Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-03-15T20:24:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jéssica Gabriela de Almeida Cunha - 2018.pdf: 3483915 bytes, checksum: 12c37e736c4d6f53761fc0255e6bff6d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-16T11:10:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jéssica Gabriela de Almeida Cunha - 2018.pdf: 3483915 bytes, checksum: 12c37e736c4d6f53761fc0255e6bff6d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T11:10:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jéssica Gabriela de Almeida Cunha - 2018.pdf: 3483915 bytes, checksum: 12c37e736c4d6f53761fc0255e6bff6d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / This work brings the use of grid of points in the resolution of cutting and packing problems that consider rectangular shaped items. The grids can be considered for mathematical programming models and heuristics, and they are independent of the problem. The following grids that are defined by the literature are considered for this work: canonical dissections (also known as normal patterns), reduced raster points, useful numbers, corner points, regular normal patterns, extreme points, and meet-in-the-middle patterns. The objective is to assess the influence of each grid on the resolution of cutting and packing problems, before and after applying reduction procedures, as the one related to update the items size. Theoretical results are obtained from relations of set and size between the grids, showing that the grid of normal patterns and useful numbers are equivalent and, thus, proving formally that the grid of reduced raster points ensures an optimal solution (this result has been formally opened in the literature). In addition, we propose a new procedure to reduce the size of grids. In order to validate the proposed procedure and evaluate the grids, we perform experiments over instances from the literature, where it is possible to observe that the grids of reduced raster points and meet-in-the-middle patterns are the smallest. Experiments were also conducted in a two-dimensional packing problem that uses an integer linear programming model to pack the items in points of a grid. The results indicate that using the reduction procedures it is possible to obtain optimal solutions quicker. / Este trabalho traz o uso de malhas de pontos na resolução de problemas de corte e empacotamento para itens com formato retangular. As malhas podem ser consideradas em modelos de programação matemática e heurísticas, sendo independentes do problema tratado. As seguintes malhas definidas pela literatura, canonical dissections (também conhecida por normal patterns), reduced raster points, useful numbers, corner points, regular normal patterns, extreme points e meet-in-the-middle patterns, são consideradas neste trabalho. O objetivo é apresentar relações que existem entre as malhas e analisar a influência delas sobre o tempo gasto na resolução de problemas de corte e empacotamento, antes e após aplicar procedimentos de redução, como atualizar o tamanho dos itens. Resultados teóricos são obtidos envolvendo relações de conjunto e tamanho entre as malhas, mostrando que a malha de normal patterns e useful numbers são equivalentes e, assim, permitindo provar formalmente que a malha de reduced raster points garante uma solução ótima (resultado que estava em aberto na literatura). Além disso, propõe-se um novo procedimento visando reduzir o tamanho das malhas. Como forma de validar o procedimento proposto e avaliar a redução que ele proporciona nas malhas, executam-se experimentos sobre instâncias da literatura, sendo possível observar que as malhas de reduced raster points e meet-in-the-middle patterns são as menores. Experimentos também foram realizados sobre um problema de empacotamento bidimensional que utiliza um modelo de programação linear inteira para empacotar os itens em pontos da malha. Os resultados indicam que utilizando os procedimentos de redução é possível obter soluções ótimas mais rapidamente.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-05-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:55:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mosquera_gp_me_sjrp.pdf: 826166 bytes, checksum: 1a60fcaee005ae7c3a53ba9d9dad9b98 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Neste trabalho, estudamos o Problema de Corte de Estoque Bidimensional aplicado à indústria de móveis. Para realizar este estudo, visitamos uma empresa característica do noroeste paulista com o intuito de observarmos a prática da empresa e desenvolver métodos de solução para aumentar sua produtividade. O critério de otimização considerado é a redução do número de ciclos da serra. Três métodos de solução foram propostos para a resolução do problema. O primeiro utiliza um modelo matemático que contém restrições que garantem que o número de objetos cortados de acordo com um determinado padrão de corte seja um múltiplo da capacidade da serra. Duas heurísticas, baseadas na heurística de repetição exaustiva de padrões de corte, são propostas para atender exatamente às demandas e reduzir o número de ciclos da serra na indústria de móveis visitada. Os estudos computacionais realizados, mostraram que as estratégias propostas obtêm resultados próximos aos da empresa e, em alguns casos, melhores. / In this work we have studied the Two-dimensional Cutting Stock Problem applied to a furniture industry. In order to carry out this study, we have visited a characteristic company at the Northwest region of the state of São Paulo in order to observe the industry practice and develop solution methods to increase its productivity. The goal is minimize the number of saw cycles. We propose three solution methods to solve the problem. The first one is a mathematical model which imposes that the number of objects to be cut according to a given cutting pattern is a multiple of the saw capacity. Two heuristics based on the sequential heuristic procedure are proposed to fulfil the demands and to reduce the number of saw cycles. By the computational tests results, we can conclude that these solution methods provide similar results to the industry's practice and, in some cases, better ones.

Orientador: Maria do Socorro Nogueira Rangel / Banca: Horácio Hideki Yanasse / Banca: Silvio Alexandre de Araújo / Resumo: Neste trabalho, estudamos o Problema de Corte de Estoque Bidimensional aplicado à indústria de móveis. Para realizar este estudo, visitamos uma empresa característica do noroeste paulista com o intuito de observarmos a prática da empresa e desenvolver métodos de solução para aumentar sua produtividade. O critério de otimização considerado é a redução do número de ciclos da serra. Três métodos de solução foram propostos para a resolução do problema. O primeiro utiliza um modelo matemático que contém restrições que garantem que o número de objetos cortados de acordo com um determinado padrão de corte seja um múltiplo da capacidade da serra. Duas heurísticas, baseadas na heurística de repetição exaustiva de padrões de corte, são propostas para atender exatamente às demandas e reduzir o número de ciclos da serra na indústria de móveis visitada. Os estudos computacionais realizados, mostraram que as estratégias propostas obtêm resultados próximos aos da empresa e, em alguns casos, melhores. / Abstract: In this work we have studied the Two-dimensional Cutting Stock Problem applied to a furniture industry. In order to carry out this study, we have visited a characteristic company at the Northwest region of the state of São Paulo in order to observe the industry practice and develop solution methods to increase its productivity. The goal is minimize the number of saw cycles. We propose three solution methods to solve the problem. The first one is a mathematical model which imposes that the number of objects to be cut according to a given cutting pattern is a "multiple" of the saw capacity. Two heuristics based on the sequential heuristic procedure are proposed to fulfil the demands and to reduce the number of saw cycles. By the computational tests results, we can conclude that these solution methods provide similar results to the industry's practice and, in some cases, better ones. / Mestre

NP-hard problems of higher-dimensional orthogonal packing are considered. We look closer at their logical structure and show that they can be decomposed into problems of a smaller dimension with a special contiguous structure. This decomposition influences the modeling of the packing process, which results in three new solution approaches. Keeping this decomposition in mind, we model the smaller-dimensional problems in a single position-indexed formulation with non-overlapping inequalities serving as binding constraints. Thus, we come up with a new integer linear programming model, which we subject to polyhedral analysis. Furthermore, we establish general non-overlapping and density inequalities and prove under appropriate assumptions their facet-defining property for the convex hull of the integer solutions. Based on the proposed model and the strong inequalities, we develop a new branch-and-cut algorithm. Being a relaxation of the higher-dimensional problem, each of the smaller-dimensional problems is also relevant for different areas, e.g. for scheduling. To tackle any of these smaller-dimensional problems, we use a Gilmore-Gomory model, which is a Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition of the position-indexed formulation. In order to obtain a contiguous structure for the optimal solution, its basis matrix must have a consecutive 1's property. For construction of such matrices, we develop new branch-and-price algorithms which are distinguished by various strategies for the enumeration of partial solutions. We also prove some characteristics of partial solutions, which tighten the slave problem of column generation. For a nonlinear modeling of the higher-dimensional packing problems, we investigate state-of-the-art constraint programming approaches, modify them, and propose new dichotomy and intersection branching strategies. To tighten the constraint propagation, we introduce new pruning rules. For that, we apply 1D relaxation with intervals and forbidden pairs, an advanced bar relaxation, 2D slice relaxation, and 1D slice-bar relaxation with forbidden pairs. The new rules are based on the relaxation by the smaller-dimensional problems which, in turn, are replaced by a linear programming relaxation of the Gilmore-Gomory model. We conclude with a discussion of implementation issues and numerical studies of all proposed approaches. / Es werden NP-schwere höherdimensionale orthogonale Packungsprobleme betrachtet. Wir untersuchen ihre logische Struktur genauer und zeigen, dass sie sich in Probleme kleinerer Dimension mit einer speziellen Nachbarschaftsstruktur zerlegen lassen. Dies beeinflusst die Modellierung des Packungsprozesses, die ihreseits zu drei neuen Lösungsansätzen führt. Unter Beachtung dieser Zerlegung modellieren wir die Probleme kleinerer Dimension in einer einzigen positionsindizierten Formulierung mit Nichtüberlappungsungleichungen, die als Bindungsbedingungen dienen. Damit entwickeln wir ein neues Modell der ganzzahligen linearen Optimierung und unterziehen dies einer Polyederanalyse. Weiterhin geben wir allgemeine Nichtüberlappungs- und Dichtheitsungleichungen an und beweisen unter geeigneten Annahmen ihre facettendefinierende Eigenschaft für die konvexe Hülle der ganzzahligen Lösungen. Basierend auf dem vorgeschlagenen Modell und den starken Ungleichungen entwickeln wir einen neuen Branch-and-Cut-Algorithmus. Jedes Problem kleinerer Dimension ist eine Relaxation des höherdimensionalen Problems. Darüber hinaus besitzt es Anwendungen in verschiedenen Bereichen, wie zum Beispiel im Scheduling. Für die Behandlung der Probleme kleinerer Dimension setzen wir das Gilmore-Gomory-Modell ein, das eine Dantzig-Wolfe-Dekomposition der positionsindizierten Formulierung ist. Um eine Nachbarschaftsstruktur zu erhalten, muss die Basismatrix der optimalen Lösung die consecutive-1’s-Eigenschaft erfüllen. Für die Konstruktion solcher Matrizen entwickeln wir neue Branch-and-Price-Algorithmen, die sich durch Strategien zur Enumeration von partiellen Lösungen unterscheiden. Wir beweisen auch einige Charakteristiken von partiellen Lösungen, die das Hilfsproblem der Spaltengenerierung verschärfen. Für die nichtlineare Modellierung der höherdimensionalen Packungsprobleme untersuchen wir moderne Ansätze des Constraint Programming, modifizieren diese und schlagen neue Dichotomie- und Überschneidungsstrategien für die Verzweigung vor. Für die Verstärkung der Constraint Propagation stellen wir neue Ablehnungskriterien vor. Wir nutzen dabei 1D Relaxationen mit Intervallen und verbotenen Paaren, erweiterte Streifen-Relaxation, 2D Scheiben-Relaxation und 1D Scheiben-Streifen-Relaxation mit verbotenen Paaren. Alle vorgestellten Kriterien basieren auf Relaxationen durch Probleme kleinerer Dimension, die wir weiter durch die LP-Relaxation des Gilmore-Gomory-Modells abschwächen. Wir schließen mit Umsetzungsfragen und numerischen Experimenten aller vorgeschlagenen Ansätze.

NP-hard problems of higher-dimensional orthogonal packing are considered. We look closer at their logical structure and show that they can be decomposed into problems of a smaller dimension with a special contiguous structure. This decomposition influences the modeling of the packing process, which results in three new solution approaches. Keeping this decomposition in mind, we model the smaller-dimensional problems in a single position-indexed formulation with non-overlapping inequalities serving as binding constraints. Thus, we come up with a new integer linear programming model, which we subject to polyhedral analysis. Furthermore, we establish general non-overlapping and density inequalities and prove under appropriate assumptions their facet-defining property for the convex hull of the integer solutions. Based on the proposed model and the strong inequalities, we develop a new branch-and-cut algorithm. Being a relaxation of the higher-dimensional problem, each of the smaller-dimensional problems is also relevant for different areas, e.g. for scheduling. To tackle any of these smaller-dimensional problems, we use a Gilmore-Gomory model, which is a Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition of the position-indexed formulation. In order to obtain a contiguous structure for the optimal solution, its basis matrix must have a consecutive 1's property. For construction of such matrices, we develop new branch-and-price algorithms which are distinguished by various strategies for the enumeration of partial solutions. We also prove some characteristics of partial solutions, which tighten the slave problem of column generation. For a nonlinear modeling of the higher-dimensional packing problems, we investigate state-of-the-art constraint programming approaches, modify them, and propose new dichotomy and intersection branching strategies. To tighten the constraint propagation, we introduce new pruning rules. For that, we apply 1D relaxation with intervals and forbidden pairs, an advanced bar relaxation, 2D slice relaxation, and 1D slice-bar relaxation with forbidden pairs. The new rules are based on the relaxation by the smaller-dimensional problems which, in turn, are replaced by a linear programming relaxation of the Gilmore-Gomory model. We conclude with a discussion of implementation issues and numerical studies of all proposed approaches. / Es werden NP-schwere höherdimensionale orthogonale Packungsprobleme betrachtet. Wir untersuchen ihre logische Struktur genauer und zeigen, dass sie sich in Probleme kleinerer Dimension mit einer speziellen Nachbarschaftsstruktur zerlegen lassen. Dies beeinflusst die Modellierung des Packungsprozesses, die ihreseits zu drei neuen Lösungsansätzen führt. Unter Beachtung dieser Zerlegung modellieren wir die Probleme kleinerer Dimension in einer einzigen positionsindizierten Formulierung mit Nichtüberlappungsungleichungen, die als Bindungsbedingungen dienen. Damit entwickeln wir ein neues Modell der ganzzahligen linearen Optimierung und unterziehen dies einer Polyederanalyse. Weiterhin geben wir allgemeine Nichtüberlappungs- und Dichtheitsungleichungen an und beweisen unter geeigneten Annahmen ihre facettendefinierende Eigenschaft für die konvexe Hülle der ganzzahligen Lösungen. Basierend auf dem vorgeschlagenen Modell und den starken Ungleichungen entwickeln wir einen neuen Branch-and-Cut-Algorithmus. Jedes Problem kleinerer Dimension ist eine Relaxation des höherdimensionalen Problems. Darüber hinaus besitzt es Anwendungen in verschiedenen Bereichen, wie zum Beispiel im Scheduling. Für die Behandlung der Probleme kleinerer Dimension setzen wir das Gilmore-Gomory-Modell ein, das eine Dantzig-Wolfe-Dekomposition der positionsindizierten Formulierung ist. Um eine Nachbarschaftsstruktur zu erhalten, muss die Basismatrix der optimalen Lösung die consecutive-1’s-Eigenschaft erfüllen. Für die Konstruktion solcher Matrizen entwickeln wir neue Branch-and-Price-Algorithmen, die sich durch Strategien zur Enumeration von partiellen Lösungen unterscheiden. Wir beweisen auch einige Charakteristiken von partiellen Lösungen, die das Hilfsproblem der Spaltengenerierung verschärfen. Für die nichtlineare Modellierung der höherdimensionalen Packungsprobleme untersuchen wir moderne Ansätze des Constraint Programming, modifizieren diese und schlagen neue Dichotomie- und Überschneidungsstrategien für die Verzweigung vor. Für die Verstärkung der Constraint Propagation stellen wir neue Ablehnungskriterien vor. Wir nutzen dabei 1D Relaxationen mit Intervallen und verbotenen Paaren, erweiterte Streifen-Relaxation, 2D Scheiben-Relaxation und 1D Scheiben-Streifen-Relaxation mit verbotenen Paaren. Alle vorgestellten Kriterien basieren auf Relaxationen durch Probleme kleinerer Dimension, die wir weiter durch die LP-Relaxation des Gilmore-Gomory-Modells abschwächen. Wir schließen mit Umsetzungsfragen und numerischen Experimenten aller vorgeschlagenen Ansätze.