This thesis examines the career of Hubert Hall (1857–1944). Hall began work at the Public Record Office in 1879, ending his career there as an Assistant Keeper in 1921. At the same time, and until 1939, he was heavily involved with many organizations and institutions, most notably the Royal Historical Society, the London School of Economics and the Royal Commission on Public Records. His numerous activities as a ‘historical worker’ were aimed at the ‘promotion of historical enterprise(s)’. Before 1900 his writing, on historical topics, and his editorial work were carried out primarily independently. After that date much of his published work derived from his teaching work (most successfully from seminar-based collaborations); this included works which addressed archival science and archival management. The shift in the type of work produced can be attributed to the furore, orchestrated by John Horace Round, surrounding his edition of The Red Book of the Exchequer, a dispute which had a notorious public airing in the late 1890s, but a longer and more private genesis dating back to the previous decade. The context for this examination of Hall’s career is the professionalization of history in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the period during which he also began and ended his PRO career. The consolidation of the professional infrastructure of history by the early 1920s also signalled the divergence of archival management and academic history as separate disciplines. As a result, archivists in particular lost sight of their professional antecedents, with received opinion now dating the start of British archival thinking to the appearance of Hilary Jenkinson’s Manual of Archive Administration in 1922. These antecedents include a rich seam of archival writing (both theoretical and practical) by Hall and his PRO contemporaries (notably Charles Johnson and Charles Crump) and the work of a generation of women historical workers, many of whom have been identified as benefiting from Hall’s teaching, and his support. The ‘disappearance’ of these women from university-based history after the 1930s has been well documented in the literature; it is anticipated that future research would identify their re-emergence in, or their transfer to, the post-World War 2 archival domain.

There is much written history for the military professional to read, but little is of value to his education. While many works are often wonderful reading, they are too broad or narrow in scope, often lacking the context to be used for serious study by professional soldiers. This work was written with two audiences in mind; my colleagues in the academic world, along with my many comrades who are professional soldiers. The present work was originally conceived as a contribution to historical literature on the subject of military education. More specifically, it was to be an exploration of the concept of operational art and the manner in which planning was doctrinally conducted to articulate battle on the Eastern Front in the Second World War. Any study of war devoid of the theory and doctrine of the period would be of little use to academics and military professionals alike. By the same token, it is often necessary for an author to relate the unfamiliar feelings of combat to a reader in order to give the perspective needed to understand war. Military professionals should study history to become better decision makers. Peter Paret best explained the role of history in relation to military professionals or historians when he said, “ By opening up the past for us, history added to the fund of knowledge that we can acquire directly and also made possible universal concepts and generalizations across time. To enable history to do this, the historian must be objective or as Clausewitz would have said- "as scientific or philosophical as possible.” Decision making must be looked at through the lens of what Clausewitz called “critical analysis." Clausewitz sought to answer the question of “why” something happened in terms of cause and effect. A decisions being examined can only be understood if we know something of the character of the man who made it. These thoughts together provide the foundation on which greater understanding of the art and science of war is built, thus giving the military professional the tools to deconstruct a decision in terms of the problem historically in time and space. This facilitates a greater appreciation and understanding of his trade. The “reenacting process” allows scholars and professional soldiers to reconstruct problems in terms of the terrain and material used during the period; giving a clearer view into the heart of the problem. As students of the art and science of war, we must make every effort to morally, mentally and physically put ourselves in a position to understand why leaders made the decisions they did. While the sheer terror of combat can never be properly replicated, our studies must find a way to understand them. The English language, or any language for that matter has a poor ability to explain in words, written or spoken, the horror of war. War is not just the extension of policy by other means, it is a societal interaction where human beings struggle within the phenomenon called war. We must understand war to be a human activity, thus a social affair. Grasping human emotions, we see events capable of motivating or terrifying combatants in the lonely hours with the extreme violence typical of combat. In this light, we correctly educate ourselves about the true nature of war. War studied at the strategic, operational or tactical-levels should always consider decisions made, particularly in terms of their moral, mental and physical properties. Common elements to the offense or defense are the weather and terrain being fought on. While the weather will ultimately affect each differently, weather has the ability to complicate terrain in ways man to this day cannot conquer. The following pages reflect a military professional’s understanding of the events at Leningrad, Narva and Sinimäed from 68 years ago. Understanding of these events was achieved through German plan for Operation BLAU. An examination of this and other operational-level documents has yielded a tremendous understanding of how the Germans envisioned the retrograde of their forces into the Baltic states. It brings the author joy to know this work can be used to explain the monumental events and sacrifices of others. To this end, I have made my finest attempt.

This thesis is concerned with the changes and continuities in the discourses surrounding sexual-economic exchange in colonial Jamaica in the ‘long’ nineteenth century. More specifically, it explores the shifting relationship between representations of concubinage and street-based sexual labour amongst women of African ancestry and broader socio-cultural and political developments in Jamaica from the 1780s to the 1890s. The central argument of the thesis is that heightened discussions about sexual-economic exchange amongst local and imperial elites reflected concerns about race, labour, disease and civilization in the colony. Further, as Jamaica transitioned from a slave society to free and modern nation, the operation of sexual-economic exchange became an increasingly regulated and stigmatized form of sexual praxis amongst poor, subordinate women. Drawing on the theoretical framework developed by feminist scholars in the emerging subfield of Caribbean Sexualities, this thesis examines practices of sexual-economic exchange in nineteenth-century Jamaica as a form of women’s labour. While it recognizes the centrality of sexual violence and rape in the lives of poor, subordinate women, particularly during the period of slavery, this thesis seeks to broaden the discussions of black and brown women’s sexual experiences within the historiography of slave and post-slavery Caribbean societies. Thus, one of the central premises of this thesis is that despite the confines of slavery, patriarchy, and colonialism, some women engaged in transactional sex as a means of achieving financial stability and social mobility. In this way, this thesis contributes to emerging research on the centrality of sexual praxis to the developments and transformations in Jamaican society.

From May 28, 2002 to August 20, 2002, I served as an intern in the collections department at The National D-Day Museum in New Orleans, Louisiana. The National D-Day Museum (NDDM) is a 501(c) (3) history museum that specializes in the amphibious invasions of World War II. The institute is very new, opening in 2000, and has experienced an unpredictable amount of success and acclaim. This rapid success and growth has created unique challenges for the organization as it tries to develop. The following paper is broken into five chapters and a conclusion. Chapter 1 is an introduction to NDDM, including its history, mission, organizational structure, funding and programs. Chapter 2 is a description on my internship that includes tasks and responsibilities. Chapter 3 discusses the major problem that the collections department faces (lack of staff) and Chapter 4 gives a recommendation on how to solve this problem. Chapter S discusses my effect on the organization and the paper ends in a conclusion of the organization and my experiences.

This detailed report of an internship in the Department of Education at The National D-Day Museum includes a profiling of the Museum, description of the internship, an analysis of the Museum's management challenges, recommendation for the resolution of the problems, and a discussion of both the short and long range effects of the internship on the organization.

Dans ma thèse, j'étudie trois questions importantes dans l'économie industrielle. Chapitre 1 étudie l'impact de l'intégration verticale sur l'innovation dans une industrie où les entreprises doivent entreprendre des R&D investissements risqués à des étapes de production et de distribution. L'intégration verticale permet une meilleure coordination au sein de l'entreprise intégrée, qui renforce son incitation à l'investissement aux niveaux amont et en aval. Cependant, ce n'est que bénéfique que pour les entreprises d'intégrer quand innovations à la fois en amont et en aval sont importantes. Quand l'innovation compte qu'à un seul niveau, les entreprises favorisent la séparation verticale. L'analyse donne un aperçu de la vague de fusions et R&D sous-traitance observées dans l'industrie pharmaceutique et d'autres industries verticale. Chapitre 2 étudie l'effet de la discrimination de la qualité sur la conception des produits. Dans le contexte de l'Internet, les fournisseurs de contenu sont l'objet de discrimination de la qualité des fournisseurs de services Internet. Nous montrons que les fournisseurs de contenu sont biaisées à choisir un design plus larges. Cela réduit la différenciation des produits sur le marché, et l'intervention est nécessaire pour atteindre l'efficacité dans le marché du contenu. Le résultat apporte un nouvel éclairage sur le débat sur la neutralité du net, qui impose l'égalité d'accès à tous les participants sur Internet. Chapitre 3 étudie le rôle de la publicité pour attirer et manipuler l'attention des consommateurs. Quand un produit est caractérisé par plusieurs attributs, les entreprises utilisent aussi stratégique annoncés de manipuler l'attention des consommateurs. Un monopole a tendance à annoncer trop peu d'attributs, et la concurrence n'améliore pas nécessairement la situation. En outre, dans une économie de l'attention-rares, la concurrence pour l'attention des consommateurs conduit les entreprises à annoncer moins d'attributs et réduit l'information à la disposition des consommateurs. / In my thesis, I study three important issues in industrial organization. Chapter 1 studies the impact of vertical integration on innovation in an industry where firms need to undertake risky R&D investments at both production and distribution stages. Vertical integration brings better coordination within the integrated firm, which boosts its investment incentive at both upstream and downstream levels. However, it is only mutually beneficial for firms to integrate when both upstream and downstream innovations are important. When innovation only matters at one level, firms favour instead vertical separation. The analysis provides insights for the wave of mergers and R&D outsourcing observed in the pharmaceutical industry and other vertically related industries. Chapter 2 studies the effect of quality discrimination on product designs. In the context of Internet, content providers are subject to quality discrimination from the Internet Service Providers. We show that content providers are biased to choose broader designs. This reduces product differentiation in the market, and intervention is necessary to achieve efficiency in the content market. The result brings new insights into the discussion about net neutrality, which mandates equal access to every participant on the Internet. Chapter 3 studies the role of advertisements in attracting and manipulating attention from consumers. When a product is characterized by several attributes, firms also strategically use advertisements to manipulate the attention of consumers. A monopolist tends to advertise too few attributes, and competition does not necessarily improve the situation. Moreover, in an attention scarce economy, competition for consumers attention leads firms to advertise fewer attributes and reduces information available to consumers.

Neste trabalho aborda-se o projeto de um conversor analógico-digital (ADC) que deve atingir as especificações do padrão Bluetooth. Este bloco faz parte do estágio de recepção de um transceptor sem fio integrado em tecnologia CMOS. Inicialmente é feita a análise do ADC como sistema, ao mesmo tempo que as especificações nesse nível são desenvolvidas. A arquitetura adaptada da literatura é conhecida como time-interleaved pipeline. Os seus principais blocos, o S&H e o estágio básico incluindo o sub-ADC e o MDAC, são explicados posteriormente junto com a estratégia de correção digital através do bit de redundância entre estágios consecutivos. Seguindo essa ordem de ideias, é estudada a implementação com portas digitais da estratégia anterior e da geração das fases de relógio necessárias para os blocos da cadeia pipeline. Os dois circuitos mais elementares, o amplificador operacional de transcondutância (OTA) e o comparador de tensão, também são apresentados antes de introduzir a programação geométrica como ferramenta de projeto auxiliar. Tal ferramenta permite otimizar o consumo de potência desses circuitos básicos e, portanto, descobrir uma nova perspectiva no projeto de circuitos analógicos do estado da arte. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos e as simulações dos diferentes blocos e circuitos que constituem o ADC são mostrados. Esses resultados também incluem as medições e testes feitos em um OTA projetado com PG e fabricado em tecnologia CMOS 0,35 micrômetros. A conclusão mais importante deste trabalho se deriva da aplicação simultânea da programação geométrica e a análise cuidadosa dos requisitos reais dos circuitos, levando portanto à otimização do desempenho global do ADC projetado. / In this work, an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) fulfilling the Bluetooth standard specifications is designed. This block stays at the reception side of an integrated wireless transceiver in CMOS technology. Initially, an analysis of the ADC as a system is carried out, at the same time that the specifications at that level are developed. The architecture adapted from the literature is known as time-interleaved pipeline. Its main blocks, the S&H and the basic cell including sub-ADC and MDAC circuits, are then explained together with the digital correction strategy based on the bit of redundancy between consecutive stages. Furthermore, digital gate implementation of previous strategy and generation of the different clock phases required by pipeline chain blocks, are covered. The two most elementary circuits, operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) and voltage comparator, are also presented before introducing geometric programming (PG) as an auxiliary design tool. Such a tool allows the power consumption optimization of these basic circuits and thus leads to a new perspective in analog circuit design for the state of the art. Finally, the reached results and the different ADC block simulations are presented. Those results include tests and measurements of an OTA designed using PG and fabricated in a CMOS 0,35 micrometers technology. The most important conclusion of this work is derived from the joint application of geometric programming and careful analysis of the real circuit requirements, allowing the global performance optimization in the designed ADC.

Neste trabalho é descrito o projeto e testes de um conversor digital/analógico de alta velocidade fabricado em tecnologia CMOS. O conversor pojetado possui resolução de 6 bits, trabalha em freqüência de 200 MSample/s, e foi fabricado na tecnologia CMOS de 0,35 µm da AMS (Austriamicrosystems), com quatro níveis de metal e 2 de silício policristalino. Uma das principais aplicações dos conversores D/A de alta velocidade é no processamento digital de sinais de vídeo, utilizado em sistemas de vídeo tais como os de TV digital e TVs de alta definição. Nestes sistemas, conversores D/A em tecnologia CMOS possuem vantagens tais como baixo consumo, baixo custo e a capacidade de sua integração com outros circuitos. O conversor D/A projetado é composto por uma matriz de células de corrente que são ativadas por dois decodificadores: um decodificador de colunas e outro decodificador de linhas. Estes recebem como entrada o sinal digital que deve ser convertido. As células de corrente são compostas por portas lógicas OR e NAND,inversores, latches, fontes de corrente e chaves que conectam ou não cada fonte individual a saída. Simulações do conversor D/A foram realizadas a partir de netlists extraídos do layout do circuito e através dos softwares HSPICE e ELDO. Para estas simulações foi utilizado o modelo BSIM3v3 com parâmetros típicos, worst speed e worst power. Através de simulação foi verificado o desempenho do conversor pela avaliação do número efetivo de bits. Os resultados demonstraram que o conversor possui uma boa resolução com uma freqüência de amostragem de 200 MHz, consumo de potência de 70 mW (corrente de saída variando de 0 a 19,8 mA) e tensão de alimentação VDD = 3,3 V. Nos testes experimentais, o conversor implementado apresentou erros de não linearidade integral menores que 0,46 LSB e erros de não linearidade diferencial menores que 0,22 LSB, o que assegura a monotonicidade do circuito. O chip implementado possui uma área ativa de 0,4 mm x ,31 mm. / In this work is described the design and tests of a high speed digital/analog converter fabricated in CMOS technology. The digital/analog converter has 6 bits of resolution, 200 MSample/s, and it was fabricated in the AMS (Austriamicrosystems) 0.35 µm CMOS process, with four metal levels and double-polysilicon. The main applications of high speed converters D/A is in digital processing of video signals, used in video systems such as digital TV and high-definition TV. In these systems, D/A converters in CMOS technology have advantages such as low power consumption, low cost, and the capability of being integrated with other circuits. The designed D/A converter are composed of a matrix of current cells that are activated by two decoders: a column decoder and a row decoder. These decoders receive as input the digital signal to be converted. The current cells are composed of logic OR and NAND, inverters, latches, current sources and switch transistors that connect or not each individual current source to the output. Simulations results were obtained from the extracted netlist of the circuit layout using the HSPICE and ELDO software. For these simulations the BSIM3v3 transistor model was used with typical, worst speed and worst power parameters. Simulation tests were applied to check the performance through the effective number of bits, and the results show that the converter can reach 200 MSample/s with 70 mW power consumption (the output current ranging from 0 mA to 19.8 mA) and 3.3 V power supply. In the experimental measurements, the converter presented DC integral non linearity errors lower than 0.46 LSB and DC differential non linearity errors lower than 0.22 LBS, what ensures the monotonicity of the converter. The implemented chip active area is 0.4 mm x 0.31 mm.

Introdução: Uma elevada prevalência de deficiência de vitamina D (DVD) em crianças tem sido observada em todo o mundo, mas poucos são os estudos com relação ao estado nutricional da vitamina D (VD) em lactentes saudáveis. A principal causa da deficiência em crianças saudáveis é o aleitamento materno sem suplementação e a falta ou insuficiência de exposição solar. Objetivos: Determinar as concentrações séricas de VD e verificar sua associação com concentrações de paratormônio (PTH), fosfatase alcalina (FA), cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P) e albumina e uso da suplementação de VD em lactentes saudáveis com idades entre >= 6 e <= 24 meses atendidos em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, observacional e analítico em que foram determinadas as concentrações séricas de 25 (OH)D, PTH, FA, Ca, P e albumina de 155 lactentes saudáveis. Informações sobre exposição solar, aspectos sociodemográficos das mães e características clínico-nutricionais dos lactentes foram obtidas por entrevistas com os responsáveis dos lactentes. Concentrações séricas de 25(OH)D maiores que 20ng/ml foram consideradas adequadas, entre 12 a 20ng/ml insuficientes e < 12ng/ml deficientes. Resultados: Dez lactentes (6,5%, Intervalo de Confiança 95% 3,5-11,4) apresentaram insuficiência de VD e nenhum apresentou DVD. Nenhuma alteração nas concentrações séricas de P, Ca e albumina foram detectadas. Apenas um lactente apresentou aumento nas concentrações séricas de PTH e 35,5% dos lactentes apresentaram FA elevada, porém nenhum apresentou DVD ou insuficiência de VD. Não foram encontradas associações entre as concentrações séricas de 25(OH)D e as de FA, Ca e albumina. Houve associação entre concentrações séricas de 25(OH)D e PTH mesmo após ajuste para sexo, idade e Índice de Massa Corporal; também foi observada associação entre concentrações séricas de 25(OH)D e P apenas após o ajuste pelas covariáveis. Não foram verificadas associações entre insuficiência de VD, exposição solar e suplementação de VD. Conclusões: Uma baixa prevalência de concentrações insuficientes de 25(OH)D foi observada. Não foram encontradas associações entre as concentrações séricas de 25(OH)D e PTH, FA, Ca, P e albumina. Da mesma forma, não foram encontradas associações entre de concentrações séricas de 25(OH)D, exposição solar e suplementação de VD. / Introduction: A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in children has been observed worldwide, but there are few studies on the nutritional status of vitamin D (VD) in healthy infants. The main cause of deficiency in healthy children is breastfeeding without supplementation and lack or insufficiency of sun exposure. Objective: To determine serum concentrations of VD and verify its association with parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and use of VD supplementation in healthy infants aged >= 6 to <= 24 months attended at two Basic Health Units in Ribeirão Preto city, São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational and analytical study was performed in which were determined serum concentrations of 25 (OH) D, PTH, alkaline phosphatase (AP), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and albumin of 155 healthy infants. Information of sun exposure, sociodemographic aspects of mothers and clinical and nutritional characteristics of infants were obtained through interviews with responsible for infants. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D greater than 20ng / ml were considered adequate, between 12 to 20ng / ml insufficient and <12ng/ml, deficient. Results: Ten infants (6.5%, 95% Confidence Interval 3.5-11.4) presented VD insufficiency and none presented DVD. Only one infant had an increase in PTH serum concentrations and 35.5% of infants had high AP but none presented DVD or VD insufficiency. No changes in serum P, Ca and albumin concentrations were detected. No associations were found between serum concentrations of 25 (OH) D and AP, Ca and albumin. There was an association between serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and PTH even after adjusting for sex, age and body mass index; an association between serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and P was observed only after adjustment for covariates. There were no associations between VD insufficiency, sun exposure and VD supplementation. Conclusions: A low prevalence of insufficient concentrations of 25 (OH)D was observed. No associations were found between serum concentrations of 25 (OH)D and PTH, FA, Ca, P and albumin. Likewise, no associations were found between serum concentrations of 25 (OH)D, sun exposure and VD supplementation.

Neste trabalho é descrito o projeto e testes de um conversor digital/analógico de alta velocidade fabricado em tecnologia CMOS. O conversor pojetado possui resolução de 6 bits, trabalha em freqüência de 200 MSample/s, e foi fabricado na tecnologia CMOS de 0,35 µm da AMS (Austriamicrosystems), com quatro níveis de metal e 2 de silício policristalino. Uma das principais aplicações dos conversores D/A de alta velocidade é no processamento digital de sinais de vídeo, utilizado em sistemas de vídeo tais como os de TV digital e TVs de alta definição. Nestes sistemas, conversores D/A em tecnologia CMOS possuem vantagens tais como baixo consumo, baixo custo e a capacidade de sua integração com outros circuitos. O conversor D/A projetado é composto por uma matriz de células de corrente que são ativadas por dois decodificadores: um decodificador de colunas e outro decodificador de linhas. Estes recebem como entrada o sinal digital que deve ser convertido. As células de corrente são compostas por portas lógicas OR e NAND,inversores, latches, fontes de corrente e chaves que conectam ou não cada fonte individual a saída. Simulações do conversor D/A foram realizadas a partir de netlists extraídos do layout do circuito e através dos softwares HSPICE e ELDO. Para estas simulações foi utilizado o modelo BSIM3v3 com parâmetros típicos, worst speed e worst power. Através de simulação foi verificado o desempenho do conversor pela avaliação do número efetivo de bits. Os resultados demonstraram que o conversor possui uma boa resolução com uma freqüência de amostragem de 200 MHz, consumo de potência de 70 mW (corrente de saída variando de 0 a 19,8 mA) e tensão de alimentação VDD = 3,3 V. Nos testes experimentais, o conversor implementado apresentou erros de não linearidade integral menores que 0,46 LSB e erros de não linearidade diferencial menores que 0,22 LSB, o que assegura a monotonicidade do circuito. O chip implementado possui uma área ativa de 0,4 mm x ,31 mm. / In this work is described the design and tests of a high speed digital/analog converter fabricated in CMOS technology. The digital/analog converter has 6 bits of resolution, 200 MSample/s, and it was fabricated in the AMS (Austriamicrosystems) 0.35 µm CMOS process, with four metal levels and double-polysilicon. The main applications of high speed converters D/A is in digital processing of video signals, used in video systems such as digital TV and high-definition TV. In these systems, D/A converters in CMOS technology have advantages such as low power consumption, low cost, and the capability of being integrated with other circuits. The designed D/A converter are composed of a matrix of current cells that are activated by two decoders: a column decoder and a row decoder. These decoders receive as input the digital signal to be converted. The current cells are composed of logic OR and NAND, inverters, latches, current sources and switch transistors that connect or not each individual current source to the output. Simulations results were obtained from the extracted netlist of the circuit layout using the HSPICE and ELDO software. For these simulations the BSIM3v3 transistor model was used with typical, worst speed and worst power parameters. Simulation tests were applied to check the performance through the effective number of bits, and the results show that the converter can reach 200 MSample/s with 70 mW power consumption (the output current ranging from 0 mA to 19.8 mA) and 3.3 V power supply. In the experimental measurements, the converter presented DC integral non linearity errors lower than 0.46 LSB and DC differential non linearity errors lower than 0.22 LBS, what ensures the monotonicity of the converter. The implemented chip active area is 0.4 mm x 0.31 mm.