Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis offers a descriptive study of the empirical customs issues that are required to reform the Eritrean Customs Administration towards its alignment to the global situation. The first chapter as a general introduction encompasses the background, the research premise and the methodology adopted. The second chapter discusses public service reform by putting emphasis on institutional and regulatory reform as framework of analysis. The intention is to review the generic characteristics of public service reform as macro-environment of customs administration in order to analyze the attributes of the general context shared by customs as a public service. Considering customs as a component of the broader environment of public service, the third chapter of the thesis focuses on the contemporary body of knowledge of customs administration that serves as a conceptual framework and micro-analysis of customs. In this section, the core issues and priorities of customs' service modernisation are highlighted; customs' best practices, standards and procedures as seen from the perspective ofthe new challenges of globalisation are also reviewed. From these reviews chapter three underlies two basic facts. First it is justified that raising customs' operation to a uniform, high standard procedure and achieving excellence in the customs service is a prerequisite for trade and tourism in general and promoting export in particular. Second, investment decisions will be made on the basis of a country's ability to provide an environment that is conducive to maintain a reliable, low-cost flow of goods and components with minimal trade barriers. Furthermore, the international trade, social and economic environments are in fact changing. World economies and communities are becoming more reliant on cooperation, partnerships, understanding and harmonisation. Factors such as growth in trade volume and tourism, trade liberalisation and investment, falling transport and communications costs and increasing international competition are driving customs administrations world-wide to change their traditional procedures. More importantly, customs administrations are expected to manage ever-increasing complexities and levels of transactions with static or ever-decreasing resources. Similarly, customs are requested to strike and maintain the right balance between control and facilitation. Hence, this thesis builds on the premise that Eritrea should align its customs administration to the global situation as an essential institution of national and international policy by reforming and modernising its management methods and operational procedures. In the above idea, while reform measures in customs administration are aimed at identifying alternative ways and means of achieving greater efficiency and effectiveness in the service delivery, customs modernisation implies the change in or adoption of best management practices, standards and procedures facilitated by up-to-date information technology, in order to bring the fun benefits of customs as contributor to economic growth in Eritrea. This positive correlation between effective customs administration and the economic growth ensured - inter alia through increased volume of trade and tourist flows as wen as direct foreign investment - constitutes the bases for reviewing the Eritrean economic background in the fourth chapter, as a macro-context and as a guide for the required reform and modernisation measures in Eritrean customs. The rationale is that any national public sector reform strategy is unlikely to succeed unless it actively takes into account the macro-environment as determinant factor and point of departure in deciding the type of policies, institutions, and resources required for a reform at micro-level. As a result it can be said that the state reforms that have already been carried out in Eritrea are designed to create a favourable atmosphere, among others for the three core potentials for economic growth in Eritrea, namely investment, export and tourism. However, these potentials collectively request customs modernisation for their positive contribution to the Eritrean economy. Subsequently, the aforementioned background brings into perspective the need for reform and modernisation measures in the face of the challenges of globalisation and in line to the intent of the macro-policy reforms and identified potentials of the Eritrean economy. Therefore, the thesis analyzes in the fifth chapter the customs practice in Eritrea. And thereafter, it is concluded by the two underpinning parameters as essentials for transforming the practice of customs in Eritrea. First, institutional transformation is required in the sense that one of the critical capabilities that have lacked is the ability to formulate and analyse policies. Typically this implies that customs has been lacking institutions and their infrastructure along with the human resource base that reflects the specialisation that is needed. Second, regulatory transformation is required in the sense that there should be an updated enabling environment in place as an instrument to implement policies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word verslag gedoen oor 'n deskriptiewe navorsingstudie ten opsigte van die empiriese doeane-kwessies wat nodig is om die Eritrese doeane-administrasie te hervorm ten einde dit in lyn te bring met die situasie wêreldwyd. Om dit te kan doen, word die hervorming van die staatsdiens in die tweede hoofstuk bespreek en word klem gelê op institusionele en regulatoriese hervorming as raamwerk vir die analise. Die bedoeling is om 'n oorsig te verkry van die generiese kenmerke van staatsdienshervorming as makro-omgewing van doeaneadministrasie ten einde die eienskappe te analiseer van die algemene konteks wat deur doeane, as staatsdiens, gedeel word. In die derde hoofstuk van hierdie tesis word aan doeane as komponent van die groter omgewing van die staatsdiens aandag gegee, en word daar ook op die kontemporêre kennisgeheel van doeane-administrasie wat as konseptueie raamwerk en mikro-analise van doeane dien, gefokus. In hierdie afdeling word die kernvraagstukke en prioriteite ten opsigte van die modernisering van die doeanediens belig. Doeane se beste praktyke, standaarde en prosedures, soos gesien vanuit die perspektief van die nuwe uitdagings van globalisering, word ook in oënskou geneem. Volgens hierdie oorwegings is daar twee feite grondliggend aan Hoofstuk 3. Eerstens is dit verantwoordbaar dat verbetering van die werkswyse van die doeane tot 'n uniforme, hoëstandaardprosedure en die bereiking van uitmuntendheid in die doeanediens 'n voorvereiste is vir handel en toerisme in die algemeen en vir die bevordering van uitvoer in die besonder. Tweedens sal beleggingsbesluite geneem word op die basis van 'n land se vermoë om 'n omgewing te verskaf wat bevorderlik is vir die instandhouding van 'n betroubare laekostevloei van goedere en komponente met 'n minimum handelsbeperkinge. Verder is internasionale handel sowel as die sosiale en ekonomiese omgewings besig om te verander. Wêreldekonomieë en -gemeenskappe raak al meer afhanklik van samewerking, vennootskappe, begrip en harmoniëring. Faktore soos die groei in handelsvolume en toerisme, handelsbevryding en belegging, dalende vervoer- en kommunikasiekoste en toenemende internasionale mededinging dwing doeane-administrasies wêreldwyd om hulle tradisionele prosedures te verander. Belangriker selfs is dat daar van doeane-administrasie verwag word om steeds toenemende kompleksiteite en transaksievlakke met statiese en geleidelik kwynende hulpbronne te behartig. Insgelyks word van doeane verlang om die regte balans tussen beheer en fasilitering te verkry en te handhaaf. Hierdie tesis bou dus op die premis dat Eritrea as 'n essensiële instelling van nasionale en internasionale belang sy doeane-administrasie op een lyn moet bring met die situasie wêreldwyd deur hervorming en modernisering van die bestuursmetodes en operasionele prosedures. In die bostaande gedagte impliseer modernisering van doeane die verandering in of aanpassing van bestebestuurspraktyke, standaarde en prosedures gefasiliteer deur byderwetse tegnologie, alhoewel hervormingsmaatreëls in doeane-administrasie op identifisering van alternatiewe middele tot groter doeltreffendheid en doelmatigheid ten opsigte van die dienslewering gemik is om daardeur die volle voordeel van die doeane se bydrae tot die ekonomiese groei in Eritrea te verwesenlik. In die vierde hoofstuk maak die positiewe korrelasie tussen effektiewe doeane-administrasie en ekonomiese groei, wat onder andere deur verhoogde volume "in die handels- en toeristevloei sowel as direkte buitelandse belegging verseker is, die basis uit vir hersiening van die Eritrese ekonomiese agtergrond. Hierdeur word 'n makrokonteks verkry om as gids te dien vir die vereiste maatreëls vir hervorming en modernisering in die Eritrese doeane. Die beredenering hiervoor is dat dit onwaarskynlik is dat enige nasionale openbaresektorstrategie sal slaag tensy dit die makro-omgewing, as deurslaggewende faktor en vertrekpunt in die besluit ten opsigte van beleide, instellings en hulpbronne wat benodig word vir hervorming op mikrovlak, daadwerklik in gedagte hou. As gevolg hiervan kan gesê word dat staatshervorming wat reeds in Eritrea teweeggebring is, ontwerp is om 'n gunstige atmosfeer te skep, onder andere vir die drie kemmoontlikhede vir ekonomiese groei in Eritrea, naamlik belegging, uitvoer en toerisme. Gesamentlik vereis hierdie moontlikhede egter modernisering van die doeane indien hulle 'n positiewe bydrae tot die Eritrese ekonomie wil maak. Die voorafgaande agtergrond bring dus nou die behoefte aan maatreëls vir hervorming en modernisering in perspektief, met die oog op die uitdagings van globalisering en gevolglik die bedoeling van die makro-beleidshervormings en geïdentifiseerde moontlikhede vir die Eritrese ekonomie. Daarom analiseer hierdie tesis in die vyfde hoofstuk die doeanepraktyk in Eritrea. Daarna word die verslag afgesluit deur die twee stawende parameters as grondtrekke vir hervorming van die doeane-praktyk in Eritrea. Institusionele hervorming is eerstens nodig in die sin dat een van die kritieke bevoegdhede wat tot dusver ontbreek het, die vermoë is om beleide te formuleer en analiseer. Dit impliseer duidelik dat dit die doeane tot dusver ontbreek het aan instellings en hulle infrastruktuur tesame met die menslikehulpbronbasis wat die vereiste spesialisering weerspieël. Tweedens word regulatoriese transformasie benodig in die sin dat daar 'n bygewerkte bemagtigende omgewing moet wees as 'n instrument om hierdie beleide te implementeer.

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Arts

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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Public and Development Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fuJfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management (in the field of Public and D~velopment Management) . APRIL 1998 / This paper focuses on whether apartheid South Africa's approach to the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) has been hegemonic and whether a democratic South Africa will ensure leadership of SACU member countries to enhance mutual economic development or maintain a hegemonic approach. Institutional r6constitution and democratisation are terms which have recently regained popularity in SACU. Bot.awana, Lesotho, Narni.b.i.a and Swaziland (BLNS) are attempting to develop a programme which would accelerate the process of participatory fairness. South Africa on the other hand is initiating consultative forums between SACU member countries to incorporate popular aspirations and address tensions emanating from a concentration of industry in South Africa. This paper begins by providing a history characterised by hegemonic relationships of the pre-1994 period between South Africa and the BLNS countries, which is followed by a theoretical approach to options for solutions for the regional integration complexities of Southern Africa, referring '!lore specifically to SACU. South Africa's initiative to facilitate participation of member countries, which culminated in the introduction of the Customs Union Task Team (CUTT), received attention. The general discussion of interviews test the theoretical perspective of participative engagement of SACU membership, and provide suggestions towards the future of the customs union. A conclusive analysis and recommendations for further research are presented.

by Chor-on Leung. / Thesis (M.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves 186-199.

陳英凱. / "2004年8月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2004. / 參考文獻 (p. 89-93) / 附中英文摘要. / "2004 nian 8 yue". / Chen Yingkai. / Lun wen (Zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2004. / Can kao wen xian (p. 89-93) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 引言 --- p.1-8 / Chapter 第一章 --- 旅遊主題下的都市空間 --- p.9 / 閱讀香港´ؤ´ؤ主題公園 --- p.11-18 / 創造/模擬「動感」 --- p.19-27 / 都市空間的銷售與呈現 --- p.28-32 / 商界意見 --- p.33-37 / 小結 --- p.38-41 / Chapter 第二章. --- 都市空間的商品化與資訊化 --- p.42 / 廣告資訊構成的商品化都市景觀 --- p.45-62 / 令人目眩的屏幕化都市與超真實 --- p.63-78 / 小結 --- p.79-81 / 結語 --- p.82-88 / 參考書目 --- p.89-93

In recent decades, many Chinese have experienced changes in their eating as a result of a shift from food shortages to an expansion of food markets. Many urban Chinese make choices from a variety of food, and food safety incidents frequently reported in the media have raised consumer concerns with food quality and the potential effects of foods on human health. Meanwhile, some urban dwellers worry about overweight, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and other health threats as a result of, for example, diets that are high in fats and sugar. Some studies have examined how consumers respond to food-related anxieties in China. These studies have suggested that they may change their eating or shopping patterns and rely on external indicators such as, brands and vendor types. A number of these studies are based on quantitative calculations of patterns of participants’ behaviours or perceptions. However, they pay little attention to how ordinary people experience and deal with food-related anxieties. Moreover, individuals seem to be passive and dependent on institutional efforts to control food-related anxieties. With the use of interview and participant observation data, this research analyses how participants deal with the food-related anxieties they experience in everyday life through their daily food and eating practices. The research demonstrates participants’ activity to deal with their food safety and health concerns in light of Mauss’s (1973) concept of ‘body techniques’, and de Certeau’s (1984) discussion of ‘strategies’ and ‘tactics’. By drawing on Mauss’s (1973) concept, the study offers an understanding of food-related anxieties and the practice of home cooking to deal with those anxieties through the perspective of embodiment. My research also challenges the existing literature which suggests ordinary people are passive and subject to institutional strategies to deal with food-related anxieties. With reference to Mauss (1973) and de Certeau (1984), participants have agency to respond to food safety and health concerns according to their acquired eating habits and the social circumstances to which they belong. The findings suggest that participants tactically use embodied knowledge and techniques of home cooking transmitted across generations to deal with food safety and health concerns in contemporary China.

雍城作為秦都達300年之久，對秦政治、軍事、經濟、文化、宗教等方面的發展都發揮了很大的作用。此時期的秦文化既繼承了之前的西北、周文化傳統，又吸收了三晉、巴蜀、楚等地的文化特色，文化內涵漸趨豐富。前人對雍城的研究雖多，可是大多著重考古挖掘與都城結構兩方面，而較少從文化交流的角度分析相關議題。本文以前人研究為基礎，結合文獻與考古材料，先從「點」的層面開始，探討雍城所反映的春秋戰國之際，秦國的上層文化面貌。進而從「點」擴展至「線」的層面，縱向討論西周、春秋、戰國時期秦文化的演變，以及橫向考析天水、寶雞、西安地區不同等級的秦墓所反映的文化面貌。文中透過全面的整合與分析前人研究成果、文獻及考古材料，了解到秦國雖透過政治與軍事擴張而與「他者」文化接觸，但其文化發展卻沒有排他性。因此，秦國與「他者」的文化交流模式屬許倬雲所說的「傳播和擴散型」。 / The city of Yong（雍城） was the capital of Qin state（秦國） for 300 years. During this period, Qin had experienced a great development from the area of politic, military, religion, culture to economy. This thesis deals mainly with the development of Qin's culture, and holds the opinion that Qin culture became sophisticated gradually with numerous cultural elements from the surrounding ethnic groups. Qin culture as a cultural complex, it inherited the traditions of Zhou（周）, and absorbed cultural elements from the Northwest, Southwest and the Central Plain（中原）. Archaeological researches on the city of Yong in the past fifty years have great achievements on Qin’s early history, however, there is no consensus in regard to some aspects of the early Qin culture, such as the palace structure of the city of Yong. By investigating the documents and unearthed relics, including tombs, pottery and bronze vessels, this thesis examines the characteristics and changes of Qin culture during Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou periods, and analyzes the process and pattern of cultural communication between Qin and the Other. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 林淑娟. / "2013年7月". / "2013 nian 7 yue". / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-216). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Lin Shujuan. / Chapter 序章 --- 緒論 --- p.頁1 / Chapter 甲、 --- 解題 / Chapter （一） --- 「秦早期」與「雍城時期」 / Chapter （二） --- 「文化」：群體、社會的生活方式 / Chapter （三） --- 文化交流與相融：「自我」與「他者」的相互作用 / Chapter 乙、 --- 前人研究綜述 / Chapter （一） --- 半個世紀的雍城考古成果 / Chapter （二） --- 秦早期中、小型墓研究概況 / Chapter （三） --- 秦早期器物研究綜述 / Chapter 丙、 --- 研究目的及各章重點 / Chapter （一） --- 研究目的 / Chapter （二） --- 各章重點 / Chapter 第一章 --- 論九都八遷：秦早期的「都」、「城」與「邑」 --- p.頁23 / Chapter 甲、 --- 論九都八遷：秦歷世所居之地的爭議 / Chapter （一） --- 奠基之都：犬丘、西犬丘 / Chapter （二） --- 因文而異：西垂與西界 / Chapter （三） --- 一地多稱：汧渭之會、汧渭之間、秦 / Chapter （四） --- 遷汧之議：《史記正義》的誤載 / Chapter 乙、 --- 釋「都」、「城」與「邑」 / Chapter （一） --- 「都」與「邑」：處宗廟與否 / Chapter （二） --- 「城」與「城市」：軍事、經濟功能之差別 / Chapter （三） --- 秦早期的「都」、「城」與「邑」 / Chapter 丙、 --- 靈公、獻公居地的爭議 / Chapter 第二章 --- 定都雍城：雍城的結構佈局（上篇） --- p.頁50 / Chapter 甲、 --- 定都雍城原因探究 / Chapter （一） --- 關中：沃野千里的地理優勢 / Chapter （二） --- 雍城與大鄭宮：前人經營的成果 / Chapter 乙、 --- 雍城的城郭制度 / Chapter （一） --- 城郭之制：城以衛君，郭以守民 / Chapter （二） --- 雍城與咸陽：由郭至城 / Chapter 丙、 --- 〈考工記〉與東周列國都城 / Chapter （一） --- 〈考工記〉所反映的周禮精神 / Chapter （二） --- 理想與現實：東周列國都城之營建 / Chapter 第三章 --- 定都雍城：雍城的結構佈局（下篇） --- p.頁79 / Chapter 甲、 --- 離宮別苑相望：雍城的宮殿遺址 / Chapter （一） --- 馬家莊三號建築遺址 / Chapter （二） --- 姚家崗宮殿區及鐵溝、高王寺宮殿區 / Chapter （三） --- 城郊宮殿遺址 / Chapter 乙、 --- 昭穆之制：雍城的宗廟建築 / Chapter （一） --- 五廟、七廟之爭 / Chapter （二） --- 馬家莊一號建築遺址的三廟之制 / Chapter （三） --- 《儀禮》與雍城的宗廟結構 / Chapter 丙、 --- 雍城秦公陵園區 / Chapter （一） --- 分邦墓之地域：雍城陵園區的兆域 / Chapter （二） --- 大墓墓主身份考析 / Chapter 第四章 --- 周秦文化的「融合」：秦公墓與中、小型墓的比較 --- p.頁112 / Chapter 甲、 --- 秦公一號大墓的形制與葬俗 / Chapter （一） --- 天子之墓制：黃腸題湊 / Chapter （二） --- 秦國的人殉制度 / Chapter 乙、 --- 秦早期墓葬的出土與分布：天水、寶雞與西安 / Chapter （一） --- 天水、寶雞、西安地區的秦墓 / Chapter （二） --- 由西而東：秦國中、小型墓的分布 / Chapter 丙、 --- 秦中、小型墓的特色：屈肢葬、西首 / Chapter （一） --- 秦早期墓葬的分級 / Chapter （二） --- 秦公墓與中、小型墓的比較 / Chapter 丁、 --- 秦早期墓葬的文化元素 / Chapter （一） --- 屈肢葬的兩個體系：仰身屈肢與側身屈肢 / Chapter （二） --- 秦墓中腰坑、殉狗來源的爭議 / Chapter （三） --- 西北地區的葬俗：西首 / Chapter 第五章 --- 秦早期文化特色及演變：以青銅器、陶器為中心 --- p.頁141 / Chapter 甲、 --- 由簡至繁：墓葬器物的組合及演變 / Chapter （一） --- 從日用陶器到禮器：隨葬品類型的轉變 / Chapter （二） --- 文化交流與器物組合的多樣性 / Chapter 乙、 --- 陶器的文化成分：以鬲、罐、盆、豆為例 / Chapter （一） --- 聯襠鬲、袋足鬲 / Chapter （二） --- 圓肩罐、大喇叭口罐 / Chapter （三） --- 深腹盆 / Chapter （四） --- 喇叭圈足豆 / Chapter 丙、 --- 秦早期器物的器形、紋飾及文化元素 / Chapter （一） --- 青銅禮器與周文化 / Chapter （二） --- 銅鍑、銅劍與北方文化 / Chapter （三） --- 雙耳器、袋足鬲與西北地區文化 / Chapter （四） --- 帶蓋器與三晉文化 / Chapter （五） --- 陶釜、銅劍、銅鍪與巴蜀文化 / Chapter 終章 --- 結語 --- p.頁177 / Chapter 附錄一： --- 秦國世系圖 --- p.頁182 / Chapter 附錄二： --- 兩周時期秦國東向發展圖 --- p.頁183 / Chapter 附錄三： --- 天水、寶雞及西安地區出土秦早期墓葬列表 --- p.頁185 / p.頁189