Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-02-27T13:30:34Z No. of bitstreams: 5 38.pdf: 443796 bytes, checksum: 09ce470914751a428cfc76262fcd0741 (MD5) license_url: 52 bytes, checksum: 3d480ae6c91e310daba2020f8787d6f9 (MD5) license_text: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-02-27T18:43:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 5 38.pdf: 443796 bytes, checksum: 09ce470914751a428cfc76262fcd0741 (MD5) license_url: 52 bytes, checksum: 3d480ae6c91e310daba2020f8787d6f9 (MD5) license_text: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-27T18:43:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 5 38.pdf: 443796 bytes, checksum: 09ce470914751a428cfc76262fcd0741 (MD5) license_url: 52 bytes, checksum: 3d480ae6c91e310daba2020f8787d6f9 (MD5) license_text: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes) / Diversas esp?cies do g?nero Sida s?o importantes plantas daninhas, principalmente em pastagens e culturas anuais. O conhecimento da anatomia e morfologia ? fundamental para o controle qu?mico das plantas, bem como o estudo dos mecanismos de penetra??o dos herbicidas. Caracter?sticas morfofisiol?gicas e composi??es qu?micas est?o diretamente relacionadas ? habilidade competitiva superior das culturas. O objetivo do trabalho foi fazer uma an?lise comparativa da produ??o de mat?ria seca, ?rea foliar, quantidade de cera epicuticular e estudar a anatomia foliar de tr?s esp?cies de Sida spp., em diferentes est?dios de desenvolvimento, visando obter informa??es de poss?veis barreiras ? penetra??o de agroqu?micos al?m de outras caracter?sticas envolvidas na capacidade competitiva pelos recursos naturais. A partir de criterioso trabalho fitossociol?gico em ?reas de pastagens, observou-se maior ?ndice de valor de import?ncia para as esp?cies Sida urens, Sida spinosa e Sida rhombifolia. Essas esp?cies foram coletadas em tr?s est?dios fenol?gicos caracterizados como V1: forma??o de at? 10 folhas completamente expandidas; V2: entre 11 folhas e antes do florescimento e R: ap?s florescimento. As plantas foram cortadas rente ao solo e levadas ao laborat?rio para quantifica??o da ?rea foliar, extra??o e quantifica??o da cera epicuticular, quantifica??o da mat?ria seca da parte a?rea e trabalhos anat?micos a partir de cortes e impress?es parad?rmicas das folhas. Verificou-se, para os est?dios V2 e R, maior n?mero de folhas para a esp?cie Sida rhombifolia, seguida por S. spinosa em V2 e S. urens em R. Esses resultados foram relativamente proporcionais ? ?rea foliar para todas as esp?cies. S. spinosa na fase vegetativa produziu os maiores valores de AFE, n?o se observando diferen?as entre as esp?cies avaliadas no est?dio caracterizado por R. Para a quantidade de cera por unidade de ?rea foliar, entre as esp?cies num mesmo est?dio, verificou-se diferen?a somente na fase reprodutiva, onde S. spinosa produziu valor superior. Entre os est?dios para cada esp?cie, observou-se decr?scimo na quantidade de cera com a idade das plantas. A esp?cie Sida spinosa apresentou maior densidade estom?tica na fase R. As tr?s esp?cies apresentaram menor densidade estom?tica, maior densidade tricom?tica e parede celular mais espessa no est?dio V2. Conclui-se que as tr?s esp?cies podem ser mais tolerantes ? entrada de produtos qu?micos na fase vegetativa e a esp?cie S. spinosa pode ser mais suscept?vel na fase reprodutiva. De maneira integrada, os resultados esclarecem melhor as diferen?as de sensibilidade das esp?cies a herbicidas e em rela??o ? habilidade competitiva frente ?s diferentes plantas cultivadas. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2011. / ABSTRACT Several species of the genus Sida are important weeds, mainly in pastures and annual crops. The study of anatomy and morphology is essential to control chemical plants, as well as the study of mechanisms of herbicide penetration. Morphophysiological and chemical compositions are directly related to superior competitive ability of crops. The objective was to make a comparative analysis of the dry matter production, leaf area, amount of epicuticular wax and study the anatomy of three species of Sida spp. at different developmental stages in order to obtain information on possible barriers to the penetration of agrochemicals and other characteristics involved in competitive ability for resources. From phytosociological careful work in areas of pasture, there was a higher rate of importance value for species Sida urens, Sida rhombifolia and Sida spinosa. These species were collected at three growth stages V1 characterized as: training of up to 10 fully expanded leaves; V2: between 11 and leaves before flowering and R: after flowering. The plants were cut close to soil and taken to the laboratory for measurement of leaf area, wax extraction and quantification, quantification of the dry matter of shoots and anatomical works from paradermic cuts and impressions of leaves. There was, for stages V2 and R, more leaves for this species Sida rhombifolia, followed by S. spinosa in V2 and S. urens in R. These results were relatively proportional to leaf area for all species. S. spinosa in the vegetative phase produced the highest values of SLA, with no significant differences between the species assessed in stage characterized by R. For the amount of wax per unit leaf area between species in the same stadium, there was difference only in the reproductive phase, where S. spinosa produced a higher rating. Between stages for each species, there was a decrease in the amount of wax to plant age. The species Sida spinosa showed higher stomatal density in phase R. The three species had lower stomatal density, higher trichome density and thicker cell wall in the V2 stage. It is concluded that the three species may be more tolerant to input chemical species at vegetative and S. spinosa may be more susceptible in the reproductive phase. In an integrated way, the best results clarify the different sensitivity of species to herbicides and competitive ability in relation to the face of the different crops.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-02-22T23:12:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EmanuelAraujoDeMacedoSousa_DISSERT.pdf: 4300944 bytes, checksum: 45df5c71087eabcb92c6fc65d23ec7ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-02-25T23:28:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 EmanuelAraujoDeMacedoSousa_DISSERT.pdf: 4300944 bytes, checksum: 45df5c71087eabcb92c6fc65d23ec7ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-25T23:28:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EmanuelAraujoDeMacedoSousa_DISSERT.pdf: 4300944 bytes, checksum: 45df5c71087eabcb92c6fc65d23ec7ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / O atual modelo de desenvolvimento predominante na sociedade global ? ditado por uma racionalidade econ?mica que p?e em risco meio ambiente e justi?a social. Cada vez mais se tem despertado para os riscos dessa forma de produ??o e consumo, impulsionando a busca pelo desenvolvimento sustent?vel, com uma racionalidade ambiental que concilie as atividades humanas com preserva??o da natureza e bem estar de todas as classes socioecon?micas. Um dos esfor?os nesse sentido ? a altera??o da matriz que atende ? demanda energ?tica, substituindo combust?veis f?sseis por fontes renov?veis e mais limpas, como os biocombust?veis. Carthamus tinctorius (c?rtamo) ? uma planta oleaginosa com potencial para produ??o de biodiesel, com bom rendimento e perfil qu?mico de ?leo aliados ? boa adapta??o a climas como o do semi?rido nordestino. Com fomento de pol?ticas p?blicas, o uso da esp?cie pode ser alternativa interessante ? agricultura familiar. Na agricultura em geral ? comum o uso de agrot?xicos para prevenir e combater doen?as e pragas, pr?tica n?o sustent?vel. Por isso, investiga-se o uso de subst?ncias alternativas menos danosas. Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar se o extrato foliar de nim (Azadirachta indica) (20% m/v) e a calda bordalesa (sulfato de cobre) exercem efeitos na esp?cie do c?rtamo. Objetivou-se tamb?m verificar a aceitabilidade da cultura entre agricultores do munic?pio de Apodi-RN, tendo em vista situarem-se na regi?o-alvo para o cultivo da esp?cie, al?m da compreens?o de que seu conhecimento e disposi??o para adotar a cultura ? fundamental para a introdu??o da esp?cie e crescimento socioecon?mico associado ? sua explora??o. Al?m disso, foi elaborada uma cartilha informativa sobre o c?rtamo. No experimento em campo, os referidos fungicidas alternativos foram pulverizados em plantas cultivadas em parcelas experimentais, havendo coleta de folhas para an?lise de anatomia, cut?cula foliar e morfologia da cera epicuticular, camada protetora que faz a interface planta-ambiente. Em Apodi, 45 agricultores da Cooperativa Potiguar de Apicultura e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustent?vel (COOPAPI) passaram por entrevistas semiestruturadas, abordando tamb?m a avalia??o das esp?cies atualmente cultivadas e a percep??o do uso de agrot?xicos e alternativas sustent?veis. Ap?s compara??o por an?lise de vari?ncia, constatou-se que n?o houve diferen?a entre tratamentos no experimento, tamb?m n?o sendo observadas modifica??es anat?micas ou morfol?gicas. A aceita??o do c?rtamo entre agricultores foi ampla, com 84% dos entrevistados acreditando na perspectiva de lucratividade. O cen?rio atual, com pouca diversidade de culturas, fr?gil ante estiagens e pragas, pode explicar parcialmente essa opini?o. A cartilha elaborada foi bastante eficaz em chamar aten??o das pessoas para o potencial da esp?cie. Houve amplo reconhecimento da import?ncia dos defensivos alternativos, justificados pela seguran?a ? sa?de. Com base no aspecto avaliado nos resultados da pesquisa, os tratamentos podem ser recomendados para uso como fungicidas em c?rtamo. Com a suscetibilidade da cultura aos fungos em per?odo chuvoso, aconselha-se que sua potencial introdu??o na regi?o se concentre no semi?rido. / The currently main development model on global society is driven by an economic rationality that endangers the environment and social justice. More and more, attention to this way of production and consumption is increasing, boosting research for sustainable development, with an environmental rationality that can harmonize nature preservation and welfare of all socioeconomic classes. One of the efforts on this sense is changing the sources supplying the energy demand, replacing fossil fuels for renewable and cleaner sources, such as biofuels. Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) is an oilseed crop with potential for biodiesel production, with good oil yield and chemical profile, allied to good adaptation to climates such like the northeastern semiarid lands of Brazil. With public policies fomentation, the use of this species may be an interesting alternative for family farming. In farming in general, the use of pesticides to prevent and combat diseases and plagues is common, which is not a sustainable practice. Thus, there are researched alternative, less dangerous substances. In this study, it was aimed to assess if neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract (20% m/v) and Bordeaux mixture (copper sulfate) have effects on safflower. It was also aimed to verify acceptance of farmers on safflower crop in Apodi, a municipality in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil, in view of it being localized in the aimed region for this crop cultivation. Besides that, understanding that the farmers? knowledge and inclination to adopt the crop is fundamental for the introduction of this species and socioeconomic growth due to its exploration. In addition, a booklet with basic information on safflower was produced. In the field experiment, the fungicides were pulverized on plants cultivated in field experimental plots, with collection of leaf samples for analysis on anatomy, cuticle, and epicuticular wax morphology, the protective layer that interfaces with the surrounding ambient. In Apodi, forty-five farmers from Potiguar Cooperative of Apiculture and Sustainable Rural Development (COOPAPI) underwent semi-structured interviews, which also addressed their assessment on currently cultivated crops and perception of pesticide uses and sustainable alternatives. After comparing using analysis of variance, it was found that there was no difference between treatments in the experiment, as well as no anatomical or morphological modifications. Safflower acceptation among farmers was wide, with 84% of interviewees believing in a perspective of good incomes. The current scenario, comprised of low crop diversity, fragile in face of droughts and plagues, can partially explain this opinion. The booklet was effective in catching people attention for the species potential. There was wide acknowledgement on the importance of alternative pesticides, justified by health security. Based on the assessed parameter in the results of this research, the treatments here utilized may be recommended as fungicides for safflower. Given the crop susceptibility to fungi in heavy rainy period, it is advised that its potential introduction on the region shall be focused on semiarid areas.