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Turning is one of the most widely used processes in machining and is characterized by a cutting tool moving along the axis of a rotating workpiece as it removes material. A detrimental phenomenon to productivity in turning operations is unstable cutting or chatter. This can reduce the life of tooling, dimensional accuracy, and the quality of a part's surface finish because of severe levels of vibration. Ideally, cutting conditions are chosen such that material removal is performed in a stable manner. However, it is sometimes unavoidable because of the geometry of the cutting tool or workpiece. This work seeks to develop a dynamic cutting force model that can be used to predict both the point of chatter instability as well as its amplitude growth over time. Previous chatter models fail to capture the physics of the process from a first-principles point of view because they are oversimplified and rely on various "cutting force coefficients" that must be tuned in order to get a desired correlation with experimental results. The proposed approach models the process in a geometrically rigorous fashion, also giving treatment to the strain, strain rate, and temperature effects encountered in machining. It derives the forces encountered during a turning operation from two sources: forces due to chip formation and forces due to plowing and flank interference. This study consists of a detailed derivation of two new cutting force models. One relies on careful approximations in order to obtain a closed-form solution; the other is more explicit and obtains a solution through numerical methods. The models are validated experimentally by comparing their prediction of the point of instability, the magnitude of vibration in the time and frequency domains, as well as the machined surface topography during chatter.

Classical orthogonal and oblique cutting are the fundamental material removal or machining processes to which other practical machining processes can be related in the study and modelling of the machining processes. In the last century, a large amount of research and development work has been done to study and understand the various machining processes with a view to improving the processes for further economic (cost and productivity) gains. However, many aspects of the cutting processes and cutting performance remains to be fully understood in order to increase the cutting capability and optimize the cutting processes; in particular, there is little study to understand the effects of the inevitable tool wear on the machining processes. This thesis includes an extensive literature review on the mechanics of cutting analysis. Considerable work has been carried out in past decades on the fundamental analysis of 'sharp' tool cutting. Although some work has been reported on the effects of tool flank wear on the cutting performance, there is a general lack of the fundamental study of the effects of the flank wear on the basic cutting or chip formation process. It has been well documented that tool flank wear results in an increase in the cutting forces. However, it was not known if this force increase is a result of the change in the chip formation process, and/or the rubbing or ploughing forces between the tool flank and the workpiece. In work carried out since the early 1980s, the effects of the so-called edge forces have been considered when the tool is not absolutely sharp. Little has been reported to further develop fundamental cutting theories to understand applications to more relevant the practical situation, i.e. to consider the tool wear effects. Based on the findings of the literature review, an experimental investigation is presented in the first part of the thesis to study the effects of tool flank wear on the basic cutting or chip formation process by examining the basic cutting variables and performance in the orthogonal cutting process with tool flank wear. The effects of tool flank wear on the basic cutting variables are discussed by a comprehensive analysis of the experimental data. It has been found that tool flank wear does not affect the basic cutting variables (i.e. shear angle, friction angle and shear stress). It is therefore deduced that the flank wear does not affect the basic chip formation process in the shear zone and in the tool-chip interface. The study also finds that tool flank wear causes an increase in the total cutting forces, as can be expected and such an increase is entirely a result of the rubbing or ploughing forces on the tool wearland. The significance of this finding is that the well-developed machining theories for 'sharp' tools can be used in modelling the machining processes when tool flank wear is present, rather than study the machining process and develop machining theories from scratch. The ploughing forces can be modelled for incorporation into the overall cutting force prediction. The experimental study also allows for the forces on the wearland (or wearland force) and edge forces to be separated from the total measured forces. The wearland force and edge force models are developed in empirical form for force prediction purpose. In addition, a database for the basic cutting variables or quantities is established for use in modelling the cutting forces. The orthogonal cutting force model allowing for the effects of flank wear is developed and verified by the experimental data. A comprehensive analysis of the mechanics of cutting in the oblique cutting process is then carried out. Based on this analysis, predictive cutting force models for oblique cutting allowing for the effects of flank wear are proposed. The wearland force and edge force are re-considered by analysing the oblique cutting process and the geometrical relation. The predictive force models are qualitatively and quantitatively assessed by oblique cutting tests. It shows that the model predictions are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. The modelling approach is then used to develop the cutting force models for a more general machining process, turning operation. By using the concept of an equivalent cutting edge, the tool nose radius is allowed for under both orthogonal and oblique cutting conditions. The wearland forces and edge forces are taken into consideration by the integration of elemental forces on the tool flank and the cutting edge, respectively. The cutting forces in turning operations are successfully predicted by using the basic cutting quantity database established in the orthogonal cutting analysis. The models are verified by turning operation tests. It shows that the model predictions are in excellent agreement with the experimental results both qualitatively and quantitatively. The major findings, research impacts and practical implications of the research are finally highlighted in the conclusion. The modelling approach considering the flank wear effects in the classical orthogonal and oblique cutting and turning operations can be readily extended to other machining operations, such as drilling and milling.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The chip formation is influenced by several cut parameters which also affect the forces, tensions, powers and temperatures generated during the machining process. Although they have been studied for more than 100 years, still today, the involved mechanisms of deformation are not totally know, due to the fact that the chip formation involves high temperatures and high levels of deformation. This research aims at studying the basic process of chip formation, as well as the influence of the main cut parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, cutting fluid, tool coating and machined material, besides determining the force of residual cut for ABNT 1045 steel. The inquiry was based on the classification of the chips concerning their type and form, thicknesses values, shear angles, stresses degree and in the monitoring of the cutting forces. Micrographs and measurement of the chips microhardness were made in order to achieve a detailed structural analysis. The results found have shown that the parameters and analyzed conditions really influenced the formation of the chips, being the feed rate more significant than the cutting speed. The tool coating and the cutting fluid had a great influence on the chip formation as well as on the cutting forces during the machining of ABNT 1045 steel and nodular casting iron. The residual cutting force for the ABNT 1045 steel varied between 45 N and 52N. / A formação do cavaco é influenciada por vários parâmetros de corte que afetam também as forças, tensões, potências e temperaturas geradas durante a usinagem. Apesar de ser estudado a mais de 100 anos, ainda hoje os mecanismos de deformação envolvidos não são totalmente conhecidos. Isto se deve ao fato da formação do cavaco envolver grandes temperaturas e altíssimas taxas de deformação. Este trabalho pretende estudar o processo básico de formação do cavaco bem como a influência dos principais parâmetros de corte, tais como velocidade de corte, avanço, fluído de corte , revestimento da ferramenta e material usinado, além de determinar a força de corte residual para o aço ABNT 1045. A investigação foi baseada na classificação dos cavacos quanto ao seu tipo e forma, valores das espessuras, dos ângulos de cisalhamento, grau de recalque e no monitoramento das forças de corte. Foram feitas micrografias e medição da microdureza dos cavacos para uma análise estrutural mais detalhada. Os resultados encontrados através dos experimentos mostraram que os parâmetros e condições analisadas realmente influenciam na formação dos cavacos, sendo que o avanço foi mais significativo que a velocidade. O revestimento e o fluído tiveram grande influência tanto na formação do cavaco como nas forças de corte durante a usinagem do aço ABNT 1045 e do ferro fundido nodular. A força de corte residual para o aço ABNT 1045 variou entre 45 N e 52N. / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Le broyage de bois de qualité secondaire est un processus en pleine expansion avec l'augmentation de l'utilisation de la biomasse pour la production d'énergie. La transformation du bois en plaquettes facilite l'automatisation des chaudières. Peu de recherches ont traité le mécanisme de la formation des plaquettes et des efforts de coupe durant cette opération. Lors de ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes focalisés sur le système de déchiquetage à disque. Un banc d'essais de taille réelle a été construit afin de permettre la variation de plusieurs paramètres, tels que la vitesse de coupe, la vitesse d?amenage, les angles de coupe, la direction d'amenage, la hauteur du contre-couteau, le mode de coupe, le nombre des couteaux et leur saillie.Les expérimentations ont montré que la taille des plaquettes augmente avec l'augmentation de l'avance par dent, l'angle de coupe réel et l'angle de taillant, et diminue avec l'augmentation de la vitesse de coupe. Le processus de la formation des plaquettes est composé de deux mécanismes, qui sont le cisaillement et la propagation de fissures. La mesure des efforts de coupe et de la puissance électrique consommée pour une bande passante pouvant atteindre 3 kHz complète ces données granulométriques. Grâce au banc d'essais de déchiquetage, nous avons pu montrer la corrélation ou l'indépendance de facteurs influents intervenant dans l'optimisation des conditions de coupe / Chipping wood of second quality is a rapidly growing process because of the increasing use of the biomass in energy production field. The utilization of wood chips as a combustible, make it easier to automate the wood boilers function. Few studies were carried out in order to understand the mechanism of the chip formation and the evolution of cutting force during the chipping operation. In this thesis, we focused our analysis on the disc chipper. A test bench of real dimensions was built up in order to be able to vary many parameters such as cutting and feeding speed, cutting angles, feeding direction, anvil height, cutting directions, knives number and their height.Experimental study showed that chip size grows when the feeding tooth, the cutting angle and the sharpness angle increase, whereas it decreases when the cutting speed increases. The process of the chip formation is composed of two mechanisms that are shear and cracks propagation. Measurement of cutting force and electric power consumption for a bandwidth up to 3 kHz bring important results to the chip size study. The chipping test bench allowed us to reveal the correlation or the independency between the parameters needed to optimize the chipping operation

Titanium alloys have outstanding mechanical properties such as high hardness, a good strength-to-weight ratio and high corrosion resistance. However, their low thermal conductivity and high chemical affinity to tool materials severely impairs their machinability with conventional techniques. Conventional machining of Ti-based alloys is typically characterized by low depth of cuts and relatively low feed rates, thus adversely affecting the material removal rates (MRR) during the machining process. Ultrasonically assisted turning (UAT) is an advanced machining technique, in which ultrasonic vibration is superimposed on a cutting tool. UAT was shown to improve machinability of difficult-to-machine materials, such as ceramics, glass or hard metals. UAT employment in the industry is, however, currently lacking due to imperfect comprehensive knowledge on materials' response and difficulties in obtaining consistent results. In this work, significant improvements in the design of a UAT system were performed to increase dynamic and static stiffness of the cutting head. Concurrent improvements on depth-of-cut controls allowed precise and accurate machining operations that were not possible before. Effects of depth of cut and cutting speed were investigated and their influence on the ultrasonic cutting process evaluated. Different cutting conditions -from low turning speeds to higher recommended levelwere analysed. Thermal evolution of cutting process was assessed, and the obtained results compared with FE simulations to gain knowledge on the temperatures reached in the cutting zone. The developed process appeared to improve dry turning of Ti-15-3-3-3 with significant reduction of average cutting forces. Improved surface quality of the finished work-piece was also observed. Comparative analyses with a conventional turning (CT) process at a cutting speed of 10 m/min showed that UAT reduced the average cutting forces by 60-65% for all levels of ap considered. Temperature profiles were obtained for CT and UAT of the studied alloy. A comparative study of surface and sub-surface layers was performed for CT- and UAT-processed work-pieces with notable improvements for the UAT-machined ones. Two- to three-fold reductions of surface roughness and improvements of other surface parameters were observed for the UAT- machined surfaces. Surface hardness for both the CT- and UAT-machined surfaces was investigated by microindentation. The intermittent cutting of the UAT-process resulted in reduction of hardening of the sub-surface layers. Optical and electronic metallographic analyses of cross-sectioned work-pieces investigated the effect of UAT on the grain structure in material's sub-surface layers. Backscatter electron microscopy was also used to evaluate the formation of α-Ti during the UAT cutting process. No grain changes or α-precipitation were observed in both the CT- and UAT-machined work-pieces.

This diploma thesis deals with the final quality of the surface under variable working conditions during milling. The first part deals with the definition of qualitative parameters describing surface properties. This is followed by a brief description of the cutting resistance measurements. The thesis is complemented by experimental verification using front milling and its evaluation. The aim of the experiment is to determine the dependence of the surface quality and the size of cutting resistors under the variable working conditions of the machine that do not make a common part of the manufacturing processes.

This thesis deals with the cutting of steel thin-walled parts by slitting saw. Its subject is to study and test of cutting edges of slitting saws with a goal to reduce cutting forces to a minimum. The thesis is divided into the theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part, existing knowledge about slitting saws and general cutting technology is analyzed. In the practical part testing of four slitting saws with different geometries of cutting edges during machining of chosen thin-walled part is performed. The performed measurements show that by the proper choice of the geometry of cutting edge, the cutting force can be reduced approximately by 30 %.

This thesis compares the force load of two kinds of cutting tool inserts while milling. The thesis is devided into two main parts – research and experiment. The research part is focused on the theory of the force load measuring, cutting tools and cutting tool inserts and their coating. 14 grooves were made with each cutting insert while the force load was measured. Constant cutting conditions were applied. The experiment was repeated four times for each kind of cutting insert. The aim of the thesis is to determine if both kinds of inserts mill with the same force load. The results reveal that one kind of cutting tool inserts mill with the force load higher up to 85 %.

This thesis compares the properties of four types of replaceable cutting tool inserts from different suppliers during milling. The comparative factors are cutting force, material loss of the insert and the roughness of the resulting surface. The thesis is divided into two parts - a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge and an experiment. The first part analyzes the load, the possibility of its measurement, surface treatment of tools, milling cutters and replaceable inserts. The experiment took the form of measuring the load during face milling, measuring the surface roughness of the machined material and measuring the material loss of the inserts on an optical strain gauge. The replaceable cutting tool inserts were compared based on the performed measurements.