Although arc flash has been a concern amongst the electrical industry for many years, it is only relatively recently that standards by the IEEE have been established on calculating the amount of energy behind an arc flash event. However, these standards only apply to AC systems, where extensive testing and research have been performed. Although the NFPA has provided recommendations on how to calculate the incident energy for DC arc flash events, these have not become the defining standard like those seen for AC. One equation outlined in the NFPA70E, the Maximum Power Method, does provide engineers with a formula to calculate DC arc flash incident energy but as the NFPA states this can be quite conservative. However, the NFPA70E also mentions a Detailed Arcing Current and Energy Calculations Method which contains formulas proposed by various researchers who conducted their own DC arc flash testing but there is scarce info on how these methods compare to the Maximum Power Method. This paper will investigate the relative power of two of the formulas proposed in the alternate method, the results from Stokes/Oppenlander and the results from Paukert, over a variety of parameters that affect DC arcing power. These will then be compared to relative power of the Maximum Power Method, as well as the relative power of the AC equations formed from measurements. Although the results in this paper are not aiming to be a defining standard, the aim is to provide engineers with information on when one methodology is more suitable to use for a given set of certain parameters.

Arc flash is one of the two primary hazards encountered by workers near electrical equipment. Most applications where arc flash may be encountered are alternating current (AC) electrical systems. However, direct current (DC) electrical systems are becoming increasingly prevalent with industries implementing more renewable energy sources and energy storage devices. Little research has been performed with respect to arc flash hazards posed by DC electrical systems, particularly energy storage devices. Furthermore, current standards for performing arc flash calculations do not provide sufficient guidance when working in DC applications. IEEE 1584-2002 does not provide recommendations for DC electrical systems. NFPA 70E provides recommendations based on conservative theoretical models, which may result in excessive personal protective equipment (PPE). Arc flash calculations seek to quantify incident energy, which quantifies the amount of thermal energy that a worker may be exposed to at some working distance. This thesis assesses arc flash hazards within a substation backup battery system. In addition, empirical data collected via a series of tests utilizing retired station batteries is presented. Lastly, a predictive model for determining incident energy is proposed, based on collected data.

102f. / Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-03-27T17:17:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese doutorado final Reinaldo Barbour.pdf: 1224301 bytes, checksum: b37e38d9ef21943dba24e8f3638efbcd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-19T13:16:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese doutorado final Reinaldo Barbour.pdf: 1224301 bytes, checksum: b37e38d9ef21943dba24e8f3638efbcd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-19T13:16:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese doutorado final Reinaldo Barbour.pdf: 1224301 bytes, checksum: b37e38d9ef21943dba24e8f3638efbcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CAPES / A determinação de impurezas em cobre eletrolítico, na faixa de μg g-1 e sub μg g-1, é muito importante para caracterizar o cobre de alta pureza (99,99%). As suas propriedades físicas e químicas como maleabilidade, condutividade térmica e elétrica são fundamentais nas aplicações industriais nos setores de eletricidade e eletrônica. Metais e ametais como Ag, As, Bi, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn,Te e Zn modificam estas propriedades deteriorando sua maleabilidade e condutividade. A espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS) tem sido muito empregada para a determinação elementar, em amostras industriais, devido às suas características, principalmente as relacionadas com a capacidade multielementar, a rapidez e a alta sensibilidade. As principais desvantagens da técnica são as interferências isobáricas e poliatômicas, além daquelas relacionadas à matriz. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estabelecer um procedimento analítico validado para a determinação de elementos contaminantes por ICP-MS em amostras de cobre eletrolítico, de forma a garantir os limites de quantificação exigidos para a certificação do cobre. O equipamento empregado foi operado nos modos padrão e CCT (célula de colisão que utiliza 1,0% (v/v) NH3 em He balanço) com comutação automática. As amostras e materiais de referência certificados foram digeridos, em triplicata, empregando bloco aquecedor, seguindo o procedimento: 10  1 mg de amostra com 2 mL de HNO3 1:1 (v/v) à 70ºC. A diluição final foi de 5000x, o que contribui para minimização dos efeitos de matriz provenientes da alta concentração dos íons de cobre (~200 ug g-1). Os isótopos selecionados no modo normal de operação do equipamento foram: 55Mn, 59Co, 60Ni, 68Zn, 75As, 107Ag, 118Sn, 121Sb, 128Te, 208Pb e 209Bi. Para o modo com célula de colisão, os isótopos foram: 52Cr, 56Fe, 57Fe, 77Se e 78Se. A faixa linear estudada foi de 0,01 a 2 ng g-1. Os limites de quantificação encontrados (μg g-1 no cobre) foram: Ag (0,05), As (0,2), Bi (0,05), Co (0,1), Cr (0,2), Fe (0,5), Mn (0,2), Ni (0,2), Pb (0,1), Sb (0,2), Se (0,2), Sn (0,2),Te (0,1) e Zn (0,5). A exatidão foi avaliada pela analise dos seguintes materiais de referência certificados: BAM-M381, BAM-M382, BAM-M383, BAM-M384 (Pure Copper, BAM; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) e NIST 495, NIST 496, NIST 457 (National Institute of Standards and Technology) sendo que a maioria das recuperações obtidas foram entre 80 e 120% e os %RSD menores que 10% (Se < 20%). O efeito de matriz foi avaliado através das técnicas de calibração: calibração externa com padrões internos, calibração com adição de analito e calibração com uso dos CRMs e não houve diferença significativa dos resultados. A técnica DC-ARC OES foi empregada para comparação dos resultados. A avaliação dos resultados das amostras reais de bobinas foi feita por meio de ensaios interlaboratoriais e do critério z score. Por este critério, a maioria dos resultados obtidos foram considerados excelentes. Pode-se concluir que o método proposto, empregando ICP-MS, é adequado para determinação multielementar / Salvador

A real-time algorithm is developed for the detection of series dc arc faults in a grid-tie solar photovoltaic (PV) installation. The sensed dc bus current, which is sampled using an analog-to-digital converter with Galvanic isolation, is filtered using a wavelet-based, two-level filter bank. The filter bank, referred to as the post-processing filter, improves the robustness of the algorithm to any false tripping by rejecting power converter harmonics that are added to the dc bus current. To determine if a fault has occurred, the algorithm calculates the variance of the filter bank output and sees if the calculated variance exceeds an upper threshold value. If the upper threshold is exceeded, and the dc bus voltage falls below a predefined lower limit for a set number of instances, the algorithm trips. The algorithm can detect a series arc fault in under two seconds and does not rely on machine learning techniques to process the sensed signal. The detection algorithm is implemented on a commercial microcontroller using C code, and the filter bank convolutions are implemented using 32-bit floating point variables. / Master of Science / A device is developed for the detection of series dc arc faults in solar photovoltaic installations. Dc arc faults that result from loose connections or worn cable insulation can go unnoticed by most conventional fault detectors. Once it has ignited, the series arc can generate considerable amounts of heat and poses a significant fire risk. By contributing to the development of a dc arc fault detection system, the intention is that dc renewable energy distribution systems, most notably solar photovoltaic installations, can gain even more widespread adoption. This would make a significant impact towards decarbonizing the energy sector and tackling the threat to society posed by climate change.

This thesis focuses on an experimental study of the anode area of the hybrid water- gas DC arc plasma torch that is used in many industrial applications, including plasma spraying, hydrocarbon reforming, pyrolysis, and organic waste gasification. The effects of ambient pressure and plasma generation conditions on the torch's plasma jet were studied, with particular focus on the torch's anode area. Movement of the anode arc attachment is described in detail, including its speed, range of its motion on the anode surface, restrike periods, and the frequency of its many sudden decelerations and re-accelerations. It was found that the anode erosion can be compared relatively simply by quick processing of high-speed camera videos. The anode erosion was also measured directly. Many electric probe measurements were made in the anode area of this plasma torch for the first time. By using these electric probes, shock waves, turbulent vortices, and plasma potential fluctuations were studied directly. It was found that a mean plasma electric field and a mean plasma electrical conductivity in the anode area can be satisfactorily estimated also non-intrusively by quick processing of high-speed camera videos. Moreover, schlieren videos of the plasma jet in the anode area were created. 1

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This thesis deals with the peripheral design, construction design and implementation welder DC arc. The concept of welder is based on the use of two single action forward converter working-pull. Converters operate at a frequency of 60 kHz. Output current can be adjusted in the range from 0 to 140 A. After switching function the welder can operate as a battery charger. Charging current can be adjusted in the range of 0-70 A. The device is powered from a single phase supply 230 V.

The need for DC power at continuous uninterrupted rates is a reality for ship survival during highly intense combat and regular travel. The new proposed distribution system on the all-electric ship is designed using a DC distribution method (zones) in which the use of transformers and frequency issues/manipulation can be eliminated with the use of power electronics. These power electronic devices can greatly simplify the system and provide more available space, possible cost reduction, and variable control. One key feature is to make sure that the DC buses/systems and converters/rectifiers are protected from faults, transients, and other malicious events that can cause unwanted interference, shutdown, and possible damage or destruction. DC faults can have a detrimental impact on the ship performance. DC protection should allow for high speed and highly sensitive detection of faults enhancing reliability in the supply of electric power. DC fault protection geared towards a lower voltage scenario/system has not yet been studied and analyzed rigorously. The research goal of this work has been to develop a method in which the system can detect a DC fault and perform suppression of the fault and return to normal operating conditions once the fault is removed. The use of power electronics and DC fault detection methods are employed to determine how to best protect the system?s stability and longevity. The findings of the research work have demonstrated that using zero-crossing logic on the AC side of the system is beneficial in DC fault detection. Also, different grounding schemes can produce different effects, whereas some grounding schemes can help protect the system during a disturbance.