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Geographic profiling is a technique used by crime investigators and the police to examine the locations of a connected series of crimes, to determine the most probable area of the offender’s residence. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, Geographic profiling helps to better interpret the spatial behavior of an offender and focuses the investigation on a specific and smaller area of the community. From the abovementioned and from previous research, we know that Geographic profiling is useful in serial crimes such as in cases of serial murderers, serial rapists etc. Having as a point of reference Malmö, because of the many shooting incidents that have happened through the last years, in this master thesis dissertation, a systematic literature review on Geographic Profiling was conducted while at the same time the usefulness of the method in locating the serial murderers was examined.

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Although hot spots policing has become one of the most promising policing strategies, the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of hot spots policing does not suggest what police should be doing in crime hot spots. To date, police enforcement actions – pedestrian investigations, traffic enforcement, and arrests – still dominate American policing. Yet empirical studies of these actions have not: focused on micro-geographic areas, employed multiple measures of police enforcement actions, or empirically compared the effectiveness of different enforcement actions. Given these gaps in the literature, a mixed-methods study sought to answer four research questions. (1) Do four police enforcement actions focused on offenders or potential offenders reduce violent crime in hot spots? The four police enforcement actions examined were pedestrian investigations, traffic enforcement events, quality of life arrests, and violent crime arrests. (2) Are any one of these four police enforcement actions more effective than the others? (3) When police commanders allocate resources to crime hot spots, what do police commanders think they are doing? (4) What are police commanders’ rationales for what they do in crime hot spots? The first two questions were answered using official data from the Philadelphia Police Department. A purposive sample of 169 high crime street blocks and intersections was drawn and longitudinal data analyses examined the effects of police enforcement actions on monthly violent crime counts from 2009 to 2013 (n = 10,140). Wald Tests were used to test for the differential effectiveness of the four enforcement actions. Qualitative methods answered the remaining two research questions. Field observations of crime strategy meetings (May, 2014 to August, 2014) and interviews with police commanders (November, 2014 to February, 2015) were conducted. The quantitative results found total enforcement and pedestrian stop levels in the previous or same month linked to higher expected monthly violent crime counts. The positive effect of pedestrian stops was significantly larger than the effects of traffic enforcement or quality of life arrests. Despite the positive relationship between police enforcement and violent crime, the qualitative results provided insight into what police commanders thought they were doing in crime hot spots. Three themes emerged from the qualitative data: (1) “locking down” crime hot spots, (2) disrupting high risk offenders, and (3) educating potential victims. Police commanders rationalized these beliefs with four explanations of their effectiveness: (1) making offenders “think twice”, (2) denying potential offenders and victims certain places in order to reduce crime opportunities, (3) getting high risk offenders “off the street”, and (4) target hardening. Drawing on theorizing for how police enforcement actions might actually link to higher levels of crime (Grabosky, 1996) and methodological concerns raised by Taylor (2015), five possible explanations for the observed positive relationships among police enforcement actions and violent crime are provided: (1) an anticipatory effect, (2) over-deterrence, (3) escalation, (4) unintended enticement and self-fulfilling prophecies, and (5) temporal scaling. The anticipatory effect explanation centers on the police correctly anticipating outbreaks of violent crime but violent crime still not being reduced due to (1) dosage, (2) the overuse of enforcement, (3) police legitimacy, (4) temporal displacement or two components the study’s design (5) imprecise measurement and (6) lack of a proper counterfactual. Additionally, police enforcement actions may inadvertently reduce guardianship though over-deterrence, escalate competition among rival offenders, or inform potential offenders of crimes they could or “should” be committing. Finally, the study’s temporal scale (i.e., months) may not be fine enough to capture the actual cycling of how increased enforcement actions produce lower violent crime levels. The qualitative data are drawn upon to possibly support these explanations. Additionally, the pros and cons of police commanders’ perspectives on the use and effectiveness of enforcement actions are discussed in context of the criminological theory and crime control literatures. Finally, the results are discussed in terms of their implications for crime control theory and policy. / Criminal Justice

A minority of the research conducted on the geography of crime has considered crime as a vectored event, consisting of multiple locations of interest and straight-line connections between them. Within this small literature, very little attention has been paid to relationships between the various 'journey' vectors available for consideration. Recently several studies have resurrected the notion of Mobility Triangle Analysis as a method for examining crime as a multi-vectored event. The research described here illustrates that geometric configuration of multi-vector homicide events drives prior findings related to mobility triangle analyses, and demonstrates a two-stage method for reconciling this issue. In addition to examining the geometric configuration of homicide, the research also examines issues of orientation, extent, and the impact of contextual factors in multi-vector models of homicide geography. / Criminal Justice

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Criminal activity and police station locations have an inherent geography that needs to be understood in order for crime prevention strategies to be reasonably effective. This study analysed the spatiotemporal pattern of crime in the city of Manzini, in Swaziland, for the period of 2004 and determined suitable locations for future police stations. Four categories of crime were analysed. These were crimes against property, crimes against people, drug related crimes and crimes against public order. Five main analyses were performed namely: overlay analysis, proximity analysis, temporal analysis, morphological analysis, and accessibility analysis. The findings suggest that crimes against property are the most prevalent category of crime in Manzini with a prevalence rate of 84.2%. This category was followed by crimes against people (11.9%), drug related crimes (3.5%), and crimes against public order (0.4%). Landuses associated with transportation experienced the highest amount (22%) of crime in Manzini. There was a strong relationship between incidents of crime and areas with medium to high population density. The proximity analysis revealed that the highest concentration of incidents of crime was between 50 and 100 metres from alcohol serving establishments in Manzini. In a similar analysis, the proximity of incidents of crime to educational institutions was concentrated between 500 and 1000 metres whereas the proximity of incidents of crime to the Manzini police station was dominant between 250 and 500 metres. Of all recorded incidents of crime 87% occurred during the day while 13% occurred during the night. In areas of high-crime concentration such as the bus rank and the Manzini market, it was established that the structural layout of these areas promoted criminal activity. The accessibility analysis showed that seven police stations are necessary to ensure that people do not walk more than 30 minutes to the nearest police station in Manzini. The study concluded that crime prevention strategies would require the intervention of both the police and city planners to be reasonably successful. It also noted that the establishment of accessible police stations would complement the efforts of the police in their endeavour to combat crime in Manzini.

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-12-16T15:29:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodrigo Antônio dos Santos - 2016.pdf: 7982615 bytes, checksum: d618d017d5a9c7d3c33ce6611af601bb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-12-16T15:29:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodrigo Antônio dos Santos - 2016.pdf: 7982615 bytes, checksum: d618d017d5a9c7d3c33ce6611af601bb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-16T15:29:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodrigo Antônio dos Santos - 2016.pdf: 7982615 bytes, checksum: d618d017d5a9c7d3c33ce6611af601bb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper aimed to map, for neighborhoods of Goiânia, crimes against the person recorded in the 2010-2014 period. With the support of GIS software ArcGIS, crossed crime data with demographic and criminal, such as drug dealing, drug dealing association, color / race, gender and income of the population. The chosen crimes against the person were intentional homicide, manslaughter, bodily injury followed by death and robbery (the latter being a crime against property). At the end, you can see the rapid growth of violence in the city of Goiânia, as well as the most prominent criminal neighborhoods, and its correlation with the demographic variables / O presente trabalho buscou fazer um mapeamento, por bairros de Goiânia, dos crimes contra a pessoa registrados no período de 2010 a 2014. Com o apoio do software SIG ArcGIS, cruzou-se os dados criminais com variáveis demográficas e, também, criminais, sendo: tráfico de drogas, associação ao tráfico de drogas, cor/ raça da população, gênero e renda. Os crimes contra a pessoa escolhidos foram: homicídio doloso, homicídio culposo, lesão corporal seguida de morte e latrocínio (sendo este último um crime contra o patrimônio). Ao final, é possível perceber o crescimento acelerado da violência dentro da cidade de Goiânia, bem como aqueles bairros com maior destaque criminal, e, ainda, sua correlação com as variáveis demográficas.

Jana Jíchová: Crime and its Perception in Urban Environment ABSTRACT Crime is an important social phenomenon that affects many aspects of the functioning of society and the life of every person. It also represents an important interdisciplinary topic that deals with a number of disciplines, including geography. Logically, there is a thematic and methodological overlap; each of the sciences emphasize on different aspects of crime, using various methods and research approaches, interpretations, and therefore contributes to the knowledge of crime differently. The importance of geography is particularly in the enrichment of the crime research on spatial dimension and contributes to its cognition through analysis of the distribution of crime and studies of perception of crime. Although this type of studies is well established in Western crime research, in the Czech geography is paid to them only little attention. This doctoral thesis introduces geography of crime in the Czech context, discusses its theoretical and methodological developments and its applicability and application in our cities.. More emphasis is put on the concept of fear of crime, which constitutes an essential component of feeling of safety affecting daily life, the use of urban space and spatial mobility of individuals. Better understanding of...

Le contexte particulier de la pandémie de la COVID-19 a engendré pour tous des bouleversements sociaux et économiques et plusieurs mesures exceptionnelles ont été mises en place, dont celle du couvre-feu, imposée au Québec en date du 9 janvier 2021 à 20 h 00. Les politiques adoptées pour atténuer la propagation de la COVID-19 constituent une expérience sociale sans précédent. La théorie des activités routinières prédit que les mesures qui influencent les activités sociales auront un impact certain sur la criminalité. Le couvre-feu a considérablement réduit les probabilités d’un tel regroupement, du moins pendant une période définie (par exemple, de 20 h 00 à 5 h 00). Il est possible que le couvre-feu ait pu avoir un impact sur la délinquance, mais aussi sur son déplacement dans l'espace et dans le temps. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’évaluer l’impact du couvre-feu imposé en janvier 2021 sur la criminalité dans la ville de Montréal. Plus spécifiquement, ce mémoire vise à évaluer : (1) s’il y a eu une augmentation ou une diminution de la criminalité, tout en examinant l’impact sur les différents types de crimes, (2) les heures de commission des délits et les types de lieux affectés par ces variations. Les analyses de type spatio-temporelles sont basées sur les données officielles de la criminalité du Service de police de la ville de Montréal (SPVM). Alors que la plupart des études disponibles jusqu'à présent se sont penchées sur l'impact du COVID sur le nombre de crimes (enregistrés), celle-ci recherche spécifiquement l'existence de déplacement dans l'espace et dans le temps. Ce mémoire apporte donc une contribution importante à la littérature sur les impacts d’un couvre-feu sur le crime. En effet, les résultats indiquent que la criminalité diminue initialement à la suite de l’imposition du couvre-feu, cependant cette perturbation est temporaire uniquement. De plus, un déplacement temporel est constaté puisque les taux de crimes sont plus élevés dans les heures où la mesure n’est pas en vigueur. Au niveau géographique, il n’y a pas de déplacement spatial de la criminalité observé à la suite du couvre-feu. Il est intéressant pour les décideurs de connaître les impacts de ce type de mesure sur la criminalité. / The particular context of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused social and economic upheavals for all and several exceptional measures have been put in place, including a curfew, imposed in Quebec on January 9, 2021 at 8:00 p.m. The policies adopted to mitigate the propagation of COVID-19 are an unprecedented social experiment. Routine activity theory predicts that measures that influence social activities will significantly impact crime. The curfew has greatly reduced the likelihood of such a gathering, at least for a defined period (e.g., from 8:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m.). It is possible that the curfew could have impacted not only crime but also its movement in space and time. This research aims to assess the impact of the curfew on crime in the city of Montreal. More specifically, it aims to assess: (1) whether there has been an increase or a decrease in crime while examining the impact on different types of crime, (2) the times of commission of the offences and the types of locations affected by these variations. Spatio-temporal analyses are based on official crime data from the police department of Montreal. While most studies available so far have looked at the impact of COVID on the number of (recorded) crimes, this one specifically seeks the existence of displacement in space and in time. This dissertation contributes significantly to the literature on the impacts of a curfew on crime. Indeed, the results indicate that crime initially decreases following the imposition of the curfew, but this disruption is only temporary. Additionally, a temporal displacement is observed as crime rates are higher during the hours when the curfew is not in effect. There are no indicators of spatial displacement due to the curfew. Understanding the impacts of such measures on crime is important for policymakers.