the individual as well as that of humanity as a whole. Because of its specific character, it represents a unique and valuable source for the understanding of history, and creates a sense of belonging to a community, either in its national or in its worldwide sense. Cultural property has a special, irreplaceable meaning for society; its character, existence and continuity and must therefore be protected. The risks that cultural property faces are of two different kinds: either independent of human will or, on the other hand, connected with human activity. Dangers for cultural property are naturally present even during the time of peace. On the other hand, cultural property represents especially vulnerable objects during the time of armed conflict or occupation. Even though during the time of armed conflict the protection of human lives, especially of persons not involved in actual fighting, plays the paramount role, it is nevertheless important to provide protection to cultural property as well. The aim of my thesis is to provide an overview and framework of existing mechanisms for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict,...

A dissertation submitted to the School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, In fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg 2015 / What happens when a rural community expresses the need for a heritage centre? Located in the former Transkei homeland of the apartheid era, now in the Eastern Cape Province, Matatiele is one of many disadvantaged, though culturally rich, communities in South Africa. The region has received insufficient attention to its heritage concerns and has been neglected by government and by academics for decades. Motivated by the Mehloding Community Trust, a project run by the Matatiele community, this research addresses the local community’s perception of heritage. This includes, amongst other things, their views on heritage management strategies and in particular the significance of rock art. One hundred and forty individuals from fifteen selected villages were interviewed to ascertain their interest in a heritage centre by way of representing and managing their own heritage. This research, therefore, addresses the nature of community involvement in heritage management and archaeology in the south-eastern part South Africa.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study analyses the extent to which the current intellectual property system is suited to the protection of traditional knowledge in the Western Cape. Employing a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates economic and legal theory as well as legal philosophy, this study argues that although advances in the fields of biotechnology has brought with it the need for greater intellectual property rights protection, the protection of traditional knowledge has largely been ignored. Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge holds immense economic value for both commercial entities seeking to develop products based on traditional knowledge as well as for the communities that possess such knowledge. Protecting traditional knowledge is necessary to ensure that the communities contributing their knowledge are recognized and compensated for such contributions. In order for a system to provide adequate protection for traditional knowledge it has to be consistent with and suited to the needs of traditional knowledge holders. This study therefore evaluates the prevailing system of knowledge protection as embodied in the intellectual property rights regime as a means of protecting traditional knowledge. The analysis reveals that the dominant justification for the existence ofIPRs is based on utilitarian considerations that promote IPRs as a necessary incentive encouraging innovative activity. This utilitarian justification also provides the basis for an economic justification for the existence of IPRs that suggests that the conferring of exclusive rights (in the form of IPRs) to innovators ensure that such innovators are able to recover their research costs and realize profits from their inventions. The IPR system as it exists is underpinned by these considerations and embedded in principles of individualism and private property. The WTO reinforces and promotes this approach to intellectual property in the TRIPs agreement by recognizing intellectual property as a 'trade related' issue. The inclusion of IPRs as a 'trade related' issue in the multilateral framework of the WTO reflects the interests of multinational corporations and developed nations who rely extensively on these mechanisms to maintain their power and wealth in an increasingly knowledge driven global economy. The exclusion of traditional knowledge within the TRIPs, coupled with the desire to extend patents to cover life forms is also indicative of this bias inherent in the system. South African intellectual property legislation is then applied to the traditional knowledge of an indigenous medicinal plant to test whether IPRs are able to provide adequate protection to traditional knowledge. In this regard it is found that patent protection, which could potentially provide the greatest form of protection for traditional knowledge is. not suited to the needs of traditional knowledge holders. Problems of identifying owners, determining inventors and novelty, time limited rights and costs all limits the potential of patents as a tool for protecting traditional knowledge. Similar constraints limit the potential of other categories of IPRs to provide protection for traditional knowledge. However, it was found that IPRs do provide a certain measure of defensive protection. The study therefore concludes that the IPR system as it exists, both in the international trade environment as well as at the national level, fails to adequately address the threat of appropriation and the concerns of traditional knowledge holders. Amending the IPR system and/or developing sui generis systems of protection are therefore necessary to ensure that the knowledge of communities are protected and such communities are able to benefit from the exploitation oftheir knowledge and resources. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om vas te stel in hoe 'n mate die huidige sisteem vir die beskerming van intellektuele eiendom geskik is vir die beskerming van tradisionele kennis in die Wes-Kaap. 'n Multidissiplinêre benadering, wat uit elemente van ekonomiese- en regsteorie sowel as regsfilosofie haal, is gevolg om te wys dat die beskerming van tradisionele kennis grootliks geïgnoreer is, alhoewel nuwe deurbrake in biotegnologie die behoefte skep vir groter bekerming van intellektuele eiendom. Tradisionele etnobotaniese kennis het geweldige ekonomiese waarde vir beide die kommersiële entiteite wat produkte uit sodanige kennis wil produseer sowel as vir tradisionele gemeenskappe aan wie die kennis behoort. Dus, indien sulke gemeenskappe voordeel wil trek uit hierdie kennis, is dit nodig dat hul bydraes erken moet word, en dat hulle daarvoor vergoed moet word. Sulke beskerming sal net doeltreffend wees indien dit aangepas is by die behoeftes van hierdie gemeenskappe. Dus word die huidige sisteem vir die beskerming van tradisionele kennis geevalueer in hierdie studie. Die ondersoek wys dat die sisteem vir die beskerming van intellektuele eiendom berus op die teoretiese basis van nutsmaksimering, waar die hoofdoel te vinde is in die bydrae wat dit kan maak tot ekonomiese welvaart deur middel van innovasie. In hierdie opsig word beskerming van intellektuele eiendom beskou as 'n manier waardeur die innoveerder sy navorsings- en ontwikkelingskostes kan delg en wins kan maak. Hierdie benadering word onderskryf deur die WTO in die TRIPS Ooreenkoms. In hierdie opsig word die belange van veral die ryk lande en die multinasionale maatskappye bevorder, 'n sleutelvoordeel in 'n wêreld waar kennis gepaardgaan met mag in die mark. Hierdie verskynsel word versterk deur die uitsluiting van tradisionele kennis van die TRIPS Ooreenkoms en die behoefte daaraan om patentregte uit te brei. Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing oor intellektuele eiendom word vervolgens toegepas op die geval van tradisionele kennis oor 'n inheemse medisinale plant om te toets of intellektuele eiendomsreg genoegsame beskerming aan tradisionele kennis bied. Daar is gevind dat patentregte, wat potensieël die grootste mate van beskerming sou kon bied, nie gepas is in die geval van houers van tradisionele kennis nie. Probleme wat voorkom sluit in die identifisering van eienaars, innoveerders en innoverings, die tydsbeperking op regte, asook kosteoorwegings. Ander vorms van beskerming is aan soortgelyke kritiek onderhewig, alhoewel bevind is dat intellektuele eiendomsreg wel 'n mate van defensiewe beskerming bied. Die gevolgtrekking word dus gemaak dat die huidige vorms van beskerming vir intellektuele eiendomsreg, beide internasionaal sowel as in Suid-Afrika, nie die belange van die houers van tradisionele kennis beskerm nie. Dit is dus nodig om die huidige vorms aan te spreek, of om sui generis beskerming te ontwikkel om hiervoor te sorg.

在過去的十年中，香港出現了大量呼籲保存「本地社區」的社會網絡和文化的社會運動。這些社會運動交織著對政府推行的市區重建項目和政府文物保育政策的批評。這些批評指出政府的政策過度重視經濟發展，進一步加深社會矛盾和弱勢群體的邊緣化。 / 本論文中的社區博物館正是在香港資本主義的城市發展模式下催生而成。為了反對有關城市發展的官方話語和將自己的利益最大化，社區博物館中的各利益持份者，根據他們對當地的歷史和文化的解釋，各自建構他們關於「社區和地方文化」的話語。這些多元的「社區」話語在這個社區博物館的構成，揭示了來自不同社會背景的團體之間的角力。本論文指出該社區博物館的建立和運作，促使分屬各社會階層的團體進行政治協商。他們各自的主張在社區博物館中交流，結果提出了有別於官方著眼經濟的「發展」模式，改以「社區」作本土文化的另一「發展」模式。這過程展示了不同社會階層間的權力流動，以及他們為加強自身的社會的政治影響力和爭奪經濟資源而展開的競爭。 / In the past decade, numerous social movements have emerged in Hong Kong calling for the preservation of social networks and "cultures" of the "local community". These social movements have been interwoven with local critiques of the urban renewal projects and heritage conservation policies implemented by the government. The critiques point out that the government policies overweigh economic development and further increase social disparity and marginalization of disadvantaged groups. The community museum in this study was established in a capitalistic model of urban development in Hong Kong. Various stakeholders construct their own discourses of "community and local culture" in the community museum in order to oppose official discourses about urban development and maximize their own interests. Thus the making of the "community and local culture" in this community museum reveals a negotiation among the parties of different social background. / This research argues that the establishment and operation of the community museum enable groups from different social segments to negotiate and construct their own discourses based on their interpretations of local history and culture. This research also showcases both the power dynamics of different social classes and their competition for their own socio-political influences and economic resources through proposing an alternative model of urban development. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Tsang, Ching Yi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-209). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Literature Review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Community Museum: Origin and Concepts --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Museums in Hong Kong --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Uses of Community Museums and their Communities --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- Urban Renewal and Class --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5 --- Why Bother the Community Museum? --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Research Objectives, Methodology, and Thesis Structure --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1 --- Research Objectives --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methodology --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Background of the Research --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Contexts of the Emergence of the Community Museum --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Wan Chai Building Complex in Wan Chai under Urban Renewal --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Development of the Community Museum --- p.69 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- The Professionalization of the Community Museum --- p.87 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Cause of Professionalization under Funding Pressure --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Professionals in the Professionalization Process --- p.96 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Show and the Exhibition under Professionalization --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.115 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- The Discourses of "Community" and "Development" in the Community Museum --- p.121 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Dichotomized Discourses --- p.121 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Construction of the Discourses --- p.142 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.167 / Chapter 6.1 --- “Empowerment in the Community Museum --- p.167 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Structural Constraints and Agency of the "Local Community" --- p.173 / Chapter 6.3 --- The Deepened Political Contents of the Community Museum under Professionalization --- p.181 / Chapter 6.4 --- The Community and the Politics in Hong Kong --- p.188 / Bibliography --- p.196

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture