published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

Ethnic minorities in Hong Kong are usually ignored. However, their participation and contribution in the Hong Kong history are not negligible. There are a group of Thai settled in Kowloon City for decades. And because of their existence, Kowloon City is known as the “Little Thailand” in Hong Kong. By understanding this group of people through their history and development, one can recognize that they are very special to Hong Kong. With the removal of the Kai Tak International Airport, Kowloon City is now under re-development pressure. The Thai, which has been settling in the area since 1970s, may face the risk of losing their living places. It can be seen that some Thai stores and restaurants have already been closed or moved to other areas due to the increasing shop rents over these few years. It is crucial to record their significances in Kowloon City before this unique culture vanishes. Kowloon City is an area with a very characteristic historical background and setting. The area is famous of its dense streets forming a fish-bone shape, with Nga Tsin Wai Road as the main street which connects all other streets together. Kowloon City is a place for different styles of food. There are oven 200 restaurants which many of them are in Thai style. As a result, Kowloon City is also called “Little Thailand”. Thai is one of the ethnic minority groups in Hong Kong. The 2011 Hong Kong by-census report showed that about 14,000 Thais living in Hong Kong, making up around 2.9% of the total non-Chinese population, and about 0.2% of the total Hong Kong population. Most of them live on the Kowloon side, with the majority in Kowloon City and Kwun Tong1.Many Thais live and own restaurants and stores in Kowloon City. Due to the Kai Tak Airport nearby, the height of buildings in Kowloon City is limited. With the demolishment of Kai Tak Airport, the area is under re-development pressure. Developers start to purchase old buildings for high rise modern buildings and the rents of shops significantly increase over these years. The Thais who used to base around the area are under threat of moving to other areas, and the characteristic of “Little Thailand” may start to vanish. The objective of this dissertation is to understand the Thai community in Kowloon City, document their activities, identify their character-defining elements and values and study their potential challenges. The study area is focused on South Wall Road, which has a high density for Thai-related businesses and activities. This dissertation aims to study the tangible and intangible character-defining cultural heritage elements of the Thai community at Kowloon City. To achieve this research goal, it is essential to understand the place and the community’s origins, history and culture. However, given the limited time, it is not possible to carry out a comprehensive research of the Thai community in the entire Kowloon City. Instead, the research must limit its scope by focusing on a small but representative study area within Kowloon City. The purpose of this is more about demonstrating the research process through a smaller study area so as to set a “template” for future research that extends to other study areas at Kowloon City. This dissertation adopts the research methodology of cultural mapping for documenting the tangible and intangible assets of the area in order to better understand the place and its culture, and focuses on the area with more Thai-related activities in Kowloon City. South Wall Road, which is chosen as the study area, is one of the major streets for Thai activities including shops and restaurants, and festivals. By conducting field studies and interviews, the lives of the Thai and their unique cultures can be recorded and understood. --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

There are 55 ethnic minorities (少數民族) in the People’s Republic of China, among which Mulam Minority (仫佬族) is a small one gathering in a remote town in the northern part of Guangxi Province. Every group of people has their own culture and tradition, usually culture reflects on the food, drinks, clothe, rituals and festivals, etc. The most important festival of Mulam Minority is Yi Fan Festival (依飯節), which has been designated as a national-level intangible cultural heritage in 2006. The current research will look into the changes in this particular festival after its designation in terms of both tangible and intangible aspects; also it’s a look into the local traditional culture within its context. The identity of a culture is hard to define and is also changing with time. It is when based on the defined cultural identity can a tradition advance with time without losing its authenticity. How to make conservation become a part of the development is what we are facing in the fast-changing world. Since festival consists an indispensable part of traditional culture, how to transmit it through media and how to interpret it becomes the key question. As a young stakeholder of the Mulam Minority, we should understand the opportunities, challenges, strengths and weaknesses of every change that is going to happen, and above all, carry on practicing. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

Tourism is not just an aggregate of merely commercial activities; it is also an ideological framing of history, nature and tradition which has the power to reshape culture and nature to its own needs (MacCannell, 1976). Since the reform and opening up, tourism has greatly expanded in mainland China over the past decades. The abundant cultural and historical attractions have become principal tourism resources and spurred the growth of a large heritage tourism industry. Cultural tourism attracts lots of attention from both the public and academics nowadays. However, tourism impacts on China’s cultural heritage places are as yet little understood. This dissertation would explore the tourism impacts on built heritage and local community with the case study of a historic site – West Street in Yangshuo County, Guangxi Province. Tourism is not just an aggregate of merely commercial activities; it is also an ideological framing of history, nature and tradition which has the power to reshape culture and nature to its own needs (MacCannell, 1976). Since the reform and opening up, tourism has greatly expanded in mainland China over the past decades. The abundant cultural and historical attractions have become principal tourism resources and spurred the growth of a large heritage tourism industry. Cultural tourism attracts lots of attention from both the public and academics nowadays. However, tourism impacts on China’s cultural heritage places are as yet little understood. This dissertation would explore the tourism impacts on built heritage and local community with the case study of a historic site – West Street in Yangshuo County, Guangxi Province. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

published_or_final_version / Real Estate and Construction / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

李志苗. / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 參考文獻 (p. 160-172). / 中英文摘要. / Li Zhimiao. / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Can kao wen xian (p. 160-172). / 中文摘要 --- p.i / 英文摘要 --- p.ii / 序 --- p.iii / 目錄 / 圖表索引 --- p.vii / Chapter 第一章： --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章： --- 文獻回顧及理論架構 --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- 旅遊與文化 --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 追求原真性之旅 --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 從旅遊行爲反映日常生活 --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- 國家政府的角色…… --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- 旅遊形象推廣與權力關係 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- 以東方主義看旅遊經驗 --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- 以歷史古跡建立地方身份 --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 身份認同的槪念與歷史的關係 --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 古物古跡作爲身份政治的戰場 --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 非延續性的歷史 --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- 政治與經濟考慮之間的矛盾 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- 殖民主義與身份認同 --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 削弱原住民的文化認同 --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- 「都市化」、「現代化」作爲殖民主義的工具 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- 把本土文化約化成刻板的傳統風俗 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- 野蠻落後的他者-東方主義 --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- 殖民者以繼承者姿態保護古跡 --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4 --- 香港殖民文化與身份認同 --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- 殖民統治下的文化政策 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- 顛沛流離的移民身份 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- 香港意識的內涵 --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- 香港的文化古跡旅遊 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5 --- 理論架構 --- p.34 / Chapter 第三章： --- 方法論與硏究方法 --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1 --- 論述/知識/權力 --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- 解讀旅遊論述 --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3 --- 旅遊論述與身份認同 --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4 --- 資料搜集 --- p.41 / Chapter 3.5 --- 樣本資料的局限性 --- p.43 / Chapter 第四章： --- 香港旅遊業半世紀 --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1. --- 五、六十年代-旅遊業萌芽時期 --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- 東方主義眼中的香港形象 --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2 --- 七十年代-脫變時期 --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3 --- 八十年代-都市新面貌 --- p.69 / Chapter 4.4 --- 九十年代-新轉變新挑戰 --- p.74 / Chapter 第五章： --- 香港文物保護政策的發展 --- p.85 / Chapter 5.1 --- 背景 --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2 --- 法定古跡背後的政治意義 --- p.86 / Chapter 5.3 --- 宣佈法定古跡的趨勢 --- p.87 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- 輕殖民地文物重文化古跡 --- p.88 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- 回歸前歷史建築後來居上 --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- 通過殖民地式建築爲古跡困難重重 --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- 屢戰屢敗心灰意冷 --- p.92 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- 時移勢易殖民地建築重獲肯定 --- p.94 / Chapter 5.4 --- 殖民時期歷史建築如何被邊緣化 --- p.95 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- 政府不尊重古物諮詢委員會的專業意見 --- p.96 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- 法例條文貶低殖民地古跡的價値 --- p.97 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- 殖民統治處理本地文化的策略 --- p.98 / Chapter 第六章： --- 個案硏究 --- p.100 / Chapter 6.1 --- 背景：維多利亞城的盛衰 --- p.101 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- 殖民地建築特色 --- p.103 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- 都市發展橫掃維港兩岸 --- p.103 / Chapter 6.2 --- 個案硏究(一):九廣鐵路舊尖沙咀總站 --- p.106 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- 米字旗下的光輝歲月 --- p.106 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- 紅楼不保遺下鐘樓獨歷滄桑 --- p.108 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- 政府一意 孤行 --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- 市政局漠視民意 只關注文化中心的設施 --- p.112 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- 以華人的沉默作擋戰牌 --- p.113 / Chapter 6.3 --- 個案研究(二)：香港會所 --- p.119 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- 權貴顯赫聚集之地 --- p.119 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- 韶華逝去黯然落幕 --- p.120 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- 碩果僅存的舊殖建築 --- p.121 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- 公帑女支出龐大 有遺公眾利益 --- p.122 / Chapter 6.3.5 --- 發展潛力優厚 發展商虎視眈眈 --- p.123 / Chapter 6.3.6 --- 付會員投下斷送回所大樓的一票 --- p.123 / Chapter 6.3.7 --- 本地華人嗤之以鼻 --- p.124 / Chapter 6.3.8 --- 都市發展凌駕一切… --- p.129 / Chapter 6.4 --- 舊尖沙咀火車站 香港會所符合文化古跡資格嗎 --- p.130 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- 官民立埸不同口徑一致 --- p.132 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- 激起矛盾 轉移焦點 --- p.132 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- 本地精英冷眼旁觀 --- p.133 / Chapter 笫七章： --- 結論 --- p.144 / Chapter 7.1 --- 當東方遇上西方 --- p.145 / Chapter 7.2 --- 明褒暗眨的中國文化認同 --- p.146 / Chapter 7.3 --- 尋找消失的身份 --- p.149 / Chapter 7.4 --- 瞻前顧後破舊立新 --- p.149 / 後記 --- p.151 / 附錄 --- p.153 / Chapter 附一： --- 全部法定古跡名單 --- p.153 / Chapter 附二 ： --- 九一至九五年各類古跡的宣佈名單 --- p.155 / Chapter 附三： --- 七九年古跡宣佈情況 --- p.156 / Chapter 附四： --- 淸拆尖沙、咀九廣鐵路總站大事年表 --- p.157 / Chapter 附五： --- 拆卸舊香港會所大事年表 --- p.159 / 參考書目 --- p.160 / 圖表索引 / Chapter 表4.1 --- 1958年訪港旅客人數 --- p.47 / Chapter 表4.2 --- : 1958年美籍旅客在港消費額 --- p.47 / Chapter 表4.3 --- : 1958年訪台旅客人數 --- p.48 / Chapter 表4.4 --- : 1960-69年訪港旅客人數 --- p.48 / Chapter 表4.5 --- : 1960-69年訪台旅客人數 --- p.49 / Chapter 表4.6 --- : 1970-79年訪港旅客人數 --- p.65 / Chapter 表4.7 --- : 1980-89年訪港旅客人數 --- p.69 / Chapter 表4.8 --- : 1990-99年訪港：旅客人數 --- p.75 / Chapter 表5.1 --- :各類法定古跡數目 --- p.88 / Chapter 表5.2 --- :各類法定古跡在不同時段的宣佈數字 --- p.89 / Chapter 表5.3 --- : 1991-95各類古跡宣佈數字 --- p.90 / Chapter 表5.4 --- : 1997年古物諮詢委員會宣佈古跡成果 --- p.91 / Chapter 表5.5 --- :曾被否決但最後獲通過成法定古跡的名單 --- p.94

Chan, Hoi Ling Anne. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-206). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.iv / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.vi / Acknowledgement --- p.vii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiv / List of Figures --- p.XV / List of Tables --- p.xvii / List of Maps --- p.xix / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Background --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Current Situation in Hong Kong --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Questions and Objectives --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Theoretical approach --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Research Significance --- p.6 / Chapter 1.6 --- Scope of Study --- p.7 / Chapter 1.7 --- Thesis Structure --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Chapter 2.1 --- Place and Landscape --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- From Place to Landscape / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Underpinning of the Concept of Landscape / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Landscape Interfaces / Chapter 2.2 --- Cultural Heritage and Landscape --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Values and Functions / Chapter 2.2.2 --- “Reading´ح the Cultural Landscape / Chapter 2.3 --- Conceptualizing a Sense of Place --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Place and Placelessness / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Multidimensionality of Sense of Place / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Measurement of Sense of Place / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusion - Gap of Knowledge --- p.46 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODOLOGY / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2 --- Mixed Method Approach --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research Framework --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4 --- Research Design --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Site Selection / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Documentary Research / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Field Observation / Chapter 3.4.4 --- In-Depth Interview / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Questionnaire / Chapter 3.5 --- Data Analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Qualitative Data / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Quantitative Data / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.74 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA / Chapter 4.1 --- Geographical Context --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Location of Yau Ma Tei / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Demographic Structure of Yau Ma Tei / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Spatial Distribution of Built Heritage and Street Culture in Yau Ma Tei / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Temporal Distribution of Activities / Chapter 4.2 --- Historical Context --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Built Heritage / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Street Culture / Chapter 4.3 --- Opportunities and Challenges --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.90 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- PLACE DEPENDENCE / Chapter 5.1 --- Importance of Place Dependence --- p.92 / Chapter 5.2 --- Historical and Familial Linkages --- p.93 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Historical Linkagese / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Familial Linkages / Chapter 5.3 --- Material Linkages --- p.107 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Economical Dependence / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Lack of Choice / Chapter 5.4 --- Social and Cultural Significance of Heritage in Yau Ma Tei --- p.114 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Social Networking and Interactions / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Daily Life / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Personal Experience Reflection / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Cultural Representation / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.120 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- PLACE ATTACHMENT / Chapter 6.1 --- Conceptualizing Place Attachment --- p.122 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Factors Determining Place Attachment / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Narratives / Chapter 6.2 --- How do the Locals attach to the Place through Heritage? --- p.124 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Residents / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Shop Owners / Chapter 6.3 --- Conclusion --- p.140 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- PLACE IDENTITY / Chapter 7.1 --- Conceptualizing Place Identity --- p.141 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Symbolism and Place Identity / Chapter 7.2 --- Heritage as Place Icons in Yau Ma Tei --- p.143 / Chapter 7.3 --- Place Icon in Yau Ma Tei --- p.145 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Icons of Yau Ma Tei: Insiders vs. Outsiders / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Icons of Yau Ma Tei: Short Residency vs. Long Residency / Chapter 7.4 --- Meanings of the Icons --- p.152 / Chapter 7.5 --- Conclusion --- p.159 / Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SENSE OF PLACE AND HERITAGE LANDSCAPE / Chapter 8.1 --- Forces Shaping the Landscape in Yau Ma Tei --- p.160 / Chapter 8.1.1 --- External Force - Role of Government Policies / Chapter 8.1.2 --- External Force - Role of Experts / Chapter 8.1.3 --- Internal Force - Role of Local Community / Chapter 8.1.4 --- Internal Force - Role of District Council / Chapter 8.2 --- Application of Modified Cultural Values Model --- p.177 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- Enrichment / Chapter 8.2.2 --- Accumulation / Chapter 8.2.3 --- Identification / Chapter 8.3 --- Conclusion --- p.182 / Chapter CHAPTER 9 --- CONCLUSIONS / Chapter 9.1 --- Summary of the Findings --- p.183 / Chapter 9.2 --- Limitations --- p.187 / Chapter 9.3 --- Future Research - Cultural Tourism --- p.189 / References --- p.191 / Appendices --- p.207

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities. / Department of Government and Public Administration