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Nesta dissertação analisamos as relações culturais construídas pelo escritor e diplomata colombiano Germán Arciniegas com os meios intelectuais argentinos entre 1939 e 1960, concentrando o estudo nas mediações culturais promovidas por ele. No primeiro momento as atividades de Arciniegas estiveram relacionadas com as funções diplomáticas e contemplaram o controle de informação sobre o governo colombiano e a promoção de tratados comerciais. Mas foram assuntos relativos à arte a à literatura os que concentraram os esforços de Arciniegas para estimular o diálogo e o conhecimento das tradições culturais de cada país. No segundo momento Arciniegas continuou impulsionando a integração intelectual, articulando a própria carreira e as perspectivas da consagração aos editores argentinos, e transmitindo uma imagem da história e da cultura argentina ao público do jornal colombiano El Tiempo. / This work analyses the intellectual relationships built by Colombian writer and diplomat Germán Arciniegas with Argentinian cultural institutions between 1939 and 1960. It focuses on cultural mediations arranged by him. Although initially his activities were related to diplomatic functions and contemplated the control of information about the Colombian government and the promotion of commercial deals, artistic and literary issues became what concentrated Arciniega´s efforts to stimulate the dialogue and knowledge of the cultural traditions of both countries. Subsequently, Arciniegas continues to promote intellectual integration by articulating his own career and perspective of intellectual success with Argentinian publishers, becoming the Colombian consultant for the editors and transmitting an image of Argentinian history and culture to the Colombian journal El Tiempo´s public. The work explores the political-ideological means of these activities and partnerships by the analysis of Arciniega´s correspondence archive

L’action de Pierre Deffontaines au service des relations culturelles entre la France et les Amériques entre 1934 et 1967 est relativement méconnue du grand public et des spécialistes. Le rôle qu’il a joué dans des structures universitaires à l’étranger comme ‘exportateur’ de la géographie française en particulier, a très peu retenu l’attention des scientifiques. La question universitaire en France et à l’étranger, peut être abordée, en ce qui le concerne, des points de vue épistémologique, administratif et politique. L’étude conduite dans cette thèse porte sur les relations scientifiques et culturelles entre la France et les pays d’Amérique, du Nord comme du Sud à compter des années 1930. Cet espace atlantique, riche pour ce qui est des relations universitaires dans la partie centrale du XXe siècle, nous permet d’étudier le cas transversal dans cette étude d’un géographe chrétien rejeté dans son pays par ses pairs, tenants de la géographie officielle. Les travaux américains de ce géographe, couronnés de succès au Brésil, ont donné lieu à d’autres actions en Amérique latine (Uruguay, Argentine en particulier) et au Canada. Ses travaux canadiens, administratifs et scientifiques restent, aujourd’hui encore, une référence dans la géographie canadienne et s’inscrivent dans une période où l’influence scientifique française au Québec était grande. Durant ses missions et sur les différents terrains américains, la géographie de Deffontaines a été fortement marquée par ses voyages transatlantiques. Ce travail cherche à comprendre comment, durant toutes ces années au service de la France et de la géographie, Pierre Deffontaines profita de ses déplacements pour mettre en place et diffuser une géographie métisse en évolution constante. S’il subit en quelque sorte l’attraction de l’Amérique, nous avons montré en quoi ses réseaux, tout autant que sa personnalité, son talent et sa formation initiale, ont eu un rôle signifiant dans ce processus d’exportation-importation scientifique. « Expérience du déplacement, déplacement de l’expérience », de là a procédé pour l’essentiel son métier de géographe. / Pierre Deffontaines’ action in the context of international cultural relations between France and the Americas between 1934 and 1967 is relatively unknown to the general public and specialists. In particular the role he played in university structures abroad as an ‘exporter’ of French geography has been paid very little attention by scientists. The academic question in France and abroad, can be addressed from different points of view : epistemological, administrative and political. This dissertation's primary objective it to focus on the scientific and cultural relations between France and America's countries (North and South) after 1930. Through considering this Atlantic area, which was rich in terms of academic relations during the mid-twentieth century, this thesis advances the case for a transversal study. While in France Deffontaines was rejected by his peers, who were mainly supporters of an official geography, he was successfulness abroad. The American aspect of his work was esteemed and successful in Brazil. It led to other actions in Latin America (Uruguay, Argentina in particular) and Canada. A focal point in the emergence of the field of geography in Canada is that French scientific influence was great in Quebec. And Deffontaines' Canadian works, administrative as well as scientific, are still today a reference in Canadian geography. During Deffontaines' missions in various American lands, his geography was strongly influenced by his transatlantic voyages. This work considers how, in all these years in the service of France and geography, Pierre Deffontaines took advantage of his trips to develop and disseminate a constantly evolving métis geography. If America could hold a form of attraction for Deffontaines, his social networks, as well as his personality, his talent and his initial training, also had a significant role in the process of import-export of French geography. "Experience of mobility, mobility of experience", from there essentially proceeded his practice of geography.

Situé dans les méthodologies de l’histoire transnationale, l’histoire culturelle, et l’histoire des émotions, cette œuvre examine et compare des modèles de fréquentation et de mariage entre la France et les Etats-Unis pendant les dix-neuvième et vingtième siècles. Les pratiques sociales de fréquentation et de mariage étant devenues des mécanismes aux travers desquels les frontières étaient franchies et de nouveaux espaces culturels étaient créés, ils représentent d’importants éléments d’enchevêtrements transnationaux. Ainsi, cette œuvre non seulement cherche à examiner comment des modèles visibles de mariage transnationaux émergent de ces espaces sociaux créées par ces rencontres interculturelles entre les deux sociétés, mais aussi à montrer comment les dynamiques de ces rencontres ont changé avec le temps. Bien que d’autres études sur le sujet ont pointé du doigt les évidentes raisons socio-économiques de ces mariages, je soutiens que de telles rationalisations sont simplement trop étroites et que de plus larges réflexions doivent inclure les motivations culturelles et émotionnelles, motivations qui ont toujours été en arrière-plan. En localisant et en identifiant les espaces transnationaux qui ont contribué à ces mariages, et en analysant les dimensions culturelles et émotionnelles de ces espaces, j’argumente que les acteurs de ces mariages étaient principalement guidés par un fort attachement émotionnel aux différences culturelles perçues, attachement qui va au-delà de l’unité sociale nationale. Au sein de ces contextes globaux changeant des dix-neuvième et vingtième siècles, ces mariages soulèvent donc d’importantes questions concernant la construction familiale, le rôle du mariage dans la construction d’une cohésion et d’une appartenance nationales, et la perméabilité des frontières nationales pendant les différentes étapes de la construction nationale. / Situated in the methodologies of transnational history, cultural history, and the history of emotions, this work examines and compares courtship and marriage patterns that occurred between France and the United States during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Because the social practices of courtship and marriage became mechanisms through which borders were crossed and new cultural spaces were created, these relationships represent important elements of transnational entanglements. This work, therefore, not only seeks to examine the ways in which observable patterns of transnational marriage emerged out of social spaces of cross-cultural encounter between the two societies but also how the dynamics of those encounters changed over time. While existing scholarship on the subject has pointed to obvious socio economic motivations for these marriages, I contend that such rationalizations are simply too narrow and that greater analytical considerations need to include both cultural and emotional motivations that were always in the background. By locating and identifying transnational spaces that produced marriages, and analyzing the cultural and emotional dimensions of those spaces, I argue that marriage participants were largely driven by a strong emotional attachment to perceived cultural differences that stretched beyond the national polity. Within the shifting global contexts of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, these marriages, therefore, provoke important questions regarding family formation, the role of marriage in the making of national cohesion and belonging, and the permeability of national borders during different stages of the national project.

Le Cameroun accède à l’indépendance le 1er janvier 1960. Le 13 novembre 1960, la France signe avec le Cameroun une série d’accords de coopération qui couvrent divers domaines tant civils que militaire. En observant cette série d’accords de coopération, l’on se rend compte que le volet culturel occupe les ¾ de la coopération franco-camerounaise depuis 1960. Ce sujet ne traite pas de la coopération franco-camerounaise en général, mais des volets culturels, contenus dans la convention culturelle franco-camerounaise, qui est la base juridique de ces relations. Les relations culturelles franco-camerounaises ont évolué en dents de scie ; tantôt denses et chaleureuses [décennie 60 et 90], tantôt froides et tendues [70-80]. Ceci s’explique par les enjeux qui entourent ces relations culturelles. Pour la France, la culture reste l’instrument fondamental de sa politique étrangère. Les objectifs sont la diffusion de la culture française par : la langue française à travers les instruments classiques que sont les centres culturels français et les alliances franco-camerounais., la présence audio-visuelle française dans le monde à travers des médias tels TV5, RFI et CFI. Pendant la guerre froide, l’objectif principal était d’éviter que ne tombent certains Etats de son pré carré sous l’influence de l’un où l’autre bloc. A partir des années 90, la France intensifie son action culturelle au Cameroun, principalement pour faire front à la montée en puissance des anglo-saxons. Elle initie un combat en faveur de l’exception culturelle dans le cadre de la Francophonie. Côté camerounais, l’influence culturelle française a toujours été vue d’un regard méfiant. Tolérée sous Ahidjo pour des besoins de sécurité intérieure, ce dernier prend ses distances dès lors que l’unité et la stabilité du Cameroun sont assurées en 1972. Sous Biya, après des débuts plutôt froids dans la décennie 80, les relations culturelles franco-camerounaises connaissent depuis les années 90 leur apogée. Ceci est dû à la fin de la guerre froide, au retour du Cameroun dans la communauté francophone en 1991, à la crise économique, aux Etats généraux de la culture et de l’éducation nationale et surtout aux pressions américaines pour des questions démocratiques au Cameroun. Les relations culturelles franco-camerounaises touchent des volets divers comme l’assistance technique, l’enseignement supérieur, l’éducation, les activités culturelles. Le Cameroun fait partie de la Zone de solidarité prioritaire [ZSP] et bénéficie dont d’un caractère préférentiel dans la politique culturelle extérieure de la France. / Cameroon reaches the independence on January 1st, 1960. On November 13th, 1960, France and Cameroon signed a series of agreements of cooperation which covered diverse domains so civil as military. By observing this series of agreements of cooperation, we realize that the cultural part occupies ¾ some French-Cameroonian cooperation since 1960. This subject does not deal with the French-Cameroonian cooperation generally, but the cultural parts, contained in the French-Cameroonian cultural agreement [convention], which is the legal base of these relations. The French-Cameroonian cultural relations evolved uneven; sometimes dense and warm [decade 60 and 90], sometimes cold and tense [70-80]. This explains by the stakes which surround these cultural relations. For France, the culture remains the fundamental instrument of its foreign policy. The objectives are the diffusion of the French cultural influence by: the French language, through the classic instruments that are the French cultural centers and the French-Cameroonian alliances. The French broadcastin [audivisual] presence in the world through media such as TV5, RFI and CFI. During the cold war, the main objective was to avoid that fall certain africans states squared under the influence of the one or the other block.. In Cameroonian side, the French cultural influence was always seen by a suspicious glance. Tolerated under Ahidjo for needs of internal safety [security], he distances oneself since the unity and the stability of Cameroon was insured in 1972. Under Biya, after debuts rather cold in the decade 80, the French-Cameroonian cultural relations know since the 90s their peak. This is due to the end of the cold war, on the return of Cameroon in the French-speaking community in 1991, the economic crisis, in the general States of the culture and the Education and especially in American pressures for democratic questions in Cameroon. The French-Cameroonian cultural relations touch diverse sectors as the technical support, the higher education, the education, the cultural activities. Cameroon is a part of the Zone of priority solidarity [ ZSP] and benefits from preferential character in the outside cultural policy of France. But these cultural relations have perverse effects in Cameroon, in term of acculturation, in spite of the role played by the general states of the culture and the education. Finally, in spite of some positive points as the linguistic unity which played a role in the national integration in Cameroon, Cameroonians judge badly the intense French culturals activities in Cameroon.

Thesis (Ph.D.) --Murdoch University, 2004. / Thesis submitted to the Division of Arts. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 313-328).

Thesis (MA (Counselling Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

Ministry research project (D. Min.)--Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1996. / This is an electronic reproduction of TREN, #054-0104. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-167).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Linguistics and Germanic, Slavic, Asian, and African Languages, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Aug. 17, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 286-296). Also issued in print.