The aim of this diploma thesis was preparation, characterization and determination of encapsulation efficiency of the cationic liposomes composed of dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB) and cholesterol carrying new drug MT05 with an immunoadjuvant effect. The influence of the temperature of sonication bath and the influence of the volume of liposomal suspension on the average size of liposomes and their polydispersity index was monitored. The most effective liposome preparation by sonication bath was at temperature of 60 řC. The volume of liposomes undergoing sonication did not influence the resulting values of the average size of liposomes and their polydispersity index. The time of sonication time was 6 hours and could be shortened by using sonication bath with higher output. The determination of encapsulation efficiency was carried out in three separated experiments by HPLC-MS/MS. The encapsulation efficiency of the cationic liposomes was 30.1 ± 8.5 % in the first experiment, 43 ± 25 % in the second, and 32 ± 25 % in the third. The amount of DDAB was determined only in the liposomes prepared in the third experiment. The amount of DDAB in the purified liposomes was 78.9 ± 3.7 % in the first replicate, 65.4 ± 1.8 % in the second and 53.8 ± 1.4 % in the third. The actual molar ratio of MT05...

Embora a imunização gênica apresente vantagens sobre as vacinas convencionais, nem sempre a produção de anticorpos e a conseqüente proteção conferida pelo sistema imune contra o antígeno de interesse são satisfatórias. As causas da baixa eficácia da imunização gênica, nestes casos, ainda são pouco conhecidas, porém um dos pontos mais relevantes em todo o processo é a eficiência da transfecção do DNA. O sucesso desta metodologia depende do estabelecimento de um sistema de entrega de gene eficiente e seguro. De acordo com a teoria proposta de Kuhn et al. (1999), baixas concentrações de moléculas anfifílicas podem ser usadas para neutralizar a carga do DNA, sem a formação de lipossomos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso do lipídio catiônico dimetildioctadecil brometo de amônio (DDAB) como neutralizador da carga do DNA para a imunização de camundongos. Para a realização dos experimentos, um plasmídeo expressando a proteína do capsídeo (CA) do vírus da artrite encefalite caprina (CAEV), sob o comando do promotor citomegalovírus humano (CMV), foi utilizado nas imunizações. Os camundongos foram divididos em cinco grupos e receberam, via subcutânea, três inoculações de 10 μg de DNA linear (grupo 1), DNA linear mínimo (grupo 2), DNA circular (grupo 3) associados a 2,7 μg de DDAB ou DNA circular nu (grupo 4). O grupo controle foi inoculado com 2,7 μg de DDAB em solução fisiológica. Os camundongos imunizados com o plasmídeo na forma linear associado ao DDAB apresentaram maiores títulos de anticorpos CA que os inoculados com a forma circular ou linear mínima. Os dados sugerem que o lipídio catiônico DDAB tem potencial de uso como veículo de transfecção gênica em animais. / Genetic immunization has several advantages over conventional vaccines. However, antibody production and protection against the antigen of interest are often not satisfactory. In these cases, the causes of the low effectiveness of the genetic immunization are still poorly understood. One of the most relevant points in the immunization process is the DNA delivery. A successful DNA vaccine depends on the establishment of an efficient and safe gene delivery system. In accordance with Kuhn et al. (1999), low concentrations of amphiphilic molecules can be used to neutralize the DNA charge without the formation of liposomes. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cationic lipid dimethildioctadecyl-ammonium bromide (DDAB) as a charge neutralizer for DNA for the immunization in mice. A plasmid expressing the capsid protein (CA) of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (hCMVie1) was used in the immunization. Mice were grouped and immunized with three injections of either 10 μg of linear DNA (group 1), minimal linear DNA (group 2) or circular DNA (group 3) associated with 2,7 μg of DDAB or naked circular DNA (group 4). The control group received 2,7 μg of DDAB diluted in physiologic solution. Mice immunized with DNA in linear form associated with DDAB developed higher titers of antibodies against CA than the animals immunized with the circular or minimal linear form. The data suggest that lipidic cationic DDAB could be a useful delivery system for genetic immunization.

Embora a imunização gênica apresente vantagens sobre as vacinas convencionais, nem sempre a produção de anticorpos e a conseqüente proteção conferida pelo sistema imune contra o antígeno de interesse são satisfatórias. As causas da baixa eficácia da imunização gênica, nestes casos, ainda são pouco conhecidas, porém um dos pontos mais relevantes em todo o processo é a eficiência da transfecção do DNA. O sucesso desta metodologia depende do estabelecimento de um sistema de entrega de gene eficiente e seguro. De acordo com a teoria proposta de Kuhn et al. (1999), baixas concentrações de moléculas anfifílicas podem ser usadas para neutralizar a carga do DNA, sem a formação de lipossomos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso do lipídio catiônico dimetildioctadecil brometo de amônio (DDAB) como neutralizador da carga do DNA para a imunização de camundongos. Para a realização dos experimentos, um plasmídeo expressando a proteína do capsídeo (CA) do vírus da artrite encefalite caprina (CAEV), sob o comando do promotor citomegalovírus humano (CMV), foi utilizado nas imunizações. Os camundongos foram divididos em cinco grupos e receberam, via subcutânea, três inoculações de 10 μg de DNA linear (grupo 1), DNA linear mínimo (grupo 2), DNA circular (grupo 3) associados a 2,7 μg de DDAB ou DNA circular nu (grupo 4). O grupo controle foi inoculado com 2,7 μg de DDAB em solução fisiológica. Os camundongos imunizados com o plasmídeo na forma linear associado ao DDAB apresentaram maiores títulos de anticorpos CA que os inoculados com a forma circular ou linear mínima. Os dados sugerem que o lipídio catiônico DDAB tem potencial de uso como veículo de transfecção gênica em animais. / Genetic immunization has several advantages over conventional vaccines. However, antibody production and protection against the antigen of interest are often not satisfactory. In these cases, the causes of the low effectiveness of the genetic immunization are still poorly understood. One of the most relevant points in the immunization process is the DNA delivery. A successful DNA vaccine depends on the establishment of an efficient and safe gene delivery system. In accordance with Kuhn et al. (1999), low concentrations of amphiphilic molecules can be used to neutralize the DNA charge without the formation of liposomes. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cationic lipid dimethildioctadecyl-ammonium bromide (DDAB) as a charge neutralizer for DNA for the immunization in mice. A plasmid expressing the capsid protein (CA) of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (hCMVie1) was used in the immunization. Mice were grouped and immunized with three injections of either 10 μg of linear DNA (group 1), minimal linear DNA (group 2) or circular DNA (group 3) associated with 2,7 μg of DDAB or naked circular DNA (group 4). The control group received 2,7 μg of DDAB diluted in physiologic solution. Mice immunized with DNA in linear form associated with DDAB developed higher titers of antibodies against CA than the animals immunized with the circular or minimal linear form. The data suggest that lipidic cationic DDAB could be a useful delivery system for genetic immunization.

Embora a imunização gênica apresente vantagens sobre as vacinas convencionais, nem sempre a produção de anticorpos e a conseqüente proteção conferida pelo sistema imune contra o antígeno de interesse são satisfatórias. As causas da baixa eficácia da imunização gênica, nestes casos, ainda são pouco conhecidas, porém um dos pontos mais relevantes em todo o processo é a eficiência da transfecção do DNA. O sucesso desta metodologia depende do estabelecimento de um sistema de entrega de gene eficiente e seguro. De acordo com a teoria proposta de Kuhn et al. (1999), baixas concentrações de moléculas anfifílicas podem ser usadas para neutralizar a carga do DNA, sem a formação de lipossomos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso do lipídio catiônico dimetildioctadecil brometo de amônio (DDAB) como neutralizador da carga do DNA para a imunização de camundongos. Para a realização dos experimentos, um plasmídeo expressando a proteína do capsídeo (CA) do vírus da artrite encefalite caprina (CAEV), sob o comando do promotor citomegalovírus humano (CMV), foi utilizado nas imunizações. Os camundongos foram divididos em cinco grupos e receberam, via subcutânea, três inoculações de 10 μg de DNA linear (grupo 1), DNA linear mínimo (grupo 2), DNA circular (grupo 3) associados a 2,7 μg de DDAB ou DNA circular nu (grupo 4). O grupo controle foi inoculado com 2,7 μg de DDAB em solução fisiológica. Os camundongos imunizados com o plasmídeo na forma linear associado ao DDAB apresentaram maiores títulos de anticorpos CA que os inoculados com a forma circular ou linear mínima. Os dados sugerem que o lipídio catiônico DDAB tem potencial de uso como veículo de transfecção gênica em animais. / Genetic immunization has several advantages over conventional vaccines. However, antibody production and protection against the antigen of interest are often not satisfactory. In these cases, the causes of the low effectiveness of the genetic immunization are still poorly understood. One of the most relevant points in the immunization process is the DNA delivery. A successful DNA vaccine depends on the establishment of an efficient and safe gene delivery system. In accordance with Kuhn et al. (1999), low concentrations of amphiphilic molecules can be used to neutralize the DNA charge without the formation of liposomes. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cationic lipid dimethildioctadecyl-ammonium bromide (DDAB) as a charge neutralizer for DNA for the immunization in mice. A plasmid expressing the capsid protein (CA) of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (hCMVie1) was used in the immunization. Mice were grouped and immunized with three injections of either 10 μg of linear DNA (group 1), minimal linear DNA (group 2) or circular DNA (group 3) associated with 2,7 μg of DDAB or naked circular DNA (group 4). The control group received 2,7 μg of DDAB diluted in physiologic solution. Mice immunized with DNA in linear form associated with DDAB developed higher titers of antibodies against CA than the animals immunized with the circular or minimal linear form. The data suggest that lipidic cationic DDAB could be a useful delivery system for genetic immunization.

Catanoinic systems spontaneously form micelles and vesicles, which are self-assembled spherical structures made up by surfactants. In the core of the micelle a drug, or other organic substance, can be kept to stabilize it when placed in an aqueous environment. The micelle-to-vesicle transition corresponds to the moment when the drug is releases, and understanding which factors that trigger this transition is thus of great interest for the pharmaceutical industry. In this study the micelle-to-vesicle transition in water and the effect of salt were studied for the systems 95 mol% SDS/DDAB and 95 mol% SDeS/DDAB with different total concentrations. The static light scattering measurements showed that the micelle-to-vesicle transition for the system 95 mol% SDS/DDAB was shifted to lower total concentrations both when 50 mM NaBr and 100 mM NaBr were added, and that the transition was unaffected by changing the anionic surfactant from SDS to SDeS when no salt had been added. A phase separation was observed when 50 mM NaBr was added to 95 mol% SDeS/DDAB (the Krafft point was probably reached), and when 100 mM NaBr was added to the same system the sample remained opaque one week after mixing the sample and also after heating it to 40°C in a water bath. The curve for sample 95 mol% SDS/DDAB 1/8192 mM + 100 mM NaBr was oscillating implying possible defects in the vesicle membrane. The cryo-TEM images confirmed the light scattering results and additionally showed that at higher total concentrations agglomeration occurred, while whenever salt was added less vesicles seemed to appear, while both discs and broken vesicles were present suggesting that the disc structure is preferred over the spherical structure when salt is present. Also a vesicle inside another vesicle was discovered for the sample 0.95 SDS/DDAB 3.75 mM + 50 mM NaBr. The mole fraction of anionic surfactant in the aggregates (x) was calculated using a MATLAB code based on the Poisson-Boltzmann theory. The results from the calculations showed that a higher amount of SOS was needed for the system 0.95 SOS/CTAB than the amount of SDS and SDeS needed for the systems 0.95 SDS/DDAB and 0.95 SDeS/DDAB when forming aggregates, indicating that a shorter chain of the anion and the higher spontaneous curvature of the cation leads to a higher curvature. Also a larger amount of cation was needed when the tail was single than when it was double in order to form stable spherical structures. Finally, as the total concentration decreased the x value also decreased in all cases, thus the spontaneous curvature was decreased.

Interactions between peptides and biological lipid membranes play a crucial role in many cellular processes such as in the mechanism behind Alzheimer’s disease where amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta)is thought to be a key component. The initial step of binding between a surface active peptide and its target membrane or membrane receptor can involve a non specific electrostatic association where positively charged amino acid residues and a negatively charged membrane surface interact. Here, the use of high resolution MAS NMR provides a highly sensitive and non perturbing way of studying the electrostatic potential present at lipid membrane surfaces and the changes resulting from the association of peptides. The interaction between pharmacologically relevant peptides and lipid membranes can also involve incorporation of the peptide into the membrane core and by complementing the NMR approach with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) the hydrophobic incorporation can be studied in a non invasive way. By using 14N MAS NMR on biological lipid systems for the first time, in addition to 31P, 2H NMR and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gives a full picture of the changes all along the phospholipid following interactions at the membrane interface region. Being able to monitor the full length of the phospholipid enables us to differentiate between interactions related to either membrane surface association or hydrophobic core incorporation. This approach was used to establish that the interaction between nociceptin and negatively charged lipid membranes is electrostatic and hence that nociceptin can initially associate with a membrane surface before binding to its receptor. Also, it was found that Abeta can interact with phospholipid membranes via two types of interactions with fundamentally adverse effects. The results reveal that Abeta can associate with the surface of a neuronal membrane promoting accelerated aggregation of the peptide leading to neuronal apoptotic cell death. Furthermore it is also shown that Abeta can anchor itself into the membrane and suppress the neurotoxic aggregation of Abeta.