There is growing concern in the United States and abroad that changes in climate may have serious adverse impacts on communities and their civil infrastructure systems. In response, governments and agencies have begun to investigate adaptation: actions taken to reduce the vulnerability or increase the resiliency of natural and human systems in light of expected climate change. In the transportation sector, adaptation planning has predominantly pursued risk-based strategies that seek to identify climate impacts, and assess infrastructure vulnerabilities across multiple asset types, in network-level planning. However, given the complexity of the myriad asset types of which engineered civil infrastructure systems are composed, these frameworks may not adequately address the unique concerns of these various individual asset types. This research develops a risk-based framework to assess and prioritize at a network-level the risks of highway culvert assets to the projected impacts of climate change, specifically focusing on increases in extreme precipitation, and the associated potential for flooding. The framework is applied in a series of case studies using culvert management data provided by four state DOTs, and national climate change projection and infrastructure datasets. The framework developed proposes a new characterization of infrastructure climate change risk, based upon the catastrophe model, to address the need for qualitative approaches to risk given the uncertain nature of climate change, and the sometimes sparse inventory and attribute data for various assets. This characterization proposes three “dimensions” of infrastructure climate risk (climate change impact exposure, asset climate impact vulnerability, and asset criticality) to assign culvert asset priorities. The research develops a method to project the geospatial extent and changes in magnitude of extreme precipitation events; it also develops two measures of culvert vulnerability to increased flow conditions based upon data collected in general culvert management activities. This research demonstrates that existing data sources can be reasonably combined in an analytical assessment framework to identify climate change impact risks to highway culvert assets, providing an additional resource to the existing climate change adaptation planning and risk management toolkit in the transportation infrastructure sector, and also laying a foundation for further refinement of these methods. The results of this research demonstrate that existing climate change projection data, when used alongside culvert inventory and attribute data, provides a reasonable means by which to analyze the projected exposure of culvert assets to climate change impacts. This research also demonstrates that existing culvert management data provides a reasonable foundation upon which to assess the relative vulnerability of culverts to increased flow conditions, although additional research is necessary to develop these methods. The structure of the proposed framework provides a viable means by which quantitative climate change projections, asset vulnerability, and asset criticality data can be combined in a mixed-methods approach to qualitatively characterize climate change impact risks to highway culvert assets despite uncertainty in climate change projections and other inputs.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2005. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-72). Also available on the World Wide Web.

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Há tempo que engenheiros vêm procurando amenizar os problemas relacionados aos bueiros. Não só nos escritórios de engenharia, na fase de projetos e cálculos, como também no assentamento final, procurando manter o sistema hidráulico dos bueiros funcionando corretamente. A maioria dos problemas encontrados está associada a mal dimensionamento dos bueiros, dimensionamento insuficiente, ou má avaliação das vazões a serem escoadas. O presente trabalho de pesquisa analisa o escoamento dos bueiros nas obras rodoviárias e ferroviárias de forma a viabilizar seu bom funcionamento. Para tanto, dos nove (9) tipos de escoamentos identificados na atualidade, foram estudados e discutidos dois (2) deles: Escoamento com entrada livre e Escoamento com entrada afogada, ambos com controle na entrada do bueiro. A seção do bueiro escolhida foi a circular, uma vez que a bibliografia específica para este tipo de seção é menos abundante. O desenvolvimento do trabalho foi feito através de modelação matemática buscando-se encontrar o ponto de transição entre os dois (2) tipos de escoamento. Através dos resultados foi possível uma análise mais detalhada, com sugestão de critérios para projetos de bueiros. / There is a long time that engineers has been trying to reduce problems related to culverts. Not only in the engineering offices, in the stage of projects and calculations, as well in the final putting down the culverts, trying to keep the hydraulic system of culverts working well. Most of problems encountered related to culverts are due to weak design conditions, insufficient design condition or bad review of discharges to be flow. This research aims to analyze the culverts flow in roads and rails projects in order to produce a smooth functioning. Therefore, from nine types of flow recently identified there were studied and discussed two of them: Flow with free entry and flow with submerged entry, both cases with inlet control. The cross section of the culvert chosen was the circular, once that the specific literature for this kind of section is less widespread. The work development was done by mathematical modeling where the objective was to find the transition point between these two types of flow. From the results it was possible to develop a detailed analysis and to propose a culvert design criteria.

Há tempo que engenheiros vêm procurando amenizar os problemas relacionados aos bueiros. Não só nos escritórios de engenharia, na fase de projetos e cálculos, como também no assentamento final, procurando manter o sistema hidráulico dos bueiros funcionando corretamente. A maioria dos problemas encontrados está associada a mal dimensionamento dos bueiros, dimensionamento insuficiente, ou má avaliação das vazões a serem escoadas. O presente trabalho de pesquisa analisa o escoamento dos bueiros nas obras rodoviárias e ferroviárias de forma a viabilizar seu bom funcionamento. Para tanto, dos nove (9) tipos de escoamentos identificados na atualidade, foram estudados e discutidos dois (2) deles: Escoamento com entrada livre e Escoamento com entrada afogada, ambos com controle na entrada do bueiro. A seção do bueiro escolhida foi a circular, uma vez que a bibliografia específica para este tipo de seção é menos abundante. O desenvolvimento do trabalho foi feito através de modelação matemática buscando-se encontrar o ponto de transição entre os dois (2) tipos de escoamento. Através dos resultados foi possível uma análise mais detalhada, com sugestão de critérios para projetos de bueiros. / There is a long time that engineers has been trying to reduce problems related to culverts. Not only in the engineering offices, in the stage of projects and calculations, as well in the final putting down the culverts, trying to keep the hydraulic system of culverts working well. Most of problems encountered related to culverts are due to weak design conditions, insufficient design condition or bad review of discharges to be flow. This research aims to analyze the culverts flow in roads and rails projects in order to produce a smooth functioning. Therefore, from nine types of flow recently identified there were studied and discussed two of them: Flow with free entry and flow with submerged entry, both cases with inlet control. The cross section of the culvert chosen was the circular, once that the specific literature for this kind of section is less widespread. The work development was done by mathematical modeling where the objective was to find the transition point between these two types of flow. From the results it was possible to develop a detailed analysis and to propose a culvert design criteria.

Sedimentation buildup and accumulation can cause serious impediments to the hydraulic capacity of culvert systems. There has not been any significant research to date regarding the behavior of bed load transport nor the implications of bed forms upon the hydraulics associated with culvert flow. The primary objective of this study was to investigate how sediment transport occurs in a culvert and to then develop a methodology and test setup to successfully investigate this sediment transport. The investigation was limited to studying culvert and pipeline transport of alluvial material in sand and gravel sizes. This dissertation develops a semi-empirical bed load transport equation from existing open channel flow models to be used in predicting sediment yields in culvert applications. Incipient motion and critical shear stresses were investigated for application into eight empirically based models. The methods analyzed include the Meyer-Peter Müller, Engelund and Hansen, Shields, Toffaleti (as seen in the United States Army Corps of Engineers program HEC RAS), Schoklitsch, DuBoy, Yang, and Rottner methods. These methods were tested for predictive accuracy to physically modeled bed load transport data obtained from a 304.8 mm (11.89 in) diameter culvert. Tests involved fully pressurized, partially pressurized inlet controlled, and open channel flow regimes for a variety of bed elevations and bedforms. Bedform regime and associated resistance impacts on flow energy were presented to better understand their hydraulic consequence in culvert applications. An extensive literature review regarding sediment transport in both open channel and closed conduit applications is provided to develop a foundation of knowledge to pursue further research in this area. This literature review summarizes the current body of scientific knowledge that is applicable to sediment transport in culverts. Investigations into both historical and current works are cited throughout this studies literature review. A tested methodology is presented for the investigation of sediment bed load transport in culvert applications. Development of a procedure for the testing of critical shear limits and bed load transport is outlined. A detailed application example is provided. Recommended changes in testing techniques and physical model are made for the next generation of culvert sediment transport research.

Deep-corrugated steel culverts (with a corrugation wavelength of 400mm and amplitude of 150mm) can be used as an effective alternative for short-span bridges. Current design methods are typically based on two-dimensional finite element analysis. This thesis reports results from three-dimensional finite element analysis, with explicit modelling of the geometry of the corrugated plates (called corrugated analyses) and employing the orthotropic shell theory (called orthotropic analyses), for a specific box culvert having a 10 m span and 2.4 m rise. The results were compared to previously reported experimental data where a specific large span box culvert was tested under controlled laboratory conditions. The behaviour of the box culvert under small vertical displacement without any soil support was modelled to isolate the structure response. The box culvert was also modelled when subject to fully loaded dump truck, and when loaded using a tandem axle frame to service and ultimate loads. Both corrugated and orthotropic analyses successfully captured the response of the box culvert when backfilled and loaded using dump truck and axle frame loading. It was found that the orthotropic model overestimated the culvert stiffness at the ultimate limit state, but provided effective estimates of response up to the factored design loads. The corrugated model with geometric nonlinearity was required to capture the real behaviour of the corrugated plates up to the ultimate limit state. New insight into the failure mechanisms of the box culvert were provided by the corrugated model analysis. A parametric study was then performed for 86 different long-span box and arch culverts, examining live load spreading in the axial direction, number of loaded lanes, design truck position, culvert geometry, plate thickness, and the existence of pavement. The results were then compared to the moment and thrust equations in the 2006 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) to check the performance of the current design equations. CHBDC equations overestimated the earth and live load bending moments, and did not give the correct trend for different spans. CHBDC thrust equations were found to underestimate the earth and live load thrust values for arch culverts. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-04-26 15:33:45.103

The process of fish migration within rivers and streams is important, especially during the spawning season which often coincides with peak spring discharges in Manitoba. Current environmental regulations for fish passage through culverts require that the average velocity be limited to the prolonged swimming speed of the fish species present. In order to examine the validity of this approach, physical model results were used to calibrate and test a commercially available Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. Detailed analysis showed that CFD models and the empirical equations used were both able to give a better representation of the flow field than the average velocity. However, the empirical equations were able to provide a more accurate velocity distribution within the fully developed region. A relationship was then developed, to estimate the cumulative percent area less than a threshold velocity within CSP culverts, to be used as a guideline during the design phase.