Virtually all nineteenth and twentieth century accounts of Thomas Gray's 'Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard' find in the Curfew bell of the opening lines primarily a figure of death evoked by the growing darkness, the fading sounds, the emptying landscape and ultimate solitude of the speaker, and most of all the funerary associations of tolling bells and the 'passing bell' tradition. And yet, culturally, despite some symbolic overlap, the Curfew bell and the passing bell are quite distinct, each with its own characteristic history, practices, traditions, and connotations, distinctions recognized widely in eighteenth century literary and antiquarian circles. In this thesis, I explore the literary historical question of why so many readers, popular and scholarly, of the 'Elegy' have avoided the overt political implications of these Curfew traditions in favor of the more allusive funerary associations. I develop an argument grounded in both literary tradition and cultural history for taking Gray's famous Curfew seriously as a literal Curfew bell, rather than as merely a symbolic passing bell or funeral bell. The result is a view of the 'Elegy' as engaging with class on a more fundamental level than usually assumed, both anticipating and informing the language of political economic discourse in the latter half of the eighteenth century, suggesting that whether we take the poem most fundamentally as a moral meditation on the ultimate universality of death or as a more socio-political reflection on the disparities of class depends greatly on how we hear this tolling bell.

Home detention as an alternative sanction in the Czech Republic and in England and Wales This thesis mainly aims on describing certain type of punishment generally called home detention and it's different forms that it takes within the jurisdiction of England and Wales and the Czech Republic. The main purpose of this thesis is to provide overview of those variants of home detention alongside with description of requirements that need to be fulfilled so that the home detention may be imposed. This thesis also provide description of processes of execution of home detention and description of processes that are triggered when conditions of home detention are breached in both England and Wales and the Czech Republic. Comparison of Czech and English forms of home detention shall highlight deficiencies existing mainly in Czech legislation. This thesis is divided into four main chapters that deal with various issues relating to the main topic of this thesis. Meaning of the term of punishment is explained in the first chapter of this thesis, focusing mainly on purpose and function of punishment. Punishment is also explained from the historical point of view, providing overview of evolution of punishment throughout the years and explaining the rise of alternative sanctions. Special attention is given to...

Le contexte particulier de la pandémie de la COVID-19 a engendré pour tous des bouleversements sociaux et économiques et plusieurs mesures exceptionnelles ont été mises en place, dont celle du couvre-feu, imposée au Québec en date du 9 janvier 2021 à 20 h 00. Les politiques adoptées pour atténuer la propagation de la COVID-19 constituent une expérience sociale sans précédent. La théorie des activités routinières prédit que les mesures qui influencent les activités sociales auront un impact certain sur la criminalité. Le couvre-feu a considérablement réduit les probabilités d’un tel regroupement, du moins pendant une période définie (par exemple, de 20 h 00 à 5 h 00). Il est possible que le couvre-feu ait pu avoir un impact sur la délinquance, mais aussi sur son déplacement dans l'espace et dans le temps. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’évaluer l’impact du couvre-feu imposé en janvier 2021 sur la criminalité dans la ville de Montréal. Plus spécifiquement, ce mémoire vise à évaluer : (1) s’il y a eu une augmentation ou une diminution de la criminalité, tout en examinant l’impact sur les différents types de crimes, (2) les heures de commission des délits et les types de lieux affectés par ces variations. Les analyses de type spatio-temporelles sont basées sur les données officielles de la criminalité du Service de police de la ville de Montréal (SPVM). Alors que la plupart des études disponibles jusqu'à présent se sont penchées sur l'impact du COVID sur le nombre de crimes (enregistrés), celle-ci recherche spécifiquement l'existence de déplacement dans l'espace et dans le temps. Ce mémoire apporte donc une contribution importante à la littérature sur les impacts d’un couvre-feu sur le crime. En effet, les résultats indiquent que la criminalité diminue initialement à la suite de l’imposition du couvre-feu, cependant cette perturbation est temporaire uniquement. De plus, un déplacement temporel est constaté puisque les taux de crimes sont plus élevés dans les heures où la mesure n’est pas en vigueur. Au niveau géographique, il n’y a pas de déplacement spatial de la criminalité observé à la suite du couvre-feu. Il est intéressant pour les décideurs de connaître les impacts de ce type de mesure sur la criminalité. / The particular context of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused social and economic upheavals for all and several exceptional measures have been put in place, including a curfew, imposed in Quebec on January 9, 2021 at 8:00 p.m. The policies adopted to mitigate the propagation of COVID-19 are an unprecedented social experiment. Routine activity theory predicts that measures that influence social activities will significantly impact crime. The curfew has greatly reduced the likelihood of such a gathering, at least for a defined period (e.g., from 8:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m.). It is possible that the curfew could have impacted not only crime but also its movement in space and time. This research aims to assess the impact of the curfew on crime in the city of Montreal. More specifically, it aims to assess: (1) whether there has been an increase or a decrease in crime while examining the impact on different types of crime, (2) the times of commission of the offences and the types of locations affected by these variations. Spatio-temporal analyses are based on official crime data from the police department of Montreal. While most studies available so far have looked at the impact of COVID on the number of (recorded) crimes, this one specifically seeks the existence of displacement in space and in time. This dissertation contributes significantly to the literature on the impacts of a curfew on crime. Indeed, the results indicate that crime initially decreases following the imposition of the curfew, but this disruption is only temporary. Additionally, a temporal displacement is observed as crime rates are higher during the hours when the curfew is not in effect. There are no indicators of spatial displacement due to the curfew. Understanding the impacts of such measures on crime is important for policymakers.

A presente tese tem por objetivo central investigar a legitimidade da adoção do monitoramento eletrônico como sanção autônoma no sistema de justiça penal brasileiro. Para tanto, parte-se da perspectiva do controle social formal no contexto das sociedades tecnológicas e de riscos, no qual a prisão e o monitoramento estão inseridos, e traça-se um paralelo entre as sanções penais adotadas ao longo do desenvolvimento do Direito Penal e a evolução da sociedade. Enfocando o instituto do monitoramento eletrônico de presos, a tese aborda seu conceito, origens, espécies, evolução tecnológica, finalidades, modelos e aspectos constitucionais, tanto no Brasil, como em outros países. A partir de uma análise crítica de seu tratamento normativo, a nível federal e estadual, formulam-se proposições com o objetivo de preservar os direitos individuais dos monitorados, garantindo-se a idoneidade do sistema de monitoramento eletrônico como espécie de sanção penal, em harmonia com as finalidades preventiva e retributiva da pena, mas sem se descurar da sua potencialidade como instrumento de redução da superpopulação carcerária brasileira. / The objective of the present dissertation is to investigate the legitimacy of adopting electronic monitoring as a stand alone sanction in the Brazilian system of criminal justice. The concept of formal social control in the context of technological risk societies, of which detention and monitoring are intrinsic parts, allows a parallel to be drawn between the penalties adopted throughout the evolution of society and the development of the Criminal justice system. This dissertation analyzes the concept of electronic monitoring of detainees, the origins of this practice, and its types, technological evolution, purposes, models and constitutional aspects in Brazil as well as in other countries. Based on a critical analysis of the normative aspects of electronic monitoring at the federal and state levels, proposals are formulated in order to safeguard individual rights while ensuring the suitability of the system as a type of criminal sanction in keeping with the preventive and retributive purposes of justice. The potential presented by this type of sanction as a means to reduce prison overpopulation in Brazil must not however be overlooked.

A presente tese tem por objetivo central investigar a legitimidade da adoção do monitoramento eletrônico como sanção autônoma no sistema de justiça penal brasileiro. Para tanto, parte-se da perspectiva do controle social formal no contexto das sociedades tecnológicas e de riscos, no qual a prisão e o monitoramento estão inseridos, e traça-se um paralelo entre as sanções penais adotadas ao longo do desenvolvimento do Direito Penal e a evolução da sociedade. Enfocando o instituto do monitoramento eletrônico de presos, a tese aborda seu conceito, origens, espécies, evolução tecnológica, finalidades, modelos e aspectos constitucionais, tanto no Brasil, como em outros países. A partir de uma análise crítica de seu tratamento normativo, a nível federal e estadual, formulam-se proposições com o objetivo de preservar os direitos individuais dos monitorados, garantindo-se a idoneidade do sistema de monitoramento eletrônico como espécie de sanção penal, em harmonia com as finalidades preventiva e retributiva da pena, mas sem se descurar da sua potencialidade como instrumento de redução da superpopulação carcerária brasileira. / The objective of the present dissertation is to investigate the legitimacy of adopting electronic monitoring as a stand alone sanction in the Brazilian system of criminal justice. The concept of formal social control in the context of technological risk societies, of which detention and monitoring are intrinsic parts, allows a parallel to be drawn between the penalties adopted throughout the evolution of society and the development of the Criminal justice system. This dissertation analyzes the concept of electronic monitoring of detainees, the origins of this practice, and its types, technological evolution, purposes, models and constitutional aspects in Brazil as well as in other countries. Based on a critical analysis of the normative aspects of electronic monitoring at the federal and state levels, proposals are formulated in order to safeguard individual rights while ensuring the suitability of the system as a type of criminal sanction in keeping with the preventive and retributive purposes of justice. The potential presented by this type of sanction as a means to reduce prison overpopulation in Brazil must not however be overlooked.