The suburb of Belleville is situated on the north-eastern outskirts of inner Paris. Its particular blend of social strata, race and architecture has made it a site of interest for historians, writers and artists since the Middle Ages. Thanks in part to the phenomenal success of Daniel Pennac’s six tome Malaussène series, published towards the end of the 20th century and situated in Belleville, the site has continued to enjoy a privileged status among the historical and cultural precincts of Paris. The representation of Belleville in the written and spoken word has a long history, part of which has been told, although in somewhat piecemeal fashion to date. Existing research may be divided into 3 categories, corresponding to the disciplines of history, sociology and literature. Historical studies are extensive and tend to support the suburb’s reputation as a site of revolution and social unrest. The sociological studies focus on immigration to the suburb and on the consequences of its physical transformation over the last half of the 20th century. The overall image presented by sociologists is one of a cosmopolitan suburb whose inhabitants manage to co-exist peacefully despite the multicultural mix; Belleville’s reputation as a melting pot success story sits at odds with that of its image as a centre of rebellion. Literature-based research conducted into the suburb is more sketchy; Belleville’s association with the noir genre and its inherent illicit elements also contrasts with the previous observations. If the existing studies present various pictures of historical and contemporary Belleville, they do not, however, give a comprehensive image of the suburb, nor do they provide an analysis of the role of Belleville in the noir genre, with particular reference to the Malaussène series. I have thus undertaken a multidisciplinary study of the suburb, with the objective of establishing links between the history, sociology and the literature of Belleville, of gaining an understanding of the function of Belleville as a setting for detective fiction and of offering a new explanation of the success of Pennac’s Malaussène series, by relating it to his representation of Belleville. The three focus areas of my research are its history from the Middle Ages until the end of the 20th century, its diverse representations in literature and popular culture, and its connection to a particular literary genre: the noir. The originality of my project lies in the method created to categorise existing research. Belleville rouge presents a view of the site as historically antiauthoritarian in its attempts to promote social justice. Belleville rose incorporates those studies which emphasise the suburb to varying degrees as a utopia, a model of social harmony or a centre of joyful festivities. Belleville noir focuses on the choice of the suburb as backdrop for the noir genre in literature and film; a hub of transgression and criminal activity, the antithesis of the positive space presented in the second category. The first part of my research project looks at the history of Belleville, the changing nature of its borders, which differ greatly from the administrative division according to author and historian, and the creation of a collective Belleville identity. Part two examines the representations of Belleville in literature and popular culture from the Middle Ages until the year 2000, and furthermore attempts to determine to what extent these cultural representations correspond to the suburb’s history. The third section deals with the role of Belleville in noir film and literature. If a single image corresponding to the décor of the neo-polar genre begins to emerge from the representations of Belleville by the film directors and various authors whose texts make up our corpus, this image differs greatly from the nostalgic one offered by Daniel Pennac; his representation of the suburb is hence treated separately. It is this strong sense of attachment to, and identification with, Belleville that is underlined by Pennac in his Malaussène series. Setting himself apart from his néo-polar contemporaries, Pennac draws heavily on all of the three faces of Belleville: the rouge, the rose and the noir. His refusal to adhere strictly to the néo-polar genre and his corresponding tendency to borrow from other genres such as the fairy tale, has resulted in a fusion of the real and the mythological which has engendered in his series a streak of optimism not found in the works of his contemporaries. Pennac draws on the history and traditions of the suburb to thus present an original view of contemporary Belleville as a peace-loving, cohesive community. If we accept that the cultural memory of a site is dictated in part by its inhabitants, and hence is in constant evolution, outlasting its physical appearance, Pennac’s role of guardian of the cultural memory of Belleville may extend to that of the cultural memory of the French nation. / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2009

Ce projet de recherche a pour but d’étudier le processus créatif, l’apprentissage social, la rationalité, les conflits, les règles et les normes de trois groupes d’auteurs contemporains à New York et à Paris. Les méthodes de recherche incluent des entretiens avec des auteurs, la narration d’anecdotes sur le comportement des acteurs sociaux, la construction d’un tableau sociométrique des règles et des normes propres à chaque groupe d’après la théorie de Howard BECKER, et une analyse de texte qui mobilise la méthode d’étude structurale du sociologue de la littérature Lucien GOLDMANN. Ce projet de recherche a permis l’identification des niches sociales d’auteurs contemporains, dans lesquelles des échanges d’informations permettent un apprentissage social qui a de la valeur professionnelle et personnelle pour les acteurs sociaux en question. Enfin, ce projet de recherche permettra le placement des auteurs contemporains dans l’organigramme de la production culturelle de Pierre BOURDIEU, qui distingue « le sous-champ de l’avant-garde », « le sous-champ de la grande production » et « le champ du pouvoir » dans le monde littéraire. / The purpose of this research project is to explore the creative process, social learning, motivation, conflicts, rules and norms of three groups of contemporary writers in New York and Paris. Research methods include interviews with authors, the narration of anecdotes about the behavior of the social actors, and the construction of a sociometric table of rules and norms specific to each group according to the theory of Howard BECKER. This project also offers contains a literary analysis using Lucien GOLDMANN’s method of structural study. This research led to the identification of social networks of contemporary authors, in which the exchange of information allows social learning that has both professional and personal value for the social actors in question. Finally, this research will allow the placement of contemporary authors into Pierre BOURDIEU’s map of cultural production, which distinguishes “the sub-field of the avant-garde,” “the sub-field of large-scale production,” and “the field of power” in the literary world.

Cette thèse se consacre à l’étude de la présence culturelle et littéraire du Portugal à Paris de 1880 à 1914. Depuis l’essor de la presse française, Paris est un pôle incontournable des réseaux d’organisation littéraires et culturels nationaux et internationaux non seulement à cause de sa consécration universelle en matière artistique et littéraire mais aussi parce que cette capitale symbolise la liberté créatrice, le lieu d’inspiration et de rencontre par excellence. Intellectuels, écrivains, diplomates et étudiants portugais voyagent ou s’installent à Paris pour s’imprégner de ce climat particulier, pour se former, pour exporter certaines idées dans leur pays mais aussi et surtout pour faire connaître leur culture et leur identité. Le cosmopolitisme et le nationalisme sont deux facteurs importants qui permettront non seulement les échanges bilatéraux mais aussi le rapprochement des deux nations soeurs, vérifié par la publication de revues pro-latines et pro-républicaines franco-portugaises. Cette étude permet, d’une part, de comprendre l’activité et la production des médiateurs parisiens de la culture portugaise, et d’analyser ces transferts dans leurs dimensions matérielles (supports utilisés, rythme de publication, diffusion, réseaux). D’autre part, l’analyse porte sur la production discursive qui émane de ce contexte, en prêtant attention aux représentations et mises en scène du Portugal à Paris. Notre volonté de couvrir au mieux le domaine nous mène également à ne pas négliger l’étude de productions dites mineures (programmes d’événements littéraires, invitations, affiches, prospectus). Quelques chercheurs, surtout français (Pageaux 1984, Piwnik 2008, Quint 2006, Rivas 2015), se sont penchés sur les rapports culturels et littéraires franco-portugais, montrant l'importance de ces échanges, mais sans toutefois se consacrer au tissage intellectuel dans son ensemble au tournant du siècle. En outre, la recherche récente a montré l’importance d’un mouvement international de développement de la presse et de l’imprimé à la fin du XIXe siècle, sans toutefois s’attarder au cas portugais (Thérenty et Vaillant 2010, Cooper-Richet 2016). Depuis 1880 jusqu’à l’avènement de la Première Guerre mondiale, Paris ne s’intéresse plus seulement à l’exotisme portugais mais à la spécificité d’une littérature moderne, notamment grâce à la réciprocité des symbolistes français et portugais et de différents agents culturels implantés à Paris. Le Paris de la Belle Époque assiste alors à une véritable transformation quant à la représentation du Portugal en France, à savoir le passage d’une image mythique basée sur le passé glorieux du Portugal grâce aux grandes découvertes à une image contemporaine véhiculée par la poésie, la politique, le voyage et les expositions. Camões, symbole littéraire, historique et politique du Portugal, est renouvelé en France grâce aux commémorations du tricentenaire de sa mort en 1880 et marque le début d’une nouvelle ère dans la représentation du Portugal en France. Camões, dans la grande presse, la presse d’avant-garde et la presse institutionnalisée, représente non seulement la gloire nationale d’une épopée mais il symbolise aussi le pays tout entier, le peuple, la nation, toutes les classes sociales, l’âme nationale, le centre républicain et la classe académique de Coimbra. Alors que les relations franco-portugaises culminent grâce aux imprimés portugais publiés en français à partir de 1900 et à la proclamation de la république portugaise en 1910, Camões apporte la consécration universelle au Portugal et à une Europe culte : son buste est inauguré près de la Tour-Eiffel en 1912 et une société littéraire, Les Amis de Camoens, composée de nombreux intellectuels français comme Anatole France et Pierre Loti, est fondée et imprime une revue consacrée à cette amitié littéraire bilatérale qui perdure jusqu’en 1914. En bref, ce travail analyse les entreprises médiatiques lancées par des Portugais à Paris, les réseaux culturels et littéraires, les échanges et les sociabilités qui les soustendent. La contribution essentielle de ce travail à la recherche consistera donc à proposer un panorama aussi complet que possible de la présence culturelle et littéraire du Portugal à Paris et de ses représentations au moment où la France et sa capitale constituent un pôle et un modèle intellectuels incontournables. / This thesis is dedicated to the study of Portugal’s literary and cultural presence in Paris from 1880 to 1914. Since the rise of the French press, Paris is an essential hub for the cultural and literary organization networks, both nationally and internationally, not only owing to the universal consecration it earned in the arts and literature but also because this capital city symbolizes creative freedom, inspiration and the meeting place of choice. Portuguese intellectuals, writers, diplomats and students travel or move to Paris to soak up the unique atmosphere, to learn, to bring back a number of ideas in their country but mainly to promote their culture and identity. Cosmopolitanism and nationalism are two major factors that foster not only bilateral exchanges but also a link between the two brotherly nations, as verified by pro-Latin and pro-republican Franco-Portuguese journal publications. This study, first of all, allows one to understand the activities and achievements of Parisian mediators of Portuguese culture, and to analyze these transfers in terms of their material aspects (media used, periodicity, distribution, networks). Furthermore, the analysis focuses on the discursive production that emanates from this context while paying attention to Portugal’s stagings and representations in Paris. Our intend to cover the field at best leads us to also consider so-called minor productions (literary event programs, invitations, posters, flyers). Some researchers, especially French (Pageaux 1984, Piwnik 2008, Quint 2006, Rivas 2015), have studied Franco-Portuguese literary and cultural relations, showing these exchanges’ importance without, however, focusing on intellectual weaving in general at the turn of the century. In addition, recent research has shown the extent of an international press development movement at the end of the nineteenth century without paying special attention to Portuguese implication (Thérenty and Vaillant 2010, Cooper-Richet, 2016). Since 1880 until the advent of World War I, Paris is interested in more than only Portugal's exoticism but by the specificity of its modern literature, especially through French and Portuguese Symbolists’ reciprocity and through various cultural agents established in Paris. The Paris of The Belle Epoque takes part in a real transformation in Portugal’s representation in France, namely the transition from a mythical depiction based on Portugal’s glorious past discoveries to a contemporary depiction conveyed by poetry, politics, travel and exhibitions. Camões as a political, historical and literary symbol of Portugal is renewed in France thanks to the tercentenary celebrations of his death in 1880 and sets the beginning of a new era in Portugal’s representation in France. Camões, in the mainstream press, in the press vanguard and in the institutional press, not only represents an epic national glory but he also symbolizes the whole country, the people, the nation, all social classes, the national soul, the Republican center and Coimbra’s academic class. While the Franco-Portugal relations culminated thanks to those Portuguese prints published in French by 1900 and to the proclamation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910, Camões brings universal consecration to Portugal and to a worshiped Europe : his bust is unveiled near the Eiffel tower in 1912 and a literary society “Les amis de Camoens”, composed of many French intellectuals (Anatole France, Pierre Loti), is founded and prints a journal on this bilateral literary friendship that lasts until 1914. In short, this work analyzes the media initiatives launched by some Portuguese in Paris, cultural and literary networks, social exchanges and interactions that underlie them. The main contribution of this work for research will be to provide a view which is as comprehensive as possible of Portugal’s literary and cultural presence in Paris and of its representation at a time when France and its capital city is a hub and a key intellectual model.