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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The intensive use and/or inadequate management of pesticides have led to contamination of the aquatic ecosystem, reaching the biota living there, including the fish. Pesticides can affect toxicological parameters these animals, harming their survival. In this way, the aim this study has to evaluate biochemistry changes in carps (Cyprinus carpio) after exposure to a commercial formulation of the fungicide tebuconazole (Folicur®). At first, we performed a test of acute toxicity to determine the LC50 (96h) of tebuconazole for C. carpio. The animals were exposed to concentrations 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mg/L for 96 hours. After this period, were anesthetized and euthanized. Using the whole-body method, we investigated the levels of TBARS, protein carbonyls, activities of enzymes GST, CAT, SOD and AChE, levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants GSH and AsA and metabolic parameters, among which, lactate, glycogen, glucose, ammonia, amino acids and protein. Secondly, fish were exposed to the fungicide during seven days, both in field conditions (rice paddy field) as a laboratory. The concentrations used in the laboratory (33.5 and 36.2 mg/L) were close to the concentration used for rice farming (31.9 mg/L). After the experimental periods, we sampled brain, liver and muscle of fish. The biochemical parameters analyzed were as follows: TBARS levels in brain, liver and muscle, protein carbonyl in liver, enzyme activities CAT and GST in liver and AChE in brain and muscle. In the first experiment was obtained as LC50 (96h) of tebuconazole for C. carpio concentration 2.37 mg/L. The body levels of TBARS showed to be high at all concentrations tested. In contrast, the enzymes GST, CAT and SOD showed reduction in their activities. The levels of GSH and AsA were also decreased after the same period. Regarding the activity of AChE and the levels of protein carbonyls, there were no statistically significant changes. Among the metabolic parameters, there was an increase in the levels of glycogen and glucose concentration 1.5 mg/L, whereas protein levels were reduced at concentrations 2.0 and 2.5 mg/L. In the second experiment, we observed increased levels of TBARS in brain only in the field condition, while in liver and muscle this increase was observed both in field and laboratory. Likewise, the levels of protein carbonyls increased in both experimental conditions. The activity of AChE in brain was increased only in the field condition, whereas in the laboratory no significant change was observed. The activities of CAT, GST and AChE in muscle showed no significant change in both experimental conditions. The results of this research, considering the two experiments show that this fungicide causes disorders in antioxidants and metabolic parameters in fish exposed, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress, which can compromise their survival in the wild. The evaluation of TBARS levels and protein carbonyl in the liver of carp can be used as a biomarker of exposure to tebuconazole. / O intenso uso e/ou manejo inadequado de pesticidas têm levado à contaminação do ecossistema aquático, atingindo a biota ali existente, incluindo os peixes. Pesticidas podem afetar parâmetros toxicológicos desses animais, prejudicando sua sobrevivência. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alterações bioquímicas em carpas (Cyprinus carpio) após exposição a uma formulação comercial do fungicida tebuconazole (Folicur®). Num primeiro momento, foi realizado um teste de toxicidade aguda a fim de determinar a CL50 (96h) do tebuconazole para C. carpio. Os animais foram expostos às concentrações 1,0, 1,5, 2,0, 2,5 e 3,0 mg/L, durante 96 horas. Após esse período, foram anestesiados e eutanasiados. Utilizando o método whole-body, foram investigados os níveis de TBARS, proteína carbonil, atividades das enzimas GST, CAT, SOD e AChE, níveis dos antioxidantes não enzimáticos GSH e AsA e parâmetros metabólicos, dentre os quais, lactato, glicogênio, glicose, amônia, aminoácidos e proteína. Num segundo momento, os peixes foram expostos ao fungicida durante sete dias, tanto em condição de campo (lavoura de arroz irrigado) como de laboratório. As concentrações utilizadas em laboratório (33,5 e 36,2 μg/L) foram próximas à concentração utilizada na lavoura de arroz (31,9 μg/L). Decorridos os períodos experimentais, foram amostrados cérebro, fígado e músculo dos peixes. Os parâmetros bioquímicos analisados foram os seguintes: níveis de TBARS em cérebro, fígado e músculo; proteína carbonil em fígado; atividades das enzimas CAT e GST em fígado e da AChE em cérebro e músculo. No primeiro experimento obteve-se como CL50 (96h) do tebuconazole para C. carpio a concentração 2,37 mg/L. Os níveis corporais de TBARS mostraram-se elevados em todas as concentrações testadas. Ao contrário, as enzimas GST, CAT e SOD mostraram redução em suas atividades. Os níveis de GSH e AsA também se mostraram diminuídos após o mesmo período. Em relação à atividade da AChE e aos níveis de proteína carbonil, não foram observadas alterações estatisticamente significativas. Dentre os parâmetros metabólicos, houve aumento nos níveis de glicogênio e glicose na concentração 1,5 mg/L, enquanto que os níveis de proteína foram reduzidos nas concentrações 2,0 e 2,5 mg/L. No segundo experimento, observou-se aumento nos níveis de TBARS em cérebro somente na condição de campo, enquanto que em fígado e músculo esse aumento foi verificado tanto em campo quanto em laboratório. Da mesma forma, os níveis de proteína carbonil aumentaram em ambas as condições experimentais. A atividade da AChE em cérebro se mostrou aumentada somente em condição de campo, enquanto que em laboratório nenhuma alteração significativa foi observada. As atividades da CAT, GST e AChE em músculo não apresentaram mudanças significativas em ambas as condições experimentais. Os resultados da presente investigação, considerando os dois experimentos realizados, mostram que esse fungicida provoca desordens em parâmetros antioxidantes e metabólicos nos peixes expostos, indicando a ocorrência de estresse oxidativo, o que pode comprometer sua sobrevivência no meio natural. A avaliação dos níveis de TBARS e de proteína carbonil em fígado de carpas pode ser utilizada como biomarcador de exposição ao tebuconazole.

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of orally applied praziquantel on the treatment efficacy against most abundant tapeworms (Atractolytocestus huronensis Anthony, 1958 and Khawia sinensis Hsü, 1935) of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus). Naturally infected fish (one-year-old; K1+) were divided into 3 trial groups containing 17 specimens and administered with praziquantel mixed in heat-treated amyloid vehicle (in doses of 50 mg.kg-1 body weight). In 3 groups of control, the fish were administered amyloid vehicle only. Fish were examined by using of gut dissection 2, 4 and 6 days after administration. At 48 hours post-treatment, significantly lower prevalence of both parasites was found. The invasion of A.huronensis was fully eliminated in all fish after 96 hours whereas some specimens of K.sinensis still persisted in the gut of few fish. The full elimination of both parasites was observed 6 days after administration. Our results showed that elimination of K. sinensis takes longer than elimination of A.huronensis. The dose of 50 mg kg-1 of orally applied praziquantel is effectual to control A.huronensis and K sinensis infections in common carp successfully. The effect of oral applied praziquantel on the hematology and biochemical parameters blood of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), infected by the tapeworms Atractolytocestus huronensis and Khawia sinensis was the object of analyse. It was the partial goal of the work. The infected fishes were divided to the six groups. The praziquantel was applied stirred in amyloid vehicle in dose 30 mg/kg of quick materiality for two groups and for two to other groups in dose 50mg/kg of quick materiality. Only clean amyloid vehiculum was applied to two control groups. Blood taking and resulting patoanatomic investigation was effected 24 and 96 hours after application of praziquantel. Results of hematology investigation of blood obtained 24 hours after the application point on significant fall (p< 0,01) of the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit in both groups E1 and E3, which achieved the original surface after 96 hours. The significant upsurge (p<0,05) of the surface serum hepatic enzyme ALT was recorded after 96 hours.

The work is focused on the nutrition and farming technology influences on the changes of the quality of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and european catfish (Silurus glanis L.) meat. For the first experiment were used 6 groups of fish (common carp). Five of those were fed on cereals (maize, wheat, triticale, rye and barley), the sixth group was left on natural food by way of the control group. For the second experiment were used two groups of fish (european catfish). The first group was bred by the classical technology in fresh water ponds using natural food (dietary fish) by way of the control group. The second group was bred intensively in warm water in controlled conditions using feed compouned. In both of groups were defined following characteristics: weight yield, sensoric analysis, content of nitrogen compounds, fat content and spectrum of fatty acids in fat. It was ascertained that the rearing technology affects the results in all monitored characteristics. The biggest attention was payed to the results of fatty acids spectrum. While in the test using common carp was proved a higher proportion of PUFA (inclusive EPA and DHA) in the control group, in the test using catfish was this proportion higher in intensively reared group.

As part of an investigation of the non-game fish resources of Utah, a study of the age and growth rate of the carp was instituted. A preliminary investigation indicated that the opercular method was superior to several other methods of determining age and growth in the carp. Age and growth were calculated from the opercular bones of 330 carp collected at Ogden Bay Refuge in 1950-51. Distances to annuli were measured directly. The relationship between the posterior radius of the opercular bone and the standard length of the carp was curvilinear. Past growth was calculated with a logarithmic nomograph. Expected number of annuli on opercular bones of known age carp, agreement of ages assessed by length frequency modes and those assessed from opercular bones of the same fish agreement of empirical and calculated lengths for the first three years of life, agreement between ages assessed by scales and opercular bones, and increase in age with increase in size were accepted as evidence of the validity of the opercular method. Decrease in growth rate at any year of life for successive age groups is attributed to a gradual change of the environment.

The koi carp Cyprinus carpio is an invasive fish that has reached high numbers and biomass in the North Island of New Zealand, particularly in the Waikato region. This species has a variety of negative effects on aquatic ecosystems, increasing turbidity, uprooting aquatic macrophytes, and affecting water column nutrient levels. Recent research in Australia and New Zealand has shown that adult carp, though largely restricted to small scale movements, are capable of moving long distances. Movement in adult carp may be underestimated by these studies, and comparatively little is known about the movement of smaller carp. This study examined the feasibility of using laser ablation otolith microchemistry to track koi carp movement and identify spawning areas. Water samples from six locations (Lake Waahi, Lake Whangape, Lake Waikare, the Whangamarino River, and the Waikato River at Aka Aka and Rangiriri) were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Significant differences between sites were found in the water concentrations of many elements. Koi carp were collected from the above locations, as well as from Opuatia Stream, Pungarehu Stream, the Maramarua River and Lake Hakanoa. The elemental concentrations in the asteriscus otoliths were analysed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP-MS). Elemental concentrations in the edges and nuclei of adult koi carp and the edges of young-of-the-year (YOY) koi carp were significantly different between capture sites. No significant differences were found in elemental concentrations between sites in the nuclei of YOY koi carp. A discriminant function analysis (DFA) was carried out using the otolith edge elemental signatures of koi carp. The model used Ba, Sr, Mg, Rb and Zn concentrations to differentiate between four capture locations: the Waikato River, Pungarehu Stream, Lake Waahi, and Lake Waikare and Pungarehu Stream. The DFA was able to correctly predict the capture location of 82% of koi carp using their otolith edge elemental signatures. The classification functions created using koi carp otolith edge signatures were then used as a training set to classify otolith nucleus signatures. The otolith nuclei of 80% of YOY koi carp were classified to their site of capture, suggesting they had not moved between locations. The majority of adult koi carp caught at Lake Waikare, Whangamarino River, Pungarehu Stream and Opuatia Stream had nucleus signatures matching their capture sites, indicating that these fish originated from their capture location. Koi carp from other sites likely moved there from another location. The majority of adult koi carp (88%) caught at the Waikato River at Rangiriri had otolith nucleus signatures matching Lake Waikare and Pungarehu Stream. Adult koi carp caught at Lake Waahi and the Waikato River at Aka Aka had otolith signatures corresponding to a range of locations. While some areas (Lake Waikare, Pungarehu Stream) appear to have resident koi carp populations that likely originated there, others (Lake Waahi, the Waikato River) appear to have koi carp populations of mixed origin. These results indicate that Lake Waikare, Pungarehu Stream and the Whangamarino River may be important sources of koi carp recruits in the lower Waikato region.

The impact of carp on a rhizomatous macrophyte was examined in two consecutive years using three outdoor aquaculture ponds with naturally established beds of Potamogeton tricarinatus. Each pond was divided with wire fencing to form a carp (500 kg ha-1) and control treatment. After 6 weeks, plant biomass had declined to the same extent in the carp and control treatments, indicating that direct physical disturbance by carp was not reducing the biomass of P. tricarinatus. In a second experiment, carp were added to two of the same ponds when plants were regenerating after a 9-11 month drying period. After 8 weeks, P. tricarinatus biomass in the carp treatments was between one half and one tenth of the biomass in the control treatments and one control treatment supported more Najas tenuifolia than the paired carp treatment. The lower biomass of Potamogeton in the carp treatments was a result of fewer shoots and less growth per shoot. Rhizomes had been undermined in the carp treatment with less than 1% of plants growing from rhizome compared to 36% in the control treatment. Accumulation of sediment into traps was significantly higher in the carp treatments (2.5 to 77.5 times more than the control). On average, carp resuspended 662 kg dry sediment ha-1 for each 100 kg ha-1 of carp or 6.6 times their wet weight biomass in dry sediments each day. Some implications of high sediment resuspension are discussed. The research demonstrates that well anchored macrophyte species can show tolerance to the physical disturbance associated with carp benthic feeding, however, these same species are vulnerable during regenerating and recruitment stages. It is suggested that anchorage is the most important factor for determining plant tolerance to carp. The implications for aquatic plant and riverine management are discussed, including the importance of excluding carp from newly flooded wetlands and the role of carp in determining alternative stable states.

Zwischen Herbst 2001 und Frühjahr 2002 wurden insgesamt 146 Speisekarpfen (Cyprinus carpio) parasitologisch untersucht. Die Speisekarpfen verteilten sich auf 60 einsömmrige sowie 86 zweisömmrige Speisekarpfen und stammten aus zwei Teichwirtschaften südlich von Leipzig (Sachsen). Insgesamt konnten sechs Protozoengattungen, sechs Helminthengattungen oder -arten und eine Arthropodenart (Argulus foliaceus) nachgewiesen werden. Dies waren im Einzelnen die Protozoenarten Apiosoma piscicola, Epistylis lwoffi, Ichthyobodo necator, Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis und eine Trichodina sp. Die Helminthen teilten sich in vier Trematoden (Gyrodactylus spp., Dactylogyrus extensus, Diplostomum spathaceum und Tylodelphys clavata), zwei Zestoden (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi und Khawia sinensis) und eine nicht näher differenzierbare Nematodenart (wahrscheinlich Capillaria brevispicula) auf. Differentialdiagnostisch konnten in den Beständen die fischpathogenen Bakterienarten Aeromonas hydrophila und A. salmonicida nachgewiesen werden. Klinische Anzeichen einer Infektion durch Pilze der Gattung Saprolegnia waren zu keinem Zeitpunkt bei den Speisekarpfen vorhanden. Die Umweltbedingungen in den Winterteichen waren im Gegensatz zu den letzten Jahren sehr konstant. So konnten große Schwankungen weder in der chemischen Zusammensetzung (Gesamthärte, Leitfähigkeit, Ammonium, Nitrit und Nitrat) noch in der Wassertemperatur im Untersuchungszeitraum beobachtet werden. Die Teiche waren nur wenige Wochen im Winter zugefroren. Die epidemiologische Entwicklung der Parasiten zeigte, dass die Gruppe der Protozoen zum Frühjahr teilweise explosionsartig anstieg, während die Prävalenz der Trematoden in diesem Zeitraum eher kontinuierlich anstieg bzw. im Falle der Zestoden auf annähernd konstantem Niveau verblieb. Seltene Funde waren die von Capillaria brevispicula und Argulus foliaceus, die in zu geringer Anzahl nachgewiesen wurden, um eine statistische Aussage über deren Epidemiologie zu erlauben. Als Fazit lässt sich aus den Ergebnissen meiner Untersuchung ableiten, dass sich stabile Haltungsbedingungen und gute Wasserqualtität positiv auf den Gesundheitszustand der Speisekarpfen auswirken. Mit dem regelmäßigen Umsetzen der Speisekarpfen ist lediglich eine Ausdünnung der Parasitendichte zu erreichen, wobei dies im Falle der beiden nachgewiesenen Bandwurmarten und der Karpfenläuse für die Erhaltung der Gesundheit des Bestandes allein nicht ausreichen wird. Sollten weiterhin keine zusätzlichen Arzneimittel für die Bekämpfung dieser Parasiten bei Lebensmittel liefernden Tieren zugelassen werden, ist daher meiner Meinung nach in Zukunft mit schweren wirtschaftlichen Einbußen zu rechnen. / A total of 146 carp (Cyprinus carpio) were examined between autumn 2001 and spring 2002. The carp were devided into two groups of 60 one-sommer-old and 86 two-sommer-old carp which were collected from two different Farms in the south of Leipzig (Saxony). Six protozoan genera, six helminthic genera or species, respectively, and one arthropod species (Argulus foliaceus) were detected. The protozoa Apiosoma piscicola, Epistylis lwoffi, Ichthyobodo necator, Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyiophthirius multifiliis and one Trichodina sp. were found. The group of helminths comprised four trematode genera or species, respectively, Gyrodactylus spp. Dactylogyrus etxtensus, Diplostomum spathaceum and Tylodelphys clavata as well as two cestode species Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Khawia sinensis, and one nematode species. The latter was detected in the intestine of very few carp and was designated as Capillaria brevispicula, but this was not confirmed. Furthermore two bacterial strains, Aeromonas hydrophila and A. salmonicida, were found in the stocks. Clinical signs of fungal infection caused by Saprolegnia spp. never were observed. In contrast to former years only minor differences in the environmental conditions like water temperature or chemical parameters (total hardness, salinity or ammonium compounds) were measured. Only a few weeks during winter the ponds were covered with ice. The epidemiological development of the protozoan parasites indicates a great increase of the prevalence in spring whereas the prevalence of trematode species increased during the whole examination period. No variability was found in case of cestodes. Findings of Capillaria brevispicula and Argulus foliaceus were very rare which excluded the statistical evaluation concerning the epidemiology of these parasites. The present study revealed a positive effect of rearing conditions and water quality on the general health status of carp. Pond management is an important tool to decrease parasite burden of fish, but no influence on cestode and argulid populations was observed. Therefore the introduction of further appropriate treatment is necessary to prevent high economic losses.

No description available.