Yes / In this paper, a compact two-element cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) array with corporate feeding is proposed for X-band applications. The dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array is excited by a microstrip feeder using an efficient aperture-coupled method. The designed array antenna is analyzed using a CST microwave studio. The fabricated sample of the proposed CDRA antenna array showed bandwidth extending from 10.42GHz to 12.84GHz (20.8%). The achieved array gain has a maximum of 9.29dBi at frequency of 10.7GHz. This is about 2.06dBi enhancement of the gain in comparison with a single pellet CDRA. The size of the whole antenna structure is about 50 x 50mm2.

Yes / Sequential ring-opening and reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was used to form a triblock copolymer of tetrahydropyran acrylate (THPA), 5-methyl-5-allyloxycarbonyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one (MAC) and L-lactide. Concurrent deprotection of the THPA block and crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) was undertaken and allowed for the formation of cylindrical micelles bearing allyl handles in a short outer core segment. These handles were further functionalized by different thiols using photo-initiated thiol–ene radical reactions to demonstrate that the incorporation of an amorphous PMAC block within the core does not disrupt CDSA and can be used to load the cylindrical nanoparticles with cargo. / Royal Society (Great Britain), Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), European Research Council (ERC)

Silicon nanowire based multiple gate metal oxide field effect transistors(MG-MOSFET) appear as replacements for conventional bulk transistors in post 45nm technology nodes. In such transistors the short channel effect(SCE) is controlled by the device geometry, and hence an undoped (or, lightly doped) ultra-thin body silicon nanowire is used to sustain the channel. The use of undoped body also solves several issues in bulk MOSFETs e.g., random dopant fluctuations, mobility degradation and compatibility with midgap metal gates. The electrostatic integrity of such devices increases with the scaling down of the body thickness. Since the quantization of electron energy cannot be ignored in such ultra-thin body devices, it is extremely important to consider quantum effects in their threshold voltage models. Most of the models reported so far are valid for long channel double gate devices. Only Munteanu et al. [Journal of non-crystalline solids vol 351 pp 1911-1918 2005] have reported threshold voltage model for short channel symmetric double gate MOSFET, however it involves unphysical fitting parameters. Only Munteanu et al.[Molecular simulation vol 31 pp 839-845 2005] reported threshold voltage model for quad gate transistor which is implicit in nature. On the other hand no modeling work has been reported for other types of MG-MOSFETs (e.g., tri gate, cylindrical body)apart from numerical simulation results. In this work we report physically based closed form quantum threshold voltage models for short channel symmetric double gate, quad gate and cylindrical body gate-all-around MOSFETs. In these devices quantum effects aries mainly due to the structural confinement of electron energy. Proposed models are based on the analytical solution of two or three-dimensional Poisson equation and one or two-dimensional Schrodinger equation depending on the device geometries. Judicial approximations have been taken to simplify the models in order to make them closed form and efficient for large scale circuit simulation. Effort has also been put to model the quantum threshold voltage of tri gate MOSFET. However it is found that the energy quantization in tri gate devices are mainly due to electronic confinement and hence it is very difficult to develop closed form analytical equations for the threshold voltage. Thus in this work the modeling of tri gate devices have been limited to long channel cases. All the models are validated against the professional numerical simulator.

The thesis aims at building an experimental setup for conducting the boundary ejection and resonance ejection experiments on wide variety of ion trap mass analyzers. The experimental setup has two parts namely power electronics circuits and mechanical assembly. The focus of the thesis is on the electronics hardware which provides various power sources required for the operation of ion trap mass spectrometer. The electronics circuits discussed in the thesis have better performance, flexibility and ruggedness compared to the existing setup. The traditional power supplies used in ion trap mass spectrometers are all linear supplies. But one major drawback of these supplies is the high power dissipation and consequently, the power efficiency degrades. We are trying to introduce switch mode power supplies to reduce the power dissipation loss and eventually increase the power efficiency. In the course of the work the following power supplies have been developed. The supplies are - 1.Constant current source, 2.Filament base, 3.gating power supply and pulsing circuit, 4.High voltage DC power supply and 5. High voltage RF generator.

The flow-reversal elliptical cylindrical end chamber mufflers of short length are used often in the modern day automotive exhaust systems. The conventional 1-D axial plane wave theory is not able to predict their acoustical attenuation performance in view of the fact that the chamber length is not enough for the evanescent 3-D modes generated at the junctions to decay sufficiently for frequencies below the cut-off frequency. Also, due to the large area expansion ratio at the inlet, the first few higher order modes get cut on even in the low frequency regime. This necessitates a 3-D FEM or 3-D BEM analysis, which is cumbersome and time consuming. Therefore, an ingenious 1-D transverse plane wave theory is developed by considering plane wave propagation along the major-axis of the elliptical section, whereby a 2-port axially short elliptical and circular chamber muffler is characterized by means of the transfer matrix [T] or impedance matrix [Z]. Two different approaches are followed: (1) a numerical scheme such as the Matrizant approach, and (2) an analytical approach based upon the Frobenius series solution of the Webster’s equation governing the transverse plane wave propagation. The convective effects of mean flow are neglected; however the dissipative effects at the ports are taken into account. The TL predicted by this 1-D transverse plane wave analysis is compared with that obtained by means of the 3-D analytical approach and numerical (FEM/BEM) methods. An excellent agreement is observed between this simplified 1-D approach and the 3-D approaches at least up to the cut-on frequency of the (1, 1) even mode in the case of elliptical cylindrical chambers, or the (1, 0) mode in the case of circular cylindrical chambers, thereby validating this 1-D transverse plane wave theory. The acoustical attenuation characteristics of such short chamber mufflers for various configurations are discussed, qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Moreover, the Frobenius series solution enables one to obtain non-dimensional frequencies for determining the resonance peak and trough in the TL graph. The use of this theory is, however, limited to configurations in which both the ports are located along the major axis in the case of elliptical chambers and along the same diameter for circular chambers. The method of cascading the [T] matrices of the 2-port elements cannot be used to analyze a network arrangement of 2-port elements owing to the non-unique direction of wave propagation in such a network of acoustic elements. Although, a few papers are found in the literature reporting the analysis of a network of 2-port acoustic elements, no work is seen on the analysis of a network of multi-port elements having more than two external ports. Therefore, a generalized algorithm is proposed for analyzing a general network arrangement of linear multi-port acoustic elements having N inlet ports and M outlet ports. Each of these multi-port elements constituting the network may be interconnected to each other in an arbitrary manner. By appropriate book-keeping of the equations obtained by the [Z] matrix characterizing each of the multi-port and 2-port elements along with the junction laws (which imply the equality of acoustic pressure and conservativeness of mass velocity at a multi-port junction), an overall connectivity matrix is obtained, whereupon a global [Z] matrix is obtained which characterizes the entire network. Generalized expressions are derived for the evaluation of acoustic performance evaluation parameters such as transmission loss (TL) and insertion loss (IL) for a multiple inlet and multiple outlet (MIMO) system. Some of the characteristic properties of a general multi-port element are also studied in this chapter. The 1-D axial and transverse plane wave analysis is used to characterize axially long and short chambers, respectively, in terms of the [Z] matrix. Different network arrangements of multi-port elements are constructed, wherein the TL performance of such MIMO networks obtained on the basis of either the 1-D axial or 1-D transverse plane wave theory are compared with 3-D FEA carried on a commercial software. The versatility of this algorithm is that it can deal with more than two external or terminal ports, i.e., one can have multiple inlets and outlets in a complicated acoustic network. A generalized approach/algorithm is presented to characterize rigid wall reactive multi-port chamber mufflers of different geometries by means of a 3-D analytical formulation based upon the modal expansion and the uniform piston-driven model. The geometries analyzed here are rectangular plenum chambers, circular cylindrical chamber mufflers with and without a pass tube, elliptical cylindrical chamber mufflers, spherical and hemispherical chambers, conical chamber mufflers with and without a co-axial pass tube and sectoral cylindrical chamber mufflers of circular and elliptical cross-section as well as sectoral conical chamber mufflers. Computer codes or subroutines have been developed wherein by choosing appropriate mode functions in the generalized pressure response function, one can characterize a multi-port chamber muffler of any of the aforementioned separable geometrical shapes in terms of the [Z] matrix, subsequent to which the TL performance of these chambers is evaluated in terms of the scattering matrix [S] parameters by making use of the relations between [Z] and [S] matrices derived earlier. Interestingly, the [Z] matrix approach combined with the uniform piston-driven model is indeed ideally suited for the 3-D analytical formulation inasmuch as regardless of the number of ports, one deals with only one area discontinuity at a time, thereby making the analysis convenient for a multi-port muffler configuration with arbitrary location of ports. The TL characteristics of SISO chambers corresponding to each of the aforementioned geometries (especially the elliptical cylindrical chamber) are analyzed in detail with respect to the effect of chamber dimensions (chamber length and transverse dimensions), and relative angular and axial location of ports. Furthermore, the analysis of SIDO (i.e., single inlet and double outlet) chamber mufflers is given special consideration. In particular, we examine (1) the effect of additional outlet port (second outlet port), (2) variation in the relative angular or axial location of the additional or second outlet port (keeping the location of the inlet port and the outlet ports of the original SISO chamber to be constant) and (3) the effect of interchanging the location of the inlet and outlet ports on the TL performance of these mufflers. Thus, design guidelines are developed for the optimal location of the inlet and outlet ports keeping in mind the broadband attenuation characteristics for a single inlet and multiple outlet (SIMO) system. The non-dimensional limits up to which a flow-reversal elliptical (or circular) cylindrical end chamber having an end-inlet and end-outlet configuration is acoustically short (so that the 1-D transverse plane wave theory is applicable) and the limits beyond which it is acoustically long (so that the 1-D axial plane wave theory is applicable) is determined in terms of the ratio or equivalently, in terms of the ratio. Towards this end, two different configurations of the elliptical cylindrical chamber are considered, namely, (1) End-Offset Inlet (located along the major-axis of the ellipse) and End-Centered Outlet (2) End-Offset Inlet and End-Offset Outlet (both the ports located on the major-axis of the ellipse and at equal offset distance from the center). The former configuration is analyzed using 3-D FEA simulations (on SYSNOISE) while the 3-D analytical uniform piston-driven model is used to analyze the latter configuration. The existence of the higher order evanescent modes in the axially long reversal chamber at low frequency (before the cut-on frequency of the (1, 1) even mode or (1, 0) mode) causes a shift in the resonance peak predicted by the 1-D axial plane wave theory and 3-D analytical approach. Thus, the 1-D axial plane wave analysis is corrected by introducing appropriate end correction due to the modified or effective length of the elliptical cylindrical chamber. An empirical formulae has been developed to obtain the average non-dimensional end correction for the aforementioned configurations as functions of the expansion ratio, (i.e., ), minor-axis to major-axis ratio, (i.e., ) and the center-offset distance ratio, (i.e., ). The intermediate limits between which the chamber is neither short nor long (acoustically) has also been obtained. Furthermore, an ingenious method (Quasi 1-D approach) of combining the 1-D transverse plane wave model with the 1-D axial plane wave model using the [Z] matrix is also proposed for the end-offset inlet and end-centered outlet configuration. A 3-D analytical procedure has also been developed which also enables one to determine the end-correction in axially long 2-port flow-reversal end chamber mufflers for different geometries such as rectangular, circular and elliptical cylindrical as well as conical chambers, a priori to the computation of TL. Using this novel analytical technique, we determine the end correction for arbitrary locations on the two end ports on the end face of an axially long flow-reversal end chamber. The applicability of this method is also demonstrated for determination of the end corrections for the 2-port circular cylindrical chamber configuration without and with a pass tube, elliptical cylindrical chambers as well as rectangular and conical chambers.

Many chemical reactions can be described as the crossing of an energetic barrier. This process is mediated by an invariant object in phase space. One can construct a normally hyperbolic invariant manifold (NHIM) of the reactive dynamical system which is an invariant sphere that can be considered as the geometric representation of the transition state itself. The NHIM has invariant cylinders (reaction channels) attached to it. This invariant geometric structure survives as long as the invariant sphere is normally hyperbolic. We applied this theory to the hydrogen exchange reaction in three degrees of freedom in order to figure out the reason of the transition state theory (TST) failure. Energies high above the reaction threshold, the dynamics within the transition state becomes partially chaotic. We have found that the invariant sphere first ceases to be normally hyperbolic at fairly low energies. Surprisingly normal hyperbolicity is then restored and the invariant sphere remains normally hyperbolic even at very high energies. This observation shows two different energy values for the breakdown of the TST and the breakdown of the NHIM. This leads to seek another phase space object that is related to the breakdown of the TST. Using theory of the dividing surface including reactive islands (RIs), we can investigate such an object. We found out that the first nonreactive trajectory has been found at the same energy values for both collinear and full systems, and coincides with the first bifurcation of periodic orbit dividing surface (PODS) at the collinear configuration. The bifurcation creates the unstable periodic orbit (UPO). Indeed, the new PODS (UPO) is the reason for the TST failure. The manifolds (stable and centre-stable) of the UPO clarify these expectations by intersecting the dividing surface at the boundary of the reactive island (on the collinear and the three (full) systems, respectively).

Wave energy converters of point absorber type have been developed and constructed. Full scale experiments have been carried out at sea and electricity has been successfully delivered. Linear permanent magnet generators together with a subsea substation and buoys of various geometric shapes have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. The design has in large extent an electronic approach, keeping the mechanical part of it as simple as possible, due to the long life span and reliability of electric components. Because of the nature of a linear generator, the internal translator with permanent magnets has a limited stroke length which will be reached when the buoy is exposed to large wave heights. Internal springs at the top and bottom of the generator prevent the translator from hitting the generator hull. Inertial forces due to the mass and velocity of the translator and the buoy and its heave added mass compresses the spring. The added mass is a rather large part of the total moving mass. Simulations of a converter with a vertical cylindrical buoy and with a toroidal buoy were conducted, as well as real sea experiments with converters with cylindrical buoys of two different sizes and a toroidal buoy. The overloads are likely to affect the design and service life of the generator, the buoy and the wire which interconnects them. Buoy shapes with as much excitation force as possible and as little heave added mass as possible were sought. A toroidal buoy caused less overloads on the generator at sea states with short wave periods and relatively large wave height, but for sea states with very long wave periods or extremely high waves, the magnitude of the overloads was mainly determined by the maximum displacement of the buoy. Snap loads on the interconnecting wire, as the slack wire tensed up after a very deep wave trough, were found to be greater but of the same order of magnitude as forces during the rest of the wave cycle. During a 4 day period at various wave conditions, two converters with cylindrical buoys proved efficiency between 11.1 % and 24.4 %. The larger buoy had 78 % larger water plane area than the other buoy which resulted in 11 % more power production. Short wave period was beneficial for the power production. Infinite frequency heave added mass was measured for a cylindrical buoy at real sea and found to be greater than the linearly calculated theoretical added mass.

A deterministic approach based on a modal expansion and modal receptance method has been developed to evaluate the airborne sound insulation of aircraft panels with stringer and ring frame attachments. Furthermore, this method was extended to predict the noise radiation of stiffening panel subjected to TBL excitation. This approach integrates with the fast and accurate methods in evaluating the modal excitation terms and modal radiation efficiency. Based on these advantages, the effects of the curvature, overpressure, stringers, ring frames, hydrodynamic coincidence, composite structures and structural dissipation on the acoustical properties of a typical aircraft panel are able to be investigated efficiently. Theoretic predictions were compared with laboratory measurements conducted on both model structures and aircraft panels. It was found that a small curvature may result in significant deterioration of the sound transmission loss at frequencies of interest. Unlike a flat uniform panel, the theoretical prediction for curved panels from the infinite model can not provide good agreement with the measurement close to and well below the ring frequency. However, in this frequency range, the finite model has been proved to be applicable For the large curved airplane panels studied here, it was found that the ring frames have little influence on sound transmission loss in the frequency range of interest. However the stringers may have considerable influence on sound transmission loss. The stringer improves this for a curved panel around the ring frequency, but it may result in a potential deterioration of the sound transmission loss above the ring frequency. In this study it is evident that the sound transmission loss of the composite skin attached with composite stringers is lower than that of the metallic panel attached with metallic stringers. At frequencies higher than the corresponding ring frequency of the curved panel, both experiment and theoretical prediction reveal that the overpressure at the concave side tends to reduce the sound transmission loss at the rate of about 0.5dB /10000 Pa. While at lower frequencies, say well below the ring frequency, the overpressure may increase or reduce sound transmission loss of a finite panel, depending on the shift of the resonant frequencies resulting from the overpressure. For TBL excitation, numerical investigation reveals that the panel with the ring frames behaves more like a sub-panel between two frames. Below 500Hz, the ring frames slightly enhance the sound radiation while dramatically increasing it around 1.3kHz. The TBL forcing field excites the same vibration lever for the panel with and without ring frame attachments, but the modes excited for the panel with ring frames radiate more sound. Unlike the ring frames, the stringers increase sound radiation below 1kHz. Above 1kHz, the sub-panels between two bays respond independently and the stringer effects is therefore not obvious. / <p>QC 20100908</p>

La simulation d'écoulements dans des cavités cylindriques en rotation présente une difficulté particulière en raison de l'apparition de singularités sur l'axe. Le présent travail propose une méthode collocative pseudospectrale suffisamment efficace et précise pour surmonter cette difficulté et résoudre les équations 3D de Navier-Stokes écrites en coordonnées cylindriques. Cette méthode a été développée dans le cadre des différentes études menées au laboratoire M2P2, utilisant une méthode collocative de type Chebychev dans les directions radiale et axiale et Fourier-Galerkin dans la direction azimutale [thêta]. Pour éviter de prescrire des conditions sur l'axe, une nouvelle approche a été développée. Le domaine de calcul est défini par (r,[thêta],z)&#8712;[-1,1]×[0,2π]×[-1,1] avec un nombre N pair de points de collocation dans la direction radiale. Ainsi, r=0 n'est pas un point de collocation. La distribution de points de type Gauss-Lobatto selon r et z densifie le maillage seulement près des parois ce qui rend l'algorithme bien adapté pour simuler les écoulements dans des cavités cylindriques en rotation. Dans la direction azimutale, le chevauchement des points dû à la discrétisation est évitée par l'introduction d'un décalage égal à π/2K à [thêta]>π dans la transformée de Fourier. La méthode conserve la convergence spectrale. Des comparaisons avec des résultats expérimentaux et numériques de la littérature montrent un très bon accord pour des écoulements induits par la rotation d'un disque dans des cavités cylindriques fermées. / When simulating flows in cylindrical rotating cavities, a difficulty arises from the singularities appearing on the axis. In the same time, the flow field itself does not have any singularity on the axis and this singularity is only apparent. The present work proposes an efficient and accurate collocation pseudospectral method for solving the 3D Navier-Stokes equations using cylindrical coordinates. This method has been developed in the framework of different studies of rotor-stator flows, using Chebyshev collocation in the radial and axial directions and Fourier-Galerkin approximation in the azimuthal periodic direction [thêta]. To avoid the difficulty on the axis without prescribing any pole and parity conditions usually required, a new approach has been developed. The calculation domain is defined as (r,[thêta];,z)&#8712;[-1,1]×[0,2π]×[-1,1] using an even number N of collocation points in the radial direction. Thus, r=0 is not a collocation point. The method keeps the spectral convergence. The grid-point distribution densifies the mesh only near the boundaries that makes the algorithm well-suited to simulate rotating cavity flows where thin layers develop along the walls. In the azimuthal direction, the overlap in the discretization is avoided by introducing a shift equal to π/2K for [thêta]>π in the Fourier transform. Comparisons with reliable experimental and numerical results of the literature show good quantitative agreements for flows driven by rotating discs in cylindrical cavities. Associated to a Spectral Vanishing Viscosity, the method provides very promising LES results of turbulent cavity flows with or without heat transfer.

[pt] Em geral a segurança das estruturas hidráulicas, em particular das barragens é muitas vezes ameaçada devido à formação de erosão próximo as fundações em conseqüência das altas velocidades dos jatos que partem dos vertedouros atingindo os maciços rochosos a jusante. O fenômeno de erosão envolve uma complexa interação entre processos hidráulicos e mecânicos. Um dos principais problemas no desenvolvimento dos métodos para estudo de erosões em rocha, esta associados ao entendimento dos complexos fenômenos físicos envolvidos no processo, cuja maioria não pode ser descritos e nem testados em escala de laboratório. A observação de fenômenos naturais, a avaliação do desempenho de estruturas hidráulicas, juntamente com a realização de experimentos em nível de laboratório e o desenvolvimento de modelos analíticos e numéricos têm contribuído muito para o entendimento dos mecanismos envolvidos no processo de erosão. Neste contexto, com o apoio da empresa Eletrobrás Furnas, o presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo físico implantado no laboratório de geotecnia da PUC-Rio, o qual possibilita a compreensão do processo físico de movimentação dos blocos rochosos durante a erosão, além da verificação e calibração de modelos numéricos a serem desenvolvidos. Inicialmente são abordados aspectos básicos sobre o comportamento mecânico e hidráulico dos maciços rochosos fraturados, evidenciando as propriedades das descontinuidades, além da importância destes aspectos no comportamento dos maciços ao efeito erosivo. O segundo capitulo apresenta o objeto de estudo deste trabalho, que é, o entendimento do fenômeno erosivo de maciços rochosos fraturados a jusante de dissipadores do tipo salto esqui, sendo abordado os aspectos hidráulicos e geomecânicos básicos envolvidos e os métodos existentes para a avaliação da erosão. O terceiro capítulo apresenta a proposta da célula cilíndrica desenvolvida, sendo descrito aspectos importantes, tais como a escolha do tipo de material, detalhamento e dimensionamento da célula. O próximo capítulo tem como intuito principal apresentar inicialmente os diferentes equipamentos utilizados nos ensaios juntamente com o sistema de aquisição de dados desenvolvido. Sendo também apresentada a metodologia utilizada para execução dos ensaios. O penúltimo capítulo apresenta a descrição dos ensaios realizados, os quais buscaram o melhor entendimento comportamento dos blocos rochosos durante o processo erosivo que ocorre a jusante de vertedouros. Os resultados experimentais obtidos pelo modelo físico desenvolvidos são apresentados, mostrando que é um importante equipamento de análise experimental para a previsão de processos erosivos a jusante de vertedouros, mas que também pode servir como suporte para a verificação e a calibração de modelos numéricos a serem desenvolvidos, os quais poderão servir como medidas de engenharia para mitigação do fenômeno erosivo. / [en] In general the safety of hydraulic structures, particularly dams is often threatened due to the formation of erosion around the foundations as a result of high speeds of the jets leaving the spillways reaching solid rock downstream.The erosion phenomenon involves a complex interaction between processes hydraulic and mechanical. A major problem in developing methods for study of erosion in rock, associated with this understanding of complex physical phenomena involved in the process, most of which can not be described nor tested in scale laboratory.The observation of natural phenomena, the performance evaluation of hydraulic structures, along with performing experiments in laboratory level and the development of analytical models and numbers have contributed greatly to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the process of erosion.In this context, with the support of the company Eletrobrás Furnas, this paper presents the development of a physical model implemented in geotechnical laboratory at PUC-Rio, which furthers our understanding of physical process of transferring blocks of rocks during erosion, beyond verification and calibration of numerical models to be developed.Initially, it discusses basic aspects of the behavior mechanical and hydraulic fractured rock masses, showing the properties of the discontinuities and the importance of these aspects in behavior of the massive erosive effect.The second chapter presents the object of the present study, that is, the understanding of the phenomenon of erosive fractured rock masses downstream sinks like ski jumping, and discussed aspects basic hydraulic and geomechanical involved and existing methods for the assessment of erosion.The third chapter presents the proposal of the cylindrical cell developed as described important aspects such as choice the type of material, detail and scale of the cell.The next chapter is the primary purpose to present initially different equipment used in the tests with the system developed data acquisition. Is also presented methodology used to perform tests. The penultimate chapter presents a description of the tests, the which sought to better understand the behavior of rock blocks during the erosion process that occurs downstream of spillways. The experimental results obtained by physical model is developed presented, showing that it is an important analytical equipment experimental prediction of erosion downstream spillway, but it can also serve as support for verification and calibration of numerical models to be developed, which can serve as engineering measures to mitigate the erosion phenomenon.