With the advent of electronics technology, various instruments in surface roughness measurements appear sequentially. Errors and erroneous judgment will happen while using unsuitably, due to the operating method and range are not exactly the same. For stylus profilometer, the effects of operating parameters on surface roughness of standard sample and machined elements are presented. Furthermore, small size elements or mirror-like surfaces are measured by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Experimental results show that the cut-off value is the most significant parameter to Ra, it suggests that the best range for the cut-off value is greater and equal to 0.8mm. The error of Rmax is less than 3% at scanning speed of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5mm/s, and that within 10% at scanning speed of 2mm/s. Rmax increases with increasing angle of work-stage. The measurement length for standard sample is insignificant to Ra and Rmax. When the surface with curvature is measured, the curvature is removed by the cut-off value for filtering, and the roughness curve is judged whether include peaks and valleys of profile curve, and then the surface roughness is measured by man-made. When the irregular surface is measured, the cut-off value of 0.8mm and higher is selected, and represented surface in the way of separate section or area. SEM and AFM are used to assist in measuring for real roughness value when small size elements or mirror-like surfaces are measured. Variations of roughness of machined elements in polishing are measured finally, results show that Ra, Rq, Rmax, Rz, Skewness will decrease with increasing polishing time, and Kurtosis will increase.

Zugl.: Darmstadt, Techn. University, Diss., 2007.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, 1999. / Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-137).

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, 2000. / Bibliography: leaves 280-300.

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2006. / Abstract. Includes bibliographic references.

Zugl.: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 2004. - Hergestellt on demand

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Florida, 1983. / Description based on print version record. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 776-789).

Zugl.: Mainz, Univ., Diss., 2008

M.A. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-07-20T22:46:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Ednaldo Mendes Sacramento.pdf: 666518 bytes, checksum: 84c8c69fc984ecf717565a74b03d2c64 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-20T22:46:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Ednaldo Mendes Sacramento.pdf: 666518 bytes, checksum: 84c8c69fc984ecf717565a74b03d2c64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-28 / This paper presents the results of a survey on the changes that will render in the Central ?nica dos Trabalhadores ? CUT, from the beginning of the decade of 1990, which transformed the character of this organization from a central Union classist to a collaborative entity classes. The trajectory of this organization was marked by intense debates and disputes, of the projects, however mark two times when these disputes were decisive: in 1983, when it was founded, with the victory of currents that defended a unionism classist, independent in relation to the State and based on the direct action of the workers, from the perspective of socialism. The other time was in the early 1990, when labor majority in the current joint CUT gradually was abandoning marxist references, passing defending proposals to overcome crises capitalist system and the participation of the Central in conciliation forums of class. The main objective of this research is to contribute to the explanation of these changes, from the analysis of the dynamics of class struggle, the internal organization of the Central dispute of political projects in its interior, as well as social places that the leaders of the CUT began to occupy. Sought to develop the work trying to answer the question on the existence, or not, of possibilities of choices by the direction of the institution, on the difficulties created for workers by the actions of the ruling class, attentive to the idea of reciprocal determinations. The approach to the Central ?nica dos Trabalhadores was a collective organizer, in a gramscian perspective. The central hypothesis is that the process of bureaucratization and the new functions occupied by cutistas leaders had decisive weight to changes. / Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre as mudan?as que se processaram na Central ?nica dos Trabalhadores ? CUT, a partir do in?cio da d?cada de 1990, que transformou o car?ter desta organiza??o, passando de uma central sindical classista a uma entidade de colabora??o de classes. A trajet?ria desta Central foi marcada por intensos debates e disputas de projetos, podendo-se, no entanto, demarcar dois momentos em que foram decisivas estas disputas: em 1983, quando da sua funda??o, com a vit?ria das correntes que defendiam um sindicalismo classista, independente em rela??o ao Estado e baseado na a??o direta dos trabalhadores, na perspectiva do socialismo. O outro momento se deu no in?cio da d?cada de 1990, quando a Articula??o Sindical, corrente majorit?ria na CUT, gradativamente, foi abandonando os referenciais marxistas, passando a defender propostas no sentido de superar crises do sistema capitalista e a participa??o da Central em f?runs de concilia??o de classe. O objetivo central deste trabalho ? contribuir com a explica??o destas mudan?as, a partir da an?lise da din?mica da luta de classes, da organiza??o interna da Central e da disputa de projetos pol?ticos no seu interior, bem como dos lugares sociais que os dirigentes da CUT passaram a ocupar. Buscou-se desenvolver o trabalho tentando responder ? quest?o sobre a exist?ncia, ou n?o, de possibilidades de escolhas pela dire??o da entidade, diante das dificuldades criadas para os trabalhadores pelas a??es da classe dirigente, atento ? ideia das determina??es rec?procas. A abordagem ? Central ?nica dos Trabalhadores foi a de um organizador coletivo, numa perspectiva gramsciana. A hip?tese central ? que o processo de burocratiza??o e as novas fun??es ocupadas pelos dirigentes cutistas tiveram peso determinante para as mudan?as ocorridas.