published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

In an era of accountability and increased state control of curriculum, curriculum guides have become important legal documents, and many local districts seek to produce documents as a framework for both district and state objectives . Such curriculum development is a complex process. This study examined the curriculum procedures, roles of the participants , decision-making processes, and perceptions of the resulting documents in five school districts. Qualitative data collection included taped interviews using a focused in-depth interview schedule, field notes, observation, and document collection. The study included central administrators, building administrators, and teachers. Data Analysis was an interative, on-going process using a constant-comparative analysis of coded categories emerging from the transcribed data. This comparison examined curriculum models, curriculum trends, and teacher and administrator perceptions. The study of the curriculum processes in each district resulted in the development of a five-step curriculum model: pre-planning, planning, writing, implementation, and revision. Naturalistic models developed in each district as the curriculum was impacted by various pressures and influences. Within the five areas of each curriculum model, several patterns emerged. Each district had some impetus for a new curriculum direction. All districts reported some kind of data gathering within the planning stage and intensive training of teachers during the writing stage. The curriculum writers spoke of developing goals, objectives, strategies and of deciding upon content and document format. Many mentioned a negotiation system for decision-making. During curriculum planning and development, central office administrators formulated and approved policy, teachers documented district policy, and building administrators monitored its implementation. The emerging themes suggest the effects of a school district's environment on the curriculum process and the importance of an influential person to monitor all stages of the procedure. The themes indicate the strong move toward centralization of curriculum as a result or increasing state mandates, and demonstrate that teachers derive a sense of satisfaction and "ownership" of curriculum documents as they take part in curriculum planning and writing.

據稿本複印 / 論文(碩士)--香港中文大學教育學部,1986. / 參考文獻: leaves 153-171 / Chapter 第一章： --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 1 --- 問題說明 --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- 研究目的 --- p.3 / Chapter 3 --- 研究範圍 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二章： --- 香港課程發展的背景及現況 --- p.6 / Chapter 1 --- 香港政治體制的特點 --- p.6 / Chapter 2 --- 香港教育規劃的特點 --- p.11 / Chapter 3 --- 香港課程發展的特點 --- p.17 / Chapter 第三章： --- 文獻評述及理論架構 --- p.31 / Chapter 1 --- 課程革新與發展 --- p.31 / Chapter 2 --- 政治教育 --- p.50 / Chapter 3 --- 決策釐訂 --- p.57 / Chapter 4 --- 本研究之理論架構 --- p.76 / Chapter 5 --- 本研究之假設 --- p.90 / Chapter 第四章： --- 研究方法 --- p.92 / Chapter 第五章： --- 研究結果及討論 --- p.100 / 參考書目 --- p.153 / 附錄 --- p.172

The purpose of this study was to explore outcomes of a GIS/GPS integration process: to (a) examine student responses to GIS and GPS inclusion in their curriculum, (b) determine whether a relationship exists between inclusion of GIS into existing K-12 curriculum and student achievement, (c) examine the effectiveness of GIS professional development for teachers, and (d) evaluate teacher perceptions of the value of integrating GIS into their existing curricula. This study was quantitative and quasi-experimental in design. The samples consisted of 1,425 students from one middle school and 62 teachers from Palm Beach County School District. Two instruments were used in this study: student surveys and teacher feedback forms. Data from the student surveys indicated that students perceive their learning is enhanced by inclusion of GIS and GPS. Data from the teacher feedback forms revealed positive perceptions of the GIS/GPS program as an integrative tool for their existing curricula and a positive assessment of the GIS professional development training. The relationship between GIS instruction and student academic achievement was evaluated, measured by FCAT reading scores and final grades in science and social studies. The findings support the constructivist theory that students learn best when actively engaged in the process. In this study standardized FCAT reading test results and science and social studies grades corroborate the students' perceptions that GIS and GPS integration enhances their learning. Study results show FCAT reading scores were higher for GIS students than for non-GIS students. The research further indicated a significant increase in FCAT reading scores for non-native English speaking GIS students and a significantly higher average science grade for non-White GIS students. / The findings also show that students who had a greater frequency of GIS instruction had higher averages in science and social studies grades. Education reform requires bold initiatives and an organizational culture supportive of innovative ideas. The structured model for development and implementation of GIS in the K-12 public school system presented at the end of this study includes collaboration between district leadership, administrators and teachers, and a comprehensive approach to professional development. / by Donna L. Goldstein. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

本研究旨在透過職前教師資訊問題解決課程之設計及實施，以了解及提升職前教師利用互聯網解決資訊問題的能力及了解課程的成效。研究以Eisenberg & Berkowitz 的Big 6 及認知心理學中的問題空間中起始狀態、中間狀態及目標狀態作為論文架構。本研究採用了量化和質化取向，以探討三個研究問題：首先，探討在實施資訊問題解決課程前職前教師的解決資訊問題能力。然後，探討職前教師在實施資訊問題解決課程後的轉變，這包括職前教師所能掌握及未能掌握的技能和擁有不同解決資訊問題能力的職前教師之學習情況。最後，本研究會討論職前教師在解決資訊問題時所遇見的困難，並檢視整個資訊問題解決課程之成效及可改進的地方。 / 本研究對象為研究者所任教的職前教師，人數為29人。所有的對象均需要在課程實施前及課程實施後填寫職前教師資訊問題解決問卷、完成資訊問題選擇題測驗及解決一個實際的資訊問題工作，以了解職前教師在課程前後對解決資訊問題的自我認知和實際能力。同時，為了解職前教師在課程學習時的過程，在課程實施時提供相關的工作紙以作記錄。根據職前教師在解決資訊問題時的表現，本研究選取了四名職前教師進行訪談，以更深入了解職前教師在解決問題時的學習情況及所面對的困難。 / 研究結果顯示，本研究所設計的課程能有效協助職前教師解決資訊問題。他們在課程前已擁有較佳的起始狀態，但中間狀態和目標狀態中的能力稍遜。在課程實施後，他們的能力有實質的改變。除了能定義問題外，他們更能指出搜尋引擎以外的資訊來源、利用搜尋關鍵字、採用評估資料準則並能夠利用互聯網工具管理資訊。但結果也顯示他們有不少可改進的地方，如可更了解問題的要求、資訊來源對問題的貢獻、不同類型關鍵字、進階檢索的使用、評估資訊對問題的貢獻及組織資訊的方法等。他們出現困難的主要原因包括未能掌握較深入的技巧、對問題的信心和態度、網絡資源的限制及課程的安排。 / The study aims to understand the ability of information problem solving (IPS) and the effectiveness of IPS curriculum. By integrating Big6 model and problem space concept in cognitive psychology, this study employed both quantitative and qualitative approach to answer three research questions: (1) What are the IPS skills of pre-service teachers before implementing the IPS curriculum? (2) What are the effects of IPS curriculum? (3) What are the difficulties of pre-service teachers in solving information problem? / 29 pre-service teachers participated in this research. All of them required to work on questionnaire, test and information task before and after curriculum implementation. In order to understand the difficulties in solving information problem, four of them participated in in-depth interview. / Result revealed that the curriculum demonstrated significant improvement in the ability of information problem solving. Before the curriculum implementation, they had poor performance in intermediate state and goal state. After the curriculum implementation, they had ability to define the problem, list information source, use basic keywords, employ evaluation criteria and manage information by using web tools. However, there are several ways to improve. For example, to understand the requirements of problem, to understand the contribution of information sources, to use different type of keywords and advanced search statements, to understand the contribution of web evaluation and to understand how to organize information. The reasons of difficulties in solving information problem have been addressed. It includes the complexity in information problem solving skills, the attitudes and confidence of handling problem, the limitation of web resources and the arrangement of the curriculum. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 鄧高瑋. / Thesis (Ed.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 176-187). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Deng Gaowei. / Chapter 第1章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 研究背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- 問題解決與資訊問題解決的重要性 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- 職前教師對資訊問題解決的需要 --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- 資訊問題解決課程的需要 --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- 研究目的及研究問題 --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- 研究意義 --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- 可以豐富問題解決的方法 --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- 深入了解職前教師解決問題過程 --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- 可以提升職前教師解決問題的技巧 --- p.5 / Chapter 第2章 --- 文獻綜述 --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- 問題與問題解決 --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 問題的定義 --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 資訊問題的定義 --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- 問題解決的概念 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- 資訊問題解決模式 --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Big6資訊問題解決模式 --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Big6與資訊問題解決能力 --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Big6實證研究 --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- 資訊問題與資訊素養 --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 資訊素養的定義 --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- 資訊素養與資訊問題解決的關係 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- 資訊素養架構 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4 --- 資訊問題解決的課程教學 --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- 教學目標 --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- 課程教學策略 --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- 資訊問題解決能力的評估 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- 問卷調查 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- 測驗及工作 --- p.27 / Chapter 第3章 --- 研究設計與方法 --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1 --- 研究的基本框架與研究問題 --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- 研究目的及研究問題 --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- 研究框架 --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- 研究方法設計 --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3 --- 研究流程 --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 研究對象 --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 資訊問題解決課程安排 --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- 課程編排及課程內容 --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- 課程教學策略 --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 數據收集工具 --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- 問卷調查 --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- 資訊問題解決測驗 --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- 資訊問題工作及課堂工作紙 --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.3.4 --- 訪談 --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4 --- 資料分析 --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- 量化數據的分析 --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- 質化數據的分析 --- p.50 / Chapter 第4章 --- 研究結果─問卷、測驗及工作 --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1 --- 問卷結果 --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- 起始狀態 --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 中間狀態：尋求資訊來源 --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- 中間狀態：搜尋資訊 --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- 中間狀態：評估資訊 --- p.60 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- 目標狀態 --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2 --- 測驗結果 --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 中間狀態：尋求資訊來源 --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 中間狀態：搜尋資訊 --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 中間狀態：評估資訊 --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3 --- 工作結果 --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 工作結果之交互評分者信度 --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 起始狀態 --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- 題目要求與問題的撰寫 --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- 主問題及子問題的撰寫 --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- 資訊需要 --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- 中間狀態：尋求資訊來源 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- 資訊來源的種類和數量 --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- 最佳資訊來源 --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- 中間狀態：搜尋資訊 --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.4.1 --- 關鍵字的使用 --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3.4.2 --- 搜尋語句的使用 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3.4.3 --- 搜尋策略 --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- 中間狀態：評估資訊 --- p.93 / Chapter 4.3.5.1 --- 評估資訊的準則 --- p.93 / Chapter 4.3.5.2 --- 評估資訊的能力 --- p.94 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- 目標狀態 --- p.97 / Chapter 4.3.6.1 --- 組織資訊的工具 --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3.6.2 --- 組織資訊的能力 --- p.100 / Chapter 4.3.6.3 --- 整合資訊策略的描述 --- p.104 / Chapter 4.4 --- 小結 --- p.107 / Chapter 第5章 --- 研究結果─訪談與課堂學習表現 --- p.109 / Chapter 5.1 --- 個案樣本的選取 --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2 --- 個案的描述 --- p.112 / Chapter 5.3 --- 個案一：能力較高的參與者F --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- 背景資料 --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- 第一部份：起始狀態 --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- 第二部份：中間狀態：尋求資訊來源 --- p.114 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- 第三部份：中間狀態：搜尋資訊 --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- 第四部份：中間狀態：評估資訊 --- p.116 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- 第五部份：目標狀態 --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3.7 --- 第六部份：對整體課程的意見 --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4 --- 個案二：能力一般的參與者G --- p.120 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- 背景資料 --- p.120 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- 第一部份：起始狀態 --- p.120 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- 第二部份：中間狀態：尋求資訊來源 --- p.122 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- 第三部份：中間狀態：搜尋資訊 --- p.122 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- 第四部份：中間狀態：評估資訊 --- p.124 / Chapter 5.4.6 --- 第五部份：目標狀態 --- p.124 / Chapter 5.4.7 --- 第六部份：對整體課程意見 --- p.126 / Chapter 5.5 --- 個案三：能力稍遜的參與者H --- p.127 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- 背景 --- p.127 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- 第一部份：起始狀態 --- p.127 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- 第二部份：中間狀態：尋求資訊來源 --- p.129 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- 第三部份：中間狀態：搜尋資料 --- p.129 / Chapter 5.5.5 --- 第四部份：中間狀態：評估資訊 --- p.131 / Chapter 5.5.6 --- 第五部份：目標狀態 --- p.132 / Chapter 5.5.7 --- 第六部份：對整體課程意見 --- p.133 / Chapter 5.6 --- 個案四：課程後能力大幅提升的參與者A --- p.134 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- 背景 --- p.134 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- 第一部份：起始狀態 --- p.134 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- 第二部份：中間狀態：尋求資訊來源 --- p.136 / Chapter 5.6.4 --- 第三部份：中間狀態：搜尋資訊 --- p.136 / Chapter 5.6.5 --- 第四部份：中間狀態：評估資訊 --- p.137 / Chapter 5.6.6 --- 第五部份：目標狀態 --- p.138 / Chapter 5.6.7 --- 第六部份：對整體課程的意見 --- p.140 / Chapter 第6章 --- 討論 --- p.141 / Chapter 6.1 --- 課程實施前的資訊問題解決能力 --- p.141 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- 起始狀態 --- p.141 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- 中間狀態：尋求資訊來源 --- p.142 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- 中間狀態：搜尋資訊 --- p.143 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- 中間狀態：評估資訊 --- p.144 / Chapter 6.1.5 --- 目標狀態 --- p.145 / Chapter 6.2 --- 課程實施後的改變 --- p.145 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- 起始狀態 --- p.146 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- 中間狀態：尋求資訊來源 --- p.149 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- 中間狀態：搜尋資訊 --- p.151 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- 中間狀態：評估資訊 --- p.154 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- 目標狀態 --- p.156 / Chapter 6.3 --- 職前教師解決問題的分析 --- p.158 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- 參與者在課程中已掌握的技能 --- p.158 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- 參與者遇到困難的地方 --- p.159 / Chapter 6.3.2.1 --- 未能掌握課堂所教授的技巧應用於問題解決上 --- p.159 / Chapter 6.3.2.2 --- 職前教師對解決問題的信心及態度 --- p.161 / Chapter 6.3.3.3 --- 網絡資源上的限制 --- p.162 / Chapter 6.3.3.4 --- 課程安排的影響 --- p.163 / Chapter 第7章 --- 結論、研究局限及建議 --- p.164 / Chapter 7.1 --- 研究結論 --- p.164 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- 職前教師解決資訊問題的能力 --- p.165 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- 資訊問題解決課程的成效 --- p.167 / Chapter 7.1.2.1 --- 自我認知部份 --- p.167 / Chapter 7.1.2.2 --- 實際解決問題的能力 --- p.167 / Chapter 7.1.2.3 --- 解決問題的困難 --- p.168 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- 改善現有課程的建議 --- p.169 / Chapter 7.1.3.1 --- 深化課程內容 --- p.169 / Chapter 7.1.3.2 --- 選取合適課題 --- p.170 / Chapter 7.1.3.3 --- 培養學習動機 --- p.170 / Chapter 7.1.3.4 --- 加強網絡資源的支援 --- p.171 / Chapter 7.1.3.5 --- 減輕學生的認知負荷 --- p.171 / Chapter 7.2 --- 研究局限 --- p.172 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- 時間上的不足 --- p.172 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- 研究的概括性 --- p.172 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- 研究設計的不足 --- p.173 / Chapter 7.2.4 --- 研究者的角色 --- p.173 / Chapter 7.3 --- 後續研究方向 --- p.174 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- 把資訊問題解決課程融入高中通識科 --- p.174 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- 資訊問題解決之縱貫性研究 --- p.175 / 參考文獻 --- p.176 / 附錄 --- p.188

本研究檢視不同課程領導策略在不同課程實施階段的情況。研究以香港新高中通識教育科為背景，在香港三所中學進行，涉及3位通識教育科的課程領導者、8位教師和3位教學助理。研究顯示主要的課程領導策略分佈在個人、課室和學校三個層面，並在不同的課程實施階段中出現（計劃階段、實施階段、評鑑階段－PIE階段）。其中，較重要的是在循環過程中運作的「回饋系統」（Feedback System），其質素回饋主要來自學生評估、教師教學效能和課程評鑑。研究中亦探討課程領導策略的成熟度、複雜度、繼續性和持續性對課程領導發展（包括：規限性、延展性和已發展性）的影響。文中提及課程領導策略取決於不同因素，包括面對的困難、領導的模式和學校的情境等。研究結果顯示，學校甲類近分散式領導；學校乙類近協調式領導；而學校丙則類近協作式領導。以上三種課程領導模式以三個主要元素來界定，分別是：課程管理、課程決策和權力關係。本研究之結果和討論部份，以及修訂後的研究框架，顯示出課程領導策略與課程實施階段的特殊關係，並對學生和教師的學與教表現有著重要影響。最後，本研究雖然有其研究限制，但是仍有助日後相關研究之出現，其重點為：(1) 課程領導策略的實施程度；(2) 課程領導模式的發展情況；(3) 「回饋系統」的操作與運行等。 / This study examines the relationship between curriculum leadership strategies and curriculum implementation stages in the New Senior Secondary Curriculum for the Liberal Studies subject in Hong Kong. Semi structured interviews were conducted with three subject panels, eight teachers and three teaching assistants from three local secondary schools. It was found that the curriculum leadership strategies (personal, classroom and school) employed in the three key stages (planning, implementation and evaluation or ‘PIE’ ) of the integrated model (see Figure 2) proposed by the researcher varied, depending on maturity, continuity, complexity and sustainability in the leadership development process categorized as restricted, emergent and developed. Within the cyclic process in PIE stages, the operation of ‘feedback system’ comes importantly. It is believed that the quality feedback collected from students’ assessment, teachers’ efficacy, and the curriculum evaluation is significant in improving the work of curriculum leadership strategies. Furthermore, the choices of the curriculum leadership strategies are influenced by the constraints encountered, curriculum leadership styles, and school context. Besides, different leadership styles consisting of such elements as curriculum management, decision-making and power relationship were adopted by the three schools: distributed leadership for School A, facilitative leadership for School B, and collaborative leadership for School C. The conceptual framework allows educators and other stakeholders to understand how and why certain curriculum leadership strategies are associated with some particular curriculum implementation stages. Finally, further research is recommended on: (a) the degree of adoption of the strategies; (b) the development of curriculum leadership forms; and (c) the ‘feedback system’ under various school contexts involving people relationship and organizational culture. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Fung, Yuk Shan. / Thesis (Ed.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 248-256). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.3 / Acknowledgements --- p.5 / List of Tables --- p.10 / List of Figures --- p.11 / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Continuation of inquiry into curriculum leadership --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- The present situation and the trend of curriculum leadership --- p.13 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- The nature of curriculum leadership in the 21st century --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2 --- Liberal Studies as research context --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research objectives --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Literature Review: The Curriculum Leadership Strategies --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1 --- An overview of curriculum leadership --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Changing leadership -levels of leadership --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Principal Leadership --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Subject Leadership --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- Teacher Leadership --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Curriculum nature for curriculum leadership development --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Curriculum leadership relating to curriculum management and decision-making --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Advocating alternative power relationships --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Forms of curriculum leadership --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Traditional Leadership --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Facilitative Leadership --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Collaborative Leadership --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Distributed Leadership --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3 --- Leadership development --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4 --- Curriculum leadership strategies --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Description of curriculum leadership strategies --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Leadership strategies --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Curriculum leadership strategies --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The main perspectives related to leadership strategies --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- People relationship for supporting leadership strategies --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Leadership culture and organizational culture --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- The main levels and kinds of curriculum leadership strategies --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- Personal Level --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.3.1.1 --- Emphasis on leadership conception and qualities --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.3.1.2 --- Enhancement of leadership capacity --- p.46 / Chapter 2.4.3.1.3 --- Insistence on teacher professionalism --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- Classroom level --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4.3.2.1 --- Promoting effective teaching and learning --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4.3.2.2 --- Leadership for learning --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.3.2.3 --- Management of teaching resources --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.3.3 --- School Level --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.3.3.1 --- Managing cultural change and renewal --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.3.3.2 --- Restructuring the curriculum management team --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4.3.3.3 --- Communication and collaboration in school organization --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.3.3.4 --- Creating professional learning community --- p.55 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Literature Review: Curriculum Implementation Stages for Liberal Studies --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1 --- Curriculum implementation --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Characteristics of curriculum implementation --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Different views from different areas for implementation stages --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Construction of the integrated model of curriculum implementation stages --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2 --- Liberal Studies of New Senior Secondary Curriculum --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Enquiry teaching and learning --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Issue enquiry and multiple perspectives --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Other Learning Experiences for Independent Enquiry Studies --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3 --- Combining framework of different implementation stages for Liberal Studies --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Research Design --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1 --- Research significance --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Academic aspect --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Practical aspect --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2 --- Research models --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3 --- Research Questions --- p.80 / Main Research Question --- p.80 / Sub-Research Questions --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4 --- Operational definition --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Curriculum leadership --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Curriculum leadership strategies --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Curriculum implementation stages --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Liberal Studies --- p.86 / Chapter 4.5 --- Research subjects and sampling --- p.87 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Research subjects --- p.87 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Sampling --- p.88 / Chapter 4.6 --- Research Methods and Steps --- p.89 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Data collection --- p.90 / Chapter 4.6.1.1 --- Interviews --- p.90 / Chapter 4.6.1.2 --- Observation --- p.92 / Chapter 4.6.1.3 --- Documentary analysis --- p.93 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Data analysis --- p.95 / Chapter 4.6.2.1 --- Triangulation --- p.95 / Chapter 4.6.2.2 --- Validity --- p.96 / Chapter 4.7 --- Research instruments --- p.96 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Interview Guide X --- p.97 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Interview Guide 1 --- p.97 / Chapter 4.7.3 --- Interview Guide 2 --- p.97 / Chapter 4.7.4 --- Interview Guide 3 --- p.98 / Chapter 4.8 --- Research schedule --- p.98 / Chapter 4.9 --- The Research data and the cases --- p.99 / Chapter 4.9.1 --- Observations and interviews --- p.100 / Chapter 4.9.2 --- Documentary analysis --- p.102 / Chapter 4.10 --- Justifications for the research methodology --- p.104 / Chapter 4.10.1 --- Selection of cases --- p.104 / Chapter 4.10.2 --- Determination of research context --- p.105 / Chapter 4.10.3 --- Adoption of qualitative research --- p.106 / Chapter 4.10.4 --- Employment of multiple research data --- p.106 / Chapter 4.10.5 --- Engagement of triangulation methods --- p.106 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Research Findings and Analysis --- p.108 / Chapter 5.1 --- Multiple case study in three secondary schools --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2 --- Qualitative findings --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- School A --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Background of the LS subject panel and other team members --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Changing time, changing mode and changing leader --- p.110 / Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- Performance expectations and outcomes --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.1.4 --- Teaching constraints for LS teachers --- p.124 / Chapter 5.2.1.5 --- Strategies adopted in different levels --- p.128 / Chapter 5.2.1.6 --- ‘Feedback System’ in School A --- p.136 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- School B --- p.137 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Background of the LS subject panel and other team members --- p.138 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Changing time, changing mode and changing leader --- p.139 / Chapter 5.2.2.3 --- Performance expectations and outcomes --- p.141 / Chapter 5.2.2.4 --- Teaching constraints for LS teachers --- p.146 / Chapter 5.2.2.5 --- Strategies adopted in different levels --- p.149 / Chapter 5.2.2.6 --- ‘Feedback System’ in School B --- p.154 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- School C --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.3.1 --- Background of the LS subject panel and other team members --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2.3.2 --- Changing time, changing mode and changing leader --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.3.3 --- Performance expectations and outcomes --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.3.4 --- Teaching Constraints for LS Teachers --- p.168 / Chapter 5.2.3.5 --- Strategies adopted in different levels --- p.171 / Chapter 5.2.3.6 --- ‘Feedback System’ in School C --- p.180 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Discussion --- p.181 / Chapter 6.1 --- Understanding qualitative relationship --- p.181 / Chapter 6.2 --- The strategies used in different implementation stages --- p.183 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- The number of stages appearing in the implementation process --- p.183 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- The key strategies adopted in different stages --- p.189 / Chapter 6.2.2.1 --- Personal strategies focusing on planning & implementation stages --- p.190 / Chapter 6.2.2.2 --- Classroom strategies focusing on implementation stage --- p.194 / Chapter 6.2.2.3 --- School strategies focusing on planning & implementation stages --- p.196 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- The possible major and minor strategies --- p.197 / Chapter 6.3 --- The reasons of using different strategies in different implementation stages --- p.200 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Encountering different constraints --- p.201 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Relating to different leadership forms --- p.204 / Chapter 6.4 --- The impact of the adopted strategies on curriculum implementation --- p.210 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- The actual situational leadership of ‘reverse effect’ --- p.211 / Chapter 6.4.1.1 --- People relationship and the strategies used with ‘reverse effect’ --- p.211 / Chapter 6.4.1.2 --- Leadership culture, organizational culture and the strategies used with ‘reverse effect’ --- p.214 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- The performance outcomes --- p.215 / Chapter 6.5 --- Relationship between curriculum leadership strategies and curriculum implementation stages --- p.216 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- THEME 1: Relationship between the strategies and the stages --- p.216 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- THEME 2: Relationship between the level of strategies and the stages --- p.220 / Chapter 6.5.3 --- THEME 3: Relationship between the nature of strategies and the stages --- p.226 / Chapter 6.5.4 --- THEME 4: Relationship among the school context, the strategies and the stages --- p.229 / Chapter 6.5.5 --- THEME 5: Relationship between the school context and the feedback system --- p.231 / Chapter 6.6 --- Conclusive summary --- p.233 / Chapter Chapter Seven --- Conclusion --- p.237 / Chapter 7.1 --- Findings of the study --- p.237 / Chapter 7.2 --- Limitations of the study --- p.239 / Chapter 7.3 --- Recommendations and implications --- p.242 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Importance of school context --- p.242 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Consideration of effective planning --- p.243 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- Emphasis on evaluation and quality feedback --- p.243 / Chapter 7.3.4 --- Teacher Education --- p.244 / Chapter 7.3.5 --- Curriculum reform --- p.245 / Chapter 7.4 --- Further research --- p.245 / References --- p.248 / Chapter Appendices --- p.257

Following a constructivist paradigm, the research employed a case study approach combining qualitative and quantitative research methods to explore the process of curriculum development of two BA/TEFL programs in Mainland China. Research data sources included questionnaire responses, interview data, university archives and documents, and field notes from case-site visits. The questionnaire survey was completed by 137 graduating student teachers and 86 past graduates teaching in secondary schools, from both programs. Altogether 54 stakeholders in the programs, i.e. program heads, teacher educators, student teachers, past graduates and employers, were interviewed to find out their opinions about strengths and weaknesses of the programs. Content analysis was carried out to identify the salient features of the curriculum planning process, which included decision-making features and degree of involvement by various stakeholders. / The research findings shed light on our understanding of the process of curriculum planning and revision of BA/TEFL pre-service teacher education programs in normal universities in China. They have helped raise awareness that curricular decisions directly affect the degree of student teachers' preparedness for their future teaching profession. Therefore, it is very important for curriculum decision-makers to identify and cater for the needs of program recipients in the process of curriculum development. / The results revealed that the curriculum processes at both BA/TEFL programs followed a primarily top-down approach, and the program heads played an essential role throughout the entire process. Teacher educators and student teachers were not very actively involved. Past graduates and schools that employed the graduates were almost never consulted about the curriculum. The findings also revealed that student teachers from the two case sites held different attitudes towards their learning and professional preparation in their respective programs; this was largely due to the variations in the curricula. Factors such as student in-take, the educational backgrounds of the teacher educators and the approaches adopted for the English language enhancement courses may also have contributed to the cultivation of pre-service teacher qualities. / This research focused on the curriculum planning process of BA/TEFL programs at normal universities in Mainland China. It aimed to examine the procedures that each program followed in curriculum improvement, especially with regard to the level of involvement of different stakeholders and other possible factors, which had an impact on the curriculum decisions. This study was conducted because there was a pressing need to improve pre-service teacher education programs in the Chinese educational context, and curriculum development was of primary importance. / This research has implications for the curriculum development of BA/TEFL programs not only in normal universities but also comprehensive universities that have started teacher education practice. It also has indicated that there is a need to develop TEFL professional standards in the Chinese context, which would inform the curriculum improvements of the BA/TEFL programs in terms of the forming and revision of the curriculum goals and objectives. / Wu Zunmin. / "June 2005." / Adviser: Jane Jackson. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: A, page: 0170. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 296-312). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

孫旭花. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2007. / 參考文獻(p. 185-194). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2007. / Can kao wen xian (p. 185-194). / Sun Xuhua.

黃素蘭. / 論文(哲學碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院敎育學部, 1997. / 參考文獻: leaves 195-202. / Huang Sulan. / 論文摘要 --- p.i / 鳴謝 --- p.ii / 目錄 --- p.iii-iv / 圖表目錄 --- p.v / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 研究背景 --- p.1-3 / Chapter 1.2 --- 研究目的 --- p.3-4 / Chapter 1.3 --- 研究的重要性 --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- 名詞定義 --- p.5-6 / Chapter 第二章 --- 香港小學美勞科課程發展及課程規劃的探討 --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- 香港課程發展的特色 --- p.8-13 / Chapter 2.2 --- 香港小學美勞科的發展 --- p.14-16 / Chapter 2.3 --- 香港校本課程發展與小學美勞課程發展的關係 --- p.17-20 / Chapter 2.4 --- 香港小學美勞科新舊課程綱要的課程規劃與設計 --- p.21-26 / Chapter 第三章 --- 教師課程決策的探討 --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1 --- 課程的定義 --- p.28-30 / Chapter 3.2 --- 課程決策的層次 --- p.31-36 / Chapter 3.3 --- 教師規劃的層次與角色 --- p.37-39 / Chapter 3.4 --- 教師規劃的考慮範疇 --- p.40-42 / Chapter 3.5 --- 教師規劃的思考因素 --- p.43-45 / Chapter 第四章 --- 研究設計與實施 --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1 --- 研究問題 --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2 --- 研究性質一質的研究 --- p.47-48 / Chapter 4.3 --- 研究策略一個案研究 --- p.48-50 / Chapter 4.4 --- 研究方法 --- p.50-52 / Chapter 4.5 --- 內容分析 --- p.52-53 / Chapter 4.6 --- 預試訪問 --- p.53-54 / Chapter 4.7 --- 晤談問題的構思 --- p.54-55 / Chapter 4.8 --- 晤談對象的選擇 --- p.55-60 / Chapter 4.9 --- 研究程序 --- p.60-61 / Chapter 4.10 --- 研究限制 --- p.61 / Chapter 第五章 --- 美勞科教學計劃的決策概況 --- p.62 / Chapter 5.1 --- 學校美勞科教學計劃的課程元素 --- p.63-71 / Chapter 5.2 --- 美勞科教學計劃的特點 --- p.72-76 / Chapter 5.3 --- 美勞科教學計劃的分析原則 --- p.77-84 / Chapter 5.4 --- 美勞科教學計劃的分析 --- p.85-94 / Chapter 5.5 --- 總結 --- p.95-96 / Chapter 第六章 --- 影響美勞科主任課程決策的因素 --- p.97 / Chapter 6.1 --- 校內美勞科教學計劃的規劃概況 --- p.98-106 / Chapter 6.2 --- 美勞科主任在編訂教學計劃時考慮的範疇 --- p.107-123 / Chapter 6.3 --- 美勞科主任在編訂教學計劃時的思考因素 --- p.124-150 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論與建議 --- p.151 / Chapter 7.1 --- 美勞科主任如何感知中央文件課程及規劃全年教學計劃 --- p.152-157 / Chapter 7.2 --- 情境因素與個人因素如何影響美勞科主任的課程決策 --- p.158-162 / Chapter 7.3 --- 研究建議 --- p.162-165 / 註釋 --- p.166-172 / 附錄 / Chapter 附件4.1 --- 學校及個人資料(問卷) --- p.173 / Chapter 附件5.1 --- 美勞科教學計劃與課程綱要對照表（學校A四年級) --- p.174-179 / Chapter 附件5.2 --- 美勞科教學計劃與課程綱要對照表（學校D五年級) --- p.180-187 / Chapter 附件5.3 --- 美勞科教學計劃在「教材分配比例」方面的對照表 --- p.188-194 / 美勞科教學計劃在「教學重點」方面的對照表 / 美勞科教學計劃在「教學活動」方面的對照表 / 美勞科教學計劃「綜合美術欣賞與創作活動」的對照表 / 參考資料 --- p.195-202

This project fills a void in the area of dual immersion program implementation. Although there are general guidelines that exist, there is a paucity of specific guidelines that explicitly delineate the implementation of these critical components in the current accountability climate. We need to move beyond general categories and tailor them to the unique needs program models within situated contexts.