This thesis examines the development and implementation of media control in France during the First World War. First it describes the evolution of the press control system between 1914 and 1916 and outlines its bureaucratic framework. The study then analyses the extent to which censorship of the press was useful in helping the French government achieve its aims during the particularly turbulent years of 1917 and 1918. The chapters are set out chronologically and contain sections that examine the role of censorship on a case by case basis. The last two years of the war have been chosen for special examination in this thesis because in 1917 and 1918 France’s war effort was increasingly strained simultaneously by both internal and external events. In 1917 France was threatened with rising war weariness, coinciding with the failed Nivelle Offensive, mutinies at the front and international calls for a negotiated peace settlement. In 1918, as Clemenceau began to rally the nation, France faced its most crucial enemy attack since the Marne in 1914. Most of the thesis focuses on censorship of newspapers in Paris. These papers not only had far larger ciculations than their provincial counterparts but often were read in the provinces more than were local papers. Finally by following a few papers specifically through these two years, it is possible to see the evolution of the way in which papers on the left, right and centre were monitored by the government. This thesis argues that France’s censorship system, while not perfect was effective in achieving the aims set out as its goals in 1914 by the War Ministry: to keep military secrets from the enemy and to help maintain public order.

Offshore wind power is attracting increasing levels of research and investment. The use of HVDC transmission and the development of DC grids are topics with similar high levels of interest that go hand in hand with the development of large scale, far from shore wind farms. Despite increased capital cost of some components, DC power transmission can have significant advantages over AC transmission, in particular in the offshore environment. These advantages are well established for large scale, long distance point to point transmission. This thesis assesses the suitability of a multi-terminal DC power collection network, with short cables and relatively small amounts of power, addresses a number of the technical challenges in realising such a network and shows methods for overall system cost reduction. Technical and modelling challenges result from the interaction between power electronic DC-DC converters and the cables in a DC transmission network. In particular, the propagation of the ripple current in bipole DC transmission cables constructed with a metallic sheath and armour is examined in detail. The finite element method is used to predict the response of the cable to the ripple current produced by the converters. These results are used along with wave propagation theory to demonstrate that cable design plays a crucial role in the behaviour of the DC system. The frequency dependent cable models are then integrated with time domain DC-DC converter models. The work in the thesis is, broadly, in two parts. First, it is demonstrated that care and accuracy are required in modelling the cables in the DC transmission system and appropriate models are implemented and validated. Second, these models are combined with DC-DC converter models and used to demonstrate the practicality of the DC grid, make design recommendations and assess its suitability when compared with alternative approaches (e.g. AC collection and/or transmission).

This thesis begins with some old questions about the French conservatism. Why has the French right failed to create a united party on the British model'? Why have conservatives so regularly turned to authoritarianism? More precisely, how is the emergence the Croix de Feu in the 1930s to be accounted for? Was it fascist? Did it pose a threat to the established order? These questions have been addressed by means of a detailed study of the right and the extreme right in one French department, the Rhone. It is argued that from 1870 until the early 1960s the French right was divided by two fundamental problems: the desirability or otherwise of industrialization and the legacy of the French Revolution, especially the historic quarrel over the place of the Catholic Church in French society. Neither of these issues were primary; what is important is the way in which they were related in the minds of conservatives. In the 1930s these problems became acute. The efforts of conservative governments from 1928 to 1932 to stabilize and modernize the Republic initiated, on the contrary, a process of fragmentation. Instability was exacerbated by the world economic crisis. By 1935 coalition politics had become impossible. Government could be carried on only thanks to the grant of special powers. This was the context in which the Croix de Feu emerged. The league represented a mobilization of the rank and file of the right against leaders who were perceived to have failed in domestic and foreign politics. Hence its combination of radicalism and reaction. It is argued that the Croix de Feu (though not its successor, the PSF) was a fascist movement. It is also suggested that in the period which ended with the "fascist riots" of 6 February, 1934, a crisis had been developing out of which a fascist regime might have emerged. But the formation of the Popular Front and its success in manipulating the French Republican tradition, prevented this crisis from developing beyond its early stages. The electoral victory of the Popular Front, the strikes of June 1936 and the dissolution of the leagues put paid to the fascist threat. But the right remained as unstable as ever. So authoritarianism survived in different ways. In the Rhone this crisis took the form of a breakdown of the liberal tradition which had dominated conservative politics since the 1840s, and which was deeply rooted in the silk industry. In the 1920s this liberal conservative tradition was concretized in the Chamber of Commerce and the Federation republicaine. From the end of the decade it was undermined from two directions. On the one hand th~re was a challenge from a coalition of Catholic integrists, merchant-manufacturers and large landowners who were worried by certain aspects of economic and social change. In the early 1930s this group won control of the Federation republicaine. On the other hand there emerged a reformist challenge to the liberal tradition. In the countryside independent peasant proprietors turned to the Jeunnesse agricole chretienne. In Lyon the bureaucratization and feminization of white collar work coincided with the formation of a Catholic trades union movement. The diversification of the economy led to the emergence of a challenge from engineering employers. In the late 1920s these groups were sympathetic to the parties of the centre right. During the crisis of the 1930s they turned to the Croix de Feu and the PSF.

L'avion plus électrique est un concept qui a le vent en poupe chez les principaux constructeurs du domaine de l'aéronautique. Dans ce domaine, comme dans d'autres, les besoins en énergie électrique sont croissants et nécessitent de mettre en place des systèmes de conversion d'énergie fiables, performants et modulaires. Ces systèmes de conversion sont souvent couplés avec des systèmes de stockage d'énergie (type batterie) permettant dans certaines situations de rendre l'avion énergétiquement autonome grâce à une source de puissance indépendante des principaux organes de production d'énergie. Cette interconnexion batterie - réseau de bord présente un rapport de tension élevé ce qui, ajouté aux fortes valeurs de courant de la basse tension, en fait un objet particulièrement complexe à réaliser.L'objectif de cette thèse est de concevoir de manière optimale un convertisseur de puissance isolé permettant l'interconnexion d'un bus basse tension 28 V (typiquement des batteries) à un bus haute tension 540 V (réseau de bord de l'avion) avec une puissance échangeable d'environ 12 kW. Elle se déroule dans le cadre d'un projet ANR (quatre partenaires universitaires, associés à l'entreprise AIRBUS) dont l'une des tâches est le développement d'outils de conception pour l'électronique de puissance. Le travail correspondant comprend une contribution à cette tâche sous forme de la construction de modèles des principaux composants intervenant dans un convertisseur, modèles destinés à être intégrés dans les routines d'optimisation. Pour cette raison, ils seront analytiques (physique, empiriques, mélange des deux).Ces modèles seront ensuite insérés dans un outil global développé dans une autre thèse du projet, à l'aide duquel différentes architectures de convertisseurs seront comparées afin d'en déduire la meilleure solution pour le cahier des charges énoncé précédemment. Un prototype du convertisseur retenu sera finalement réalisé en utilisant des technologies avancées, pour conduire une validation expérimentale. / The electric aircraft tends to become widespread at all the main manufacturers of the domain of the aeronautics. Needs do not stop growing and require setting up reliable, efficiency and modular systems of conversion of energy. These systems of conversion are often coupled with systems of storage of energy (battery) allowing in certain situations to make the punctually autonomous aircraft energetically thanks to a source of power independent from main organs of power production. This interconnection battery - network of edge presents a very high report of rise of tension what, added to the high current value of the battery bus, in fact a particularly complex object to be realized.The objective of this thesis is to design in an optimal way a converter of power isolated allowing the interconnection of a low-voltage bus 28V (typically batteries) in a high-voltage bus 540V (network of edge of the aircraft) with an exchangeable power about 12 kW. It takes place within the framework of an ANR project (four university partners + AIRBUS) the development of tools of conception of which one of the tasks is for the ENP. The corresponding work includes a contribution to this task in the form of the construction of models of the main components occurring in a converter, model intended to be integrated into the routines of optimization. For that reason, they will be analytical (physical, empirical or mix both).These models will then be inserted into a global tool developed in another thesis of the project, by means of which various architectures of converters will be compared to deduct the best solution from it for the previous specifications. A prototype of the reserved converter will be finally realized by using advanced technologies, to lead an experimental validation.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1990. / Supervised by William Hubbard. / This thesis is about the design of a hypothetical national institution called the American Institute. The Institute consists of a presidential library and archive, a somewhat scholarly center for national debate, and a museum for the public presentation of critical national issues. Included in the program are facilities for large public symposia. A site for the Institute was located in the Fort Washington National Park on the Potomac River south of Washington, D.C. Beginning with a program invented to reflect a clear historical circumstance, this thesis attempts to draw multiple design rationale from a mixture of projected physical needs and social and political ideals. These rationale then lead directly to a design philosophy that guides the subsequent building design. Without the use of any conscious formal historical reference, the design asserts itself as uniquely representative of a national spirit, evoking the mood of the United States during the tenure of an imaginary presidency, and satisfies physical needs through a clear organization. The thesis is presented in three parts. First the hypothetical historical condition is presented and the building needs that result from the condition. Secondly, the philosophy derived from both physical need and political ideals is described. Finally, the American Institute is presented, described both in physical terms and in terms of the possible social and political understandings implied in the final design. / by David Scott McCullough. / M.Arch.

Résumé : La voie des kynurénines est l’une des trois voies de biosynthèse du NAD, qu’elle produit à partir de la dégradation du plus rare des acides aminés essentiels, le tryptophane. Cette voie catabolique est initiée par trois enzymes distinctes, dont l’indoléamine 2,3-dioxygénase 1 (IDO-1). L’IDO-1 est la seule des trois enzymes dont l’expression est induite par des stimuli pro-inflammatoires tels que l’IFN-γ, le TNF-α ainsi que des produits bactériens et viraux. De plus, son expression est induite de manière particulièrement importante au cours de la maturation des cellules dendritiques (DC) qui jouent un rôle clé, tant dans les réponses immunes innées qu’adaptatives. Par conséquent, outre la production d’un cofacteur essentiel du métabolisme cellulaire, le catabolisme du tryptophane participe également à la régulation de la réponse immune. En effet, la fonction d’agent antimicrobien fut la première attribuée à l’IDO-1 parce qu’en réponse aux stimuli inflammatoires, celle-ci dégrade le tryptophane et limite la prolifération d’organismes pathogènes auxotrophes pour cet acide aminé. Ensuite, l’inhibition de l’activité catalytique de l’IDO-1 par une approche pharmacologique permit de mettre en évidence la contribution de cette enzyme au phénomène de tolérance maternelle pour les fœtus semi-allogéniques qu’elle porte. Enfin, sa participation à la tolérance périphérique fut proposée étant donné sa capacité à induire le développement de Treg ou à leur servir de mécanisme effecteur. Cependant, ces deux dernières fonctions ne sont pas très claires puisque les souris invalidées pour le gène de l’IDO-1 (IDO-1-/-) ne présentent ni défaut reproducteur, ni signe d’auto-immunité spontanée. Comme deux publications récentes suggéraient que l’inhibition pharmacologique de l’IDO-1 affecte la maturation des moDC humaines, nous avons effectué une analyse détaillée du compartiment immunitaire des souris IDO-1-/-, avec une attention toute particulière pour les DC. Au début, nous avons également constaté un important défaut de la maturation des BMDC IDO-1-/- générées in vitro en présence de GM-CSF. Cependant, le défaut se révéla extrêmement dépendant des conditions de culture, puisqu’un changement de substrat de culture ou de facteur de croissance suffit à restaurer une maturation normale de ces cellules. De même, l’analyse de la maturation des DC spléniques démontra de manière claire que l’IDO-1 n’est certainement pas essentielle à la maturation des DC in vivo. Nous avons ensuite montré que l’expression fonctionnelle d’IDO-1 protège les cellules et potentiellement les souris qui l’expriment lorsqu’elles sont soumises à des stress oxydatifs, suggérant que l’IDO-1 puisse consommer les anions O2- afin d’assurer son activité catalytique. Contre toute attente, nous avons ensuite constaté que les souris IDO-1-/- survivent plus longtemps aux infections par la forme pléiomorphe du parasite Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Bien que la levée de l’inhibition de la lymphoprolifération chez les souris IDO-1-/- soit l’explication la plus évidente de l’augmentation de leur survie, nous suggérons plutôt que c’est la perte de la fonction antioxydante de l’IDO-1-/- qui leur confère cette résistance. En conclusion, l’IDO-1 ne semble pas jouer un rôle important dans la différenciation et maturation des cellules dendritiques. Nos observations préliminiares indiquent cependant que cette enzyme pourrait jouer un rôle anti-oxydant, et protége donc les cellules dendritiques d’un stress oxydant potentiellement causé lors des réponses innées anti-microbiennes.

This thesis examines the evolution of presidentialism in contemporary France, with particular reference to the presidencies of Charles de Gaulle (1958-1969) and Francois Mitterrand (1981-88), as articulated in constitutional studies, political writings and speeches, electoral programmes and polemics, journalism and other sources. Since the foundation of the Fifth Republic in 1958, the nature and extent of presidential power in France have been the subject of intense critical scrutiny. While there is a growing corpus of writings reflecting the diverse interpretations of the President's function, no study has yet focused upon an analysis of the debate itself. The thesis is primarily a textual study, based upon a wide range of sources. It opens with a discussion of the 1958 Constitution, the texts on which it was based, the writings of those most closely involved in its drafting and the different historical, ideological and cultural considerations underlying the concept of presidential power which it articulates. The thesis then examines the body of opposition to this conception of the presidency, focused most sharply in the polemical writings of Francois Mitterrand in the 1960s and '70s. By exploring the evolution of Mitterrand's opposition to the style of presidentialism emerging under de Gaulle, Pompidou and Giscard d'Estaing, the study identifies the beginnings of the Left's reconciliation to the institutions of the Fifth Republic, whilst also highlighting the many tensions and ambiguities to which this evolving stance gave rise. The thesis then goes on to consider how Mitterrand's tenure of the French presidency subjected that office to the most exacting interrogation since the foundation of the Fifth Republic. The study shows how Mitterrand's first septennate invites a fundamental re-appraisal of the nature and limits of preSidential power in contemporary France. In so dOing, it calls for a new understanding of an office subject to a range of constitutional, political, personal and Circumstantial factors. The study shows how, during his first term of office, Mitterrand explored the full spectrum of presidential power, from the confident interventionism ensured by the landslide SOCialist victory in 1981 to the tightly restricted 'cohabitation' with the right-wing government of Jacques Chirac. There is, the thesis argues, a whole tradition of French Socialist ideology bound up in Mitterrand's early critiques of the Gaullist presidency, while his first seven years in power brought about important shifts in his own perception of presidential power and redefined the terms in which the debate over presidential ism in France was to be conducted. The writings of such contemporary analysts as Avril, Gicquel, Duverger and Colombani attest to the complexity of the questions raised by this study and suggest ways in which Mitterrand's exercise of pre-Sidential power brought new dimensions to a debate that has been ongoing since 1958.

The aim of this dissertation is to explore the contribution made by the nobility, both Gallo-Roman and Frankish, to the creation of a new society after the collapse of imperial authority in the west, Gallo-Frankish society. The first chapter of this dissertation is a review of the sources, both ancient and modern, used in the research undertaken for this dissertation. It is important to realise that, while not as numerous as those of other periods, sufficient ancient material survives to make a study such as this valid. Modern issues and debates will be highlighted, including an indication of what led me to this particular thesis. The second chapter outlines the history of Gaul and the barbarians to the middle of the fifth century. It then looks at the institutions that were the backbone of Gallo-Roman society. The third chapter explores the lives of a number of individuals who lived in Gaul during the late third and fourth centuries. They exemplify the challenges that faced the nobility and the ways they found of facing them. Chapter four introduces the Franks as the successors to imperial rule in Gaul. A narrative history is followed by a study of the institutions that they made use of in establishing their power. Chapter five narrows the focus still further and looks at the role that the monarchy and the nobility had to play in the creation of Gallo-Frankish society. It will look at specific examples in order to demonstrate the vital role that the fusion taking place between Gallo-Romans and Franks played in this process. The final chapter, chapter six reaches the conclusion that Gallo-Frankish society was based on an amalgamation of Gallo-Romans and Franks, an amalgamation that was remarkably peaceful, given the events of the period.

The thesis attempts to examine the character and motivation of the Catholic royalist movement in the Gard from the fall of the First Empire to the eve of the Second Empire. The thesis proceeds chronologically, with six chapters and a conclusion. In chapter one, the origins of the Catholic royalist movement are traced to the antagonism between Catholic and Protestant elites in the late eighteenth century, and to the subsequent ascendancy of the Protestants during the Revolution and the Empire. During the First Restoration, Catholics resented the moderation of the royal government. The Hundred Days gave them a pretext to plan the counter-revolution they desired. Chapter two presents the White Terror of 1815 as a calculated measure, designed to eliminate the Protestants as a political force, and to ensure Catholic royalist domination in the department. Chapter three examines the unsuccessful struggle of the Catholic royalists to retain their grip on the Gard during the "liberal phase" of the Restoration. Chapter four presents the revival of Catholic royalist dominance after 1820., when the murder of the duc de Berry discredited the liberal policies of Decazes, and the ascendancy of Catholic royalism until 1830. Chapter five examines the transfer of power to the Protestant bourgeoisie after the July Revolution. Until 1833, Catholic royalists waged a "guerilla" campaign against the Orleanist authorities, but the failure of military opposition led many young Catholics to challenge the July Monarchy in elected assemblies. By the 1840's, there was a strong Legitimist opposition group in the Gard. In chapter six, the effects of the 1848 Revolution on Legitimism are studied. Universal suffrage gave Catholics a numerical majority in the department, but revealed a split between the notables and the working classes. Nevertheless, in 1851, the coup d'etat received the support of the Catholic population, while it was resisted by the Protestants. The conclusion stresses the local nature of Catholic royalism in the Gard, and the importance of sectarian rivalry in sustaining it.

The DC casting process used for the production of cast aluminium alloy products intended for processing by rolling, extrusion or forging is an economically important process with approximately 10 million tonnes of DC cast product being produced annually world wide [1]. Process productivity, particularly with respect to elimination of casting defects and hence process scrap is an important factor to DC cast product producers. The literature reporting the DC casting process, particularly with respect to the formation of defects on the cast surface, is reviewed and the mechanisms for the formation of such defects examined. A universally understood and accepted explanation was found for only one of the normal surface defects encountered in practice. A number of samples of commercially cast DC products were subject to detailed cast surface examination, particularly surface microstructures. The results of this examination and the literature survey identified molten metal surface tension as a possible contributing factor affecting the molten metal meniscus stability within the DC casting mould. Meniscus instability is linked with the formation of surface defects. The literature on surface tension of aluminium alloys provided only limited information hence the surface tension of a range of binary and ternary alloys, including commercial alloys was determined, producing data hitherto not available. Of the common alloying elements used in commercial aluminium alloys, iron and magnesium were found to significantly reduce the surface tension. Surface fracture also resulted in a reduction in surface tension for the majority of alloys tested. The surface tension data is combined with mould thermal and physical model calculations to propose a mechanism for the formation of the cast surface defects. The model proposes a maximum stable size for the meniscus according to the alloy and mould conditions. Conditions outside these limits result in meniscus instability and the formation of cast surface defects. The model suggests possible operating changes that may reduce the incidence of surface defect formation. The work also identifies a number of areas requiring further investigation before major practical process changes aimed at cast surface defect elimination, may be formulated.