Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-135).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-99).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-80).

Spinal cord injury induces anatomical plasticity throughout the nervous system, including distant locations in the brain. Several types of injury-induced plasticity have been identified, such as neurite sprouting, axon regeneration and synaptic remodeling. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in anatomical plasticity after injury are unclear, as is the extent to which injury-induced plasticity in the brain is conserved across vertebrate lineages. Here, I used lampreys to identify the molecular mechanisms in mediating anatomical plasticity, because lampreys undergo anatomical plasticity and functional recovery after a complete spinal cord transection. Due to their robust roles in neurite outgrowth during neuronal development, I examined synapsin and synaptotagmin for their potential involvement in anatomical plasticity after injury. I found increased synapsin I mRNA throughout the lamprey brain as well as increased protein levels of synapsin I, phospho-synapsin (Ser 9) and synaptotagmin in the lamprey hindbrain after injury, suggestive of anatomical plasticity. Anatomical plasticity was confirmed at the ultrastructural level, where I found increased neurite density in the lamprey hindbrain after injury. Other molecular mechanisms that promote anatomical plasticity have been previously identified, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP). However, the cellular mechanisms and the molecular targets of cAMP in mediating anatomical plasticity are unclear. My investigation of cAMP revealed that cAMP enhanced the number of regenerated axons beyond the lesion site in lampreys after injury. For the first time in a spinal cord injury model, I found cAMP prevented the death of axotomized neurons that normally have a high tendency to die after injury. In addition, cAMP promoted more regenerating axons to re-grow in straighter paths rather than turning rostrally towards the brain stem. At the molecular level, I found cAMP increased synaptotagmin protein level at the regenerating axon tips, suggestive of enhanced axon elongation. Taken together, my results show that neurite sprouting in the brain and the cAMP-enhanced axon regeneration are conserved responses in vertebrates after spinal cord injury. In addition, my results suggest that at least some developmental pathways are activated during injury-induced and cAMP-enhanced anatomical plasticity. Further understanding of these pathways will provide insights for improving recovery after spinal cord injury. / text

Cell membrane receptors help to mediate communication between the cell and its environment. The largest group of these membrane receptors belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs contain seven transmembrane (TM) helices and signal predominantly through heterotrimeric G proteins in response to diverse extracellular stimuli. Previously, three levels of amino acid conservation were proposed to understand the structure and function of a GPCR. This includes “signature” amino acids, “group –conserved” amino acids and amino acids conserved only within a specific subfamily. The group-conserved residues in class A GPCR family involve amino acid conservation of up to 99% when considered as a group of small and weakly polar residues (Ala, Gly, Ser, Cys and Thr). These group-conserved residues have been proposed as key determinants in helix-helix interactions. Therefore, I selected these residues for structure-function analysis in the amine and the prostanoid receptor sub-families of class A GPCRs. Molecular and biochemical assays clearly demonstrate the importance of group-conserved residues in β2-adrenergic receptor and thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) structure and function. These studies led to the identification of a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphic variant (nsSNP) A160T in TP to be a constitutively active mutant (CAM). Further, the TP-CAM was used as a pharmacological tool that enabled classification of well-known TP-blockers, into neutral antagonists and inverse agonists. The role of TP-A160T in prostanoid receptors, TP- Prostacyclin receptor (IP) heterodimerization and signaling was investigated. Activation of a GPCR ultimately leads to structural changes in its intracellular loops (ICLs), which in turn activates G-protein. TP activates its cognate G protein (Gαq), while IP mediates signaling, through Gαs. Using TP-IP chimeric receptors, molecular modelling, and site directed mutagenesis studies I determined the specific ICL regions required for G protein coupling in TP and IP. Significant challenges exist in expressing and purifying GPCR-CAMs in amounts required to pursue biophysical studies. Using tetracycline inducible HEK293S system, A160T was expressed at high-levels and CD spectropolarimetry studies were successfully pursued on the purified A160T. The CD spectra showed that the loss of thermal stability of the A160T mutant is due to the subtle changes in the secondary structure of the A160T protein. These studies involving molecular, biochemical and pharmacological approaches provide novel insights into the structure and function of prostanoid receptors TP and IP.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-110). Also available on the Internet.

Protein kinase A (PKA) is an important enzyme inside the body; it is responsible for phosphorylation of gene regulatory elements and thus regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus. Malfunction of PKA affects transcriptional and translational levels of cell signaling ligands, leading to abnormal activity of various signaling pathways. PKA holoenzyme is composed of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits; four main regulatory subunit isoforms (R1α, R1β, R2α and R2β) and four main catalytic subunit isoforms (Cα, Cβ, Cγ and Prkx) of PKA have been identified. Mutations in these subunits lead to altered total PKA activities and PKAT-I to PKAT-II ratios, leading to diseases both in human and mice. These diseases include Carney Complex (CNC), fibrous dysplasia (FD) and Cushing syndrome. We studied the effect of PKA subunit mutations on intracellular PKA activities, PKAT-I to PKAT-II ratios, and bone and adrenal gland phenotypes in transgenic mouse models. Firstly, we generated whole-body transgenic mice single or double heterozygous for PKA regulatory subunits. Tail vertebral bone lesions including osteosarcomas, osteochondromas and osteochondrosarcomas were found in these mice and we found that mutations in different PKA subunits affect bone lesion formation, new bone generation, and bone organization and mineralization in mouse tail vertebrae. Elevated Cβ subunit expression in Parkar1a+/-Prkar2a+/- and Prkar1a+/-Prkar2b+/-double heterozygous mice leads to a less severe vertebral bone lesion phenotype, an increased osteogenic activity and a better bone regeneration activity. We then studied mice with tissue specific knock out of Prkar1a, the gene coding for type I regulatory subunit, specifically in adrenal cortex (AdKO). AdKO mice developed pituitary-independent Cushing syndrome with increased PKA activity. They also demonstrated increased plasma corticosterone levels resistant to dexamethasone suppression. Dietary treatment of both mice with bone lesions and mice with adrenal lesions with COX2 inhibitor Celecoxib led to partial rescue of phenotypes; this is due to inhibition of the positive feedback loop between PKA signaling and inflamasome pathway at COX2 induction level by Celecoxib. / 蛋白激酶A（PKA）是人體中重要的蛋白酶， 它通過燐酸化基因調控元件來實現對細胞核內基因表達的調節。PKA異常影響細胞內信號傳遞因子的基因轉錄和蛋白翻譯水平，從而導致各細胞信號通路的異常活動。PKA全酶由兩個調節亞基和兩個催化亞基組成，目前已經發現的有四個調節亞基 (R1α, R1β, R2α 和R2β) 以及四個催化亞基(Cα, Cβ, Cγ和Prkx)。發生在這些亞基中的基因突變會改變總的PKA活動水平，PKA-I 和PKA-II的比例，在人類和實驗鼠中引起疾病。這些疾病包括卡尼綜合症 （CNC），骨纖維性發育不良（FD）和庫欣綜合症。我們在轉基因鼠模型中研究PKA亞基突變對細胞中PKA總活性， PKA-I和PKA-II比例的影響，以及由此帶來的骨和腎上腺表型的改變和病變。我們首先製造了有一個或兩個PKA亞基雜合性缺失的全身轉基因鼠。在這些轉基因鼠中，我們發現了包括骨肉瘤，骨軟骨瘤和骨軟骨肉瘤在內的尾椎骨病變。研究發現在不同PKA亞基中的基因變異對實驗鼠尾椎骨病變的發生，新骨的形成和骨的結構和纖維化均有影響。在Prkar1a+/-Prkar2a+/-和Prkar1a+/-Prkar2b+/-實驗鼠中我們發現了較高的Cβ催化亞基表達，這兩個基因型因此具有更輕度的骨病變和更強的骨再生能力。我們繼續研究了在腎上腺中敲除了標記PKA 第一調節亞基的Prkar1a基因的實驗鼠 （AdKO）。AdKO實驗鼠中產生了與垂體無關的庫欣綜合症，並伴隨PKA活性的增加。它們還表現出耐地塞米松抑制的血漿皮質酮水平增加。對骨病變或腎上腺病變的實驗鼠通過飲食進行COX2抑制劑塞來昔布的治療可以部分緩解病變表型。這是由對PKA和炎性體的正反饋機制在COX2誘導步驟的抑制造成的。 / Liu, Sisi. / Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-130). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 09, September, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

La trans-différenciation des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLV) vers un phénotype migratoire, prolifératif et sécrétoire joue un rôle clé dans la progression des lésions athéromateuses et l’hyperplasie intimale qui sous-tend la resténose post-angioplastie. Nos travaux suggèrent que la transition phénotypique des CMLV implique, chez le rat, la souris et l’Homme, l’expression de novo de l’Adénylyl Cyclase 8 (AC8), une enzyme catalysant la synthèse de l’AMP cyclique (AMPc) (Clément et al., 2006; Gueguen et al., 2010; Keuylian et al., 2012; résultats non publiés). Ce travail de thèse avait pour objectif d’appréhender le rôle de l’AC8 dans la trans-différenciation des CMLV en évaluant son impact sur la signalisation AMPc. L’étude des dynamiques de production du second messager avec le biosenseur T-Epac-VV montre que l’AC8 inhibe les hausses d’AMPc dans les CMLV trans-différenciées à l’Interleukine-1β. Cette fonction non canonique est assurée par de nouvelles isoformes d’AC8 que nous avons identifiées et clonées, les AC8E1 à 4, qui partagent une délétion des cinq premiers domaines transmembranaires. Des dosages de l’accumulation d’AMPc couplés à des expériences de co-immunoprécipitation et d’immunocytochimie révèlent que les AC8E exprimées de façon hétérologue dans des cellules HEK s’hétéro-dimérisent avec les AC en transit dans le réticulum, suppriment leur activité enzymatique et préviennent leur adressage à la membrane plasmique. L’induction des AC8E dans les CMLV trans-différenciées pourrait prévenir les effets vasculoprotecteurs de l’AMPc (Douglas et al., 2005; Katakami et al., 2010), favorisant ainsi l’acquisition et/ou le maintien du phénotype synthétique. / The phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) towards a migratory, proliferative and secretory state plays a key role in atherosclerotic plaque expansion and intimal hyperplasia leading to post-angioplasty restenosis. Our previous results suggest that the trans-differentiation of rat, mouse and human VSMC involves the de novo expression of the Adenylyl Cyclase 8 (AC8), an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic AMP (cAMP) (Clement et al., 2006; Gueguen et al., 2010; Keuylian et al., 2012; unpublished results). The main goal of my PhD was to decipher the impact of AC8 expression on cAMP signaling in trans-differentiated VSMC. Using the FRET-based biosensor T-Epac-VV, we showed that the de novo expression of AC8 limits increases in cellular cAMP. This non-canonical function relies on a new family of AC8 isoforms that we have identified and cloned: the AC8E1 to 4. They share a common deletion of the first five transmembrane domains. The biochemical characterization of AC8E over-expressed in HEK cells allowed us to elucidate their functioning. cAMP accumulation assays, co-immunoprecipitation experiments and immunocytochemistry revealed that AC8E hetero-dimerize with functional AC during their maturation in the reticulum, suppress their enzymatic activity and prevent their traffic to the plasma membrane. Numerous studies have shown that increases in cAMP concentration within trans-differentiated VSMC antagonize pathological vascular remodeling (Douglas et al., 2005; Katakami et al., 2010). Thus, the induction of AC8E in trans-differentiated VSMC could prevent the vasculoprotective effects of cAMP and promote the acquisition of a synthetic phenotype.

Flüssigkeitssekretion und Proteinsekretion werden in Speicheldrüsen von Insekten über Hormone und Neurotransmitter gesteuert. Diese entfalten ihre physiologische Wirkung in den sekretorischen Drüsenzellen hauptsächlich über den zyklischen Adenosinmonophosphat (cAMP)-Signalweg und den Inositoltrisphosphat (IP<SUB>3</SUB>) / Ca²⁺-Signalweg. Die Mechanismen möglicher Wechselwirkungen zwischen diesen Signalwegen und ihre physiologischen Auswirkungen sind unzureichend bekannt.<p> Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit stand die Frage, ob und wie sich der Ca²⁺-Signalweg und der cAMP-Signalweg in der Speicheldrüse der Diptere <I>Calliphora vicina</I> beeinflussen. Substanzen wie 5-Fluoro-α-Methyltryptamin und Histamin wurden in früheren Arbei-ten als Agonisten genutzt, um in den Speicheldrüsen von <I>C. vicina</I> selektiv den cAMP-Signalweg (getrennt vom IP<SUB>3</SUB>/Ca²⁺-Signalweg) zu aktivieren. Es zeigte sich in transepithelialen Potentialmessungen und mikrofluorometrischen Ca²⁺-Untersuchungen, dass beide Substanzen sowohl den cAMP-Weg als auch den Ca²⁺-Signalweg aktivierten. Die physiologischen Ursachen der Histamin-induzierten Ca²⁺-Erhöhung wurden genauer untersucht. <p> Zusammengefasst zeigten diese Untersuchungen, dass Histamin wie 5-HT den cAMP-Weg und die Phosphoinositidkaskade aktivierte. Im Gegensatz zu den 5-HT-induzierten Ca²⁺-Oszillationen, welche durch interzelluläre Ca²⁺-Wellen synchronisiert werden, verursachte Histamin bei niedrigen Konzentrationen lokale Ca²⁺-Oszillationen in einzelnen Zellen (keine Wellen). Bei höheren Histamin-Konzentrationen war eine anhaltende Ca²⁺-Erhöhung oder ein synchrones <quote>Ca²⁺-beating</quote> in der gesamten Drüse zu beobachten. <p> Des Weiteren wurde die Frage untersucht, ob eine Erhöhung der intrazellulären cAMP-Konzentration den IP<SUB>3</SUB> Ca²⁺-Signalweg in den Epithelzellen der Speicheldrüse beeinflussen kann. Es zeigte sich, dass cAMP den durch schwellennahe 5-HT-Konzentrationen induzierten Ca²⁺-Anstieg verstärkte. Diese Verstärkung wurde durch eine PKA-vermittelte Sensitivierung des IP<SUB>3</SUB>-Rezeptor/Ca²⁺-Kanals für IP<SUB>3</SUB> verursacht. Immunzytochemische Untersuchungen deuten dar-auf hin, dass die Proteinkinase A eng mit dem IP<SUB>3</SUB>-Rezeptor/Ca²⁺-Kanal assoziiert ist. Diese Messungen zeigen erstmals, dass auch bei Invertebraten der Botenstoff cAMP, PKA-vermittelt, den IP<SUB>3</SUB>-Rezeptor/Ca²⁺-Kanal des ER für IP<SUB>3</SUB> sensitiviert. / Fluid- and protein-secretion in the salivary glands of insects are controlled by hormones or neurotransmitters. These agonists activate two signalling cascades: the cAMP-pathway and the IP>sub>3</sub>/Ca-pathway. The functional crosstalk between these two signalling pathways is poorly understood. <p> Functional crosstalk between cAMP-pathway and IP₃/Ca²⁺-pathway was investigated in the salivary glands of the blowfly, <I>Calliphora vicina</I>. Histamine and 5-alpha-methyltryptamine were used in an attempt to activate the cAMP-pathway selectively, as suggested previously. By using transepithelial potential-measurements and microfluorometric Ca²⁺-imaging it was demonstrated that both substances activate the cAMP- and the IP₃/Ca²⁺-pathway. The physiological effects of histamine were investigated in detail. These experiments show that histamine causes an intracellular Ca²⁺-elevation that, in some preparations exhibits oscillations with concentration-dependent frequencies. In contrast to 5-HT induced intracellular Ca²⁺-oscillations and propagating intercellular Ca²⁺-waves histamine produces local Ca²⁺-oscillations in single cells or synchronous <quote>Ca²⁺-beating</quote> in the whole gland.<p> In addition the effects of increasing cAMP on the IP₃/Ca²⁺-pathway in the salivary glands of the blowfly were studied. It could be demonstrated that cAMP augments the 5-HT-induced Ca²⁺-increase in glands stimulated with low doses of 5-HT. This potentiation is the result of a PKA-mediated sensitisation of the IP₃-receptor/Ca²⁺-channel for IP₃. Results of immunocytochemical analyses show that the PKA is spatially associated with the ER.<p> These results show for the first time that in invertebrates as well as in vertebrates the second messenger cAMP sensitises the IP₃-receptor/Ca²⁺-channel for IP₃ by the action of a PKA.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-113).