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No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_krb_me_jabo.pdf: 2302462 bytes, checksum: 2cef5c4c9d0cc1b9d04d7b59e343a79c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Devido ao maior interesse por biocombustíveis, indústrias brasileiras iniciaram, recentemente, a produção de etanol também a partir de grãos de milho, gerando um resíduo com potencial de uso como ingrediente em rações para animais, o DDGS (grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis). Por resultar de processos de fermentação de grãos de milho por leveduras e enzimas, este resíduo possui um elevado teor proteico e baixo teor de carboidratos solúveis, o que o torna boa fonte de proteína vegetal em rações para animais. Além do baixo custo, possíveis benefícios relacionados aos resíduos de leveduras e enzimas restantes da fermentação também contribuem para seu potencial de mercado. Desta forma, com este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade de inclusão do DDGS do milho em dietas para juvenis de Piaractus mesopotamicus em substituição ao farelo de soja. Para tal, foram realizados três ensaios experimentais. No primeiro ensaio avaliaram-se os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) de nutrientes do DDGS para juvenis de P. mesopotamicus (13±0.3 gramas), distribuídos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em seis tanques de fibra de vidro, na densidade de 35 peixes tanque -1 em sistema de recirculação contínuo de água. A coleta das fezes foi realizada em sistema de Guelph modificado. Após obtenção dos CDAs, foram formuladas dietas contendo cinco diferentes níveis de inclusão de DDGS (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40%) utilizadas nos ensaios posteriores. O segundo ensaio consistiu na avaliação dos CDAs dos nutrientes das dietas contendo 0, 10, 20, 30 e 40% DDGS, onde juvenis de P. mesopotamicus (27±1.4 gramas) foram distribuídos em cinco tanques de fibra de vidro na densidade de 30 peixes tanque -1 em sistema de recirculação de água. Utilizou-se delineamento em Quadrado Latino, 5x5 (05 dietas e 05 períodos). Concomitantemente ao segundo ensaio, e sob o mesmo sistema de recirculação, juvenis de P. mesopotamicus (21±0.2 gramas) foram distribuídos em 20 tanques de fibra de vidro, na densidade de 15 peixes tanque -1, em DIC, e alimentados com as dietas por 100 dias. Neste terceiro ensaio foram avaliados parâmetros de desempenho produtivo, viabilidade econômica, atividade das enzimas digestivas e de estresse oxidativo do intestino, bem como morfologia intestinal dos juvenis. Os dados obtidos de desempenho produtivo, estresse oxidativo e morfometria intestinal foram submetidos à one-way ANOVA e em caso de significância (p < 0.05) foi realizado teste de Tukey adotandose 5% como nível de probabilidade. Dados de enzimas digestivas foram submetidos a two-way ANOVA e em caso de significância para interação foi feita uma one-way ANOVA e teste Tukey a 5%. Os valores obtidos para os CDA do DDGS confirmaram seu potencial de uso como ingrediente proteico em dietas para P. mesopotamicus, assim como os resultados de desempenho produtivo, onde se obteve menor valor de conversão alimentar e melhor eficiência de retenção de proteína para a dieta contendo maior nível de inclusão de DDGS (40DDGS). Os demais parâmetros de desempenho não foram afetados significativamente. A atividade das enzimas digestivas foi reduzida da porção anterior do intestino para distal e para as dietas com níveis superiores a 10% de DDGS. A inclusão de DDGS levou a redução do status oxidativo do intestino e melhoras na morfometria intestinal. Sendo assim, é possível o uso de até 40% de DDGS do milho como ingrediente proteico em dietas para juvenis de P. mesopotamicus, substituindo em totalidade o farelo de soja, mantendo os valores de desempenho produtivo, melhorando a saúde intestinal dos peixes bem como a capacidade de absorção e aproveitamento dos nutrientes disponibilizados na dieta. / Due to the increased interest in biofuels, Brazilian companies started recently, the production of ethanol from corn, generating a waste with potential for use as an ingredient in animal feed, the DDGS (dried distillers grain with soluble). As its processes results from fermentation of corn grain by yeast and enzymes, this residue has high protein and low soluble carbohydrates, which makes it good source of vegetable protein for animal feed. Besides the low cost, possible benefits related to yeast residues and other enzymes from fermentation may also contribute to DDGS market potential. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the feasibility of inclusion of corn DDGS in diets for Piaractus mesopotamicus juveniles to replace soybean meal. To this end, there were three experimental runs. In the first assay we evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of DDGS nutrients for P. mesopotamicus (13 ± 0.3 grams), distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) in six fiberglass tanks, at density of 35 fish tank-1 in a continuous recirculating water system. The collection of feces was carried out in modified Guelph system. After obtaining the ADCs, diets were formulated with five different levels of DDGS inclusion (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) used in subsequent assays. The second test was the evaluation of ADCs of nutrient in the diets containing 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% DDGS where P. mesopotamicus juvenile (27 ± 1.4 g) were distributed in five fiberglass tanks at density of 30 fish tank-1 in a recirculating water system. We used a Square Latino design, 5x5 (05 diets and 05 periods). Concomitantly to the second test, and under the same recirculation system, P. mesopotamicus juveniles (21 ± 0.2 grams) were divided into 20 fiberglass tanks, at density of 15 fish tank-1 in CRD, and fed diets for 100 days. In this third test were evaluated growth performance, economic viability, activity of digestive enzymes and oxidative stress of the intestine and intestinal morphology of juveniles. Data obtained for growth performance, oxidative stress and intestine morphology were subjected to one-way ANOVA and in case of significance (p <0.05) Tukey's test was carried out adopting a 5% probability level. Data from digestive enzymes were subjected to two-way ANOVA and in case of significance to interaction was made a one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5%. The ADCs values obtained for the DDGS confirmed its potential use as a protein ingredient in diets for P. mesopotamicus, as well as the results of productive performance, which showed lower value of feed conversion ratio and an improved on protein retention efficiency for the diet containing higher inclusion level of DDGS (40DDGS). The other performance parameters were not significantly affected. The activity of the digestive enzymes was reduced from anterior to distal portion of the intestine and for diets with levels above 10% DDGS. The DDGS inclusion led to reduction of oxidative status of the intestine and improvement in intestinal morphology. Thus, the use of up to 40% corn DDGS as a protein ingredient for P. mesopotamicus juvenile is possible, replacing in whole soybean meal, keeping the growth performance, improving fish gut health as well as the absorption and utilization of nutrients available in the diet. / CNPq: 130664/2014-6 / FAPESP: 2014/16685-5 / FAPESP: 2015/21245-7

Grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (DDGS) são uma fonte alternativa protéica e energética, de baixo custo se comparado com a farinha de peixe e o farelo de soja. Neste estudo avaliou-se a influência dos diferentes níveis de DDGS no desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de lambari-de-rabo amarelo, bem como analisou-se a viabilidade econômica deste produto. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado composto de 4 tratamentos (níveis de DDGS) e 4 repetições. Foram elaboradas dietas contendo 0%, 10%, 20% e 30%, de DDGS em substituição parcial e total do farelo de soja e quirera de arroz. Um total de 2400 alevinos de lambari foram estocados em 16 tanques de 500L, contendo biofiltro e um sistema individual de recirculação de água, à densidade de 0,3 peixes/ L. Os peixes foram alimentados 4 vezes ao dia no primeiro mês e 2 vezes nos meses subsequentes durante 150 dias, à taxa diária do arraçoamento de 5% de peso vivo. Mensalmente os peixes foram pesados e no final determinou-se os parâmetros produtivos tais como: ganho de peso, índice de conversão alimentar, taxa de sobrevivência, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de eficiência protéica, índice de crescimento instantâneo, taxa de ganho de peso, fator de condição corporal e composição química do corpo inteiro e do músculo. Após o período de alimentação foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros reprodutivos: índice gonadossomático, volume dos ovos, fertilidade inicial, fertilidade inicial relativa, taxa de fertilidade, índice de desova, fertilidade final, fertilidade final relativa, taxa de eclosão e sobrevivência, diâmetro dos ovos e do vitelo e comprimento das larvas. Foi feita a histologia das gônadas das fêmeas e dos machos e avaliação do sêmen. Também se analisou a viabilidade do uso do DDGS. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (&alpha; = 0,05), à regressão e teste de tendência, e para a comparação das médias de viabilidade económica utilizou-se o teste Tukey por meio do programa SAS. A adição de DDGS não afetou os parâmetros produtivos (P &GT; 0,05), exceto para a matéria mineral do músculo (P &LT; 0,05). Ocorreram diferenças (P &LT; 0,05) para fertilidade inicial, peso, comprimento total e padrão dos machos. Histologicamente não se evidenciou diferenças entre as estruturas morfológicas dos ovários, nos testículos dos peixes alimentados com dieta de 30% de DDGS apresentaram células espermáticas abundantes, portanto o desenvolvimento gonadal não foi influenciado negativamente pelo DDGS. Economicamente as dietas contendo DDGS (10, 20 e 30%) foram respetivamente 2; 7 e 11% menos onerosas do que a dieta com farelo de soja e quirera de arroz. As médias do custo do ganho não diferiram (P &GT; 0,05) entre si, indicando que se pode substituir o farelo de soja e quirera de arroz com o DDGS sem grandes prejuízos no desempenho e a baixo custo de alimentação. / Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a protein and energy source alternative, is used to formulate diets to feed fishes in replecement of fish meal and soya, and the cost is low. This research was carried out to investigate the influence of dietary inclusion of DDGS levels on growth and reprodution performance and evaluate its economical value of lambari. The experimental delineament were four isonitrogenous diets were formulated that contain 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of DDGS in substituation of soja meal and broken rice. A total of 2400 lambari were stored in 16 tanks 500L, provided with a biofilter and a single system of water recirculation, density were 0,3 fish / L. During 150 days the groups of fish were fed with experimental diets until visual satiety four times per day for the first month and twice in the remaining months, the daily rate of feeding were 5% of body weight. Each month the fish were weighed for determination of production parameters such as: weight gain, feed conversion rate, survival rate, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, instantaneous growth rate, weight gain rate, condition factor physical and chemical composition of the whole body and muscle. After the feeding period terminated reproductive parameters such as: gonadossomatic index, egg volume, initial fertility, relative initial fertility, fertility rate, spawning rate, final fertility, final relative fertility, hatching and survival rate, diameter of eggs and length of the larvae. It was made the histology of the gonads (females and males) and semen evaluation. Also analyzed the economic viability of using DDGS in the diets. The data were subjected to ANOVA, regression and trend test, economical value analised by Turkey test (&alpha; = 0,05). Addition of DDGS did not affect the productive parameters (P &GT; 0,05) except for the mineral of muscle (P &LT; 0,05). There were differences (P &LT; 0,05) in initial fertility (FI), weight, total and pattern length of males. Histologically no detectable morphological differences between the structures of the ovaries, but testes of fish fed with diet of 30% DDGS showed abundant sperm cells, therefore gonadal development was not negatively influenced by the DDGS. Economically diets containing DDGS (10, 20 and 30%) were respectively 2; 7:11% cheaper than the diet with soy meal and broken rice. The cost gain was no significant (P &GT; 0.05). The result from this resarch shows that DDGS can replace soybean meal and broken rice without major losses in performance and low cost supply.

A disposição de resíduos sólidos é um dos temas mais discutidos na atualidade. A queima controlada dos resíduos possibilita a redução do volume a ser depositado e a geração de energia. Este trabalho estudou o emprego de uma nova tecnologia no atual processo de queima de uma série de resíduos carbonosos. Um sistema de catálise foi utilizado para sintetizar nanotubos de carbono (CNTs) a partir dos gases gerados pela pirólise/combustão dos resíduos. Os CNTs são materiais com alto valor de mercado devido às suas excepcionais propriedades. Foram alvos de estudo os resíduos da indústria do etanol (bagaço da cana-de-açúcar e grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis - DDGS), borracha de pneus inservíveis e garrafas de poli(tereftalato de etileno) pós-consumo. Amostras dos resíduos foram incineradas em um forno de fluxo contínuo com atmosfera controlada através da injeção de N2 e temperaturas de 600-1000°C, sendo que jatos de O2 foram adicionados em alguns experimentos. O efluente gasoso da queima foi submetido a um filtro de SiC e repassado a um segundo forno com temperatura constante de 1000°C. Telas de aço inoxidável foram dispostas no forno secundário para atuarem como catalisador. A cromatografia gasosa foi utilizada para a comparação dos efluentes com e sem o uso do catalisador, sendo constatado que o emprego das telas ocasionou uma significativa redução na emissão de poluentes. Após os experimentos, foi verificada a formação de partículas de carbono sólido na superfície do catalisador. As partículas formadas foram submetidas a análises por MEV, MET, TG e Raman. Os resultados apontaram a formação de nanotubos de carbono de parede múltiplas com comprimentos de 20 a 50 µm e diâmetros entre 20 e 50 nm quando empregados pneus e bagaço da cana como matérias-primas. Experimentos que empregaram DDGS e garrafas PET produziram microfibras de carbono com comprimentos em torno de 40 µm e diâmetros entre 80 e 200 nm. / The disposal of solid wastes is one of the most discussed topics nowadays. Controlled burning allows the reduction of waste volumes to be deposited, and the energy generation. This study examined the use of a new technology in the current burn processes of several carbonaceous wastes. A catalyst system was used to synthesize carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from the gases generated by pyrolysis/combustion of wastes. CNTs are materials with high market value due to its exceptional properties. Residues of the ethanol industry (sugarcane bagasse and distillers dried grains with solubles - DDGS), scrap tire rubbers and post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate bottles were subject of study. Waste samples were incinerated in a laminar-flow furnace with controlled atmosphere by injection of N2, and temperatures of 600-1000°C, while jets of O2 were added in some experiments. The effluent gases were subjected to a SiC filter and channeled into the second furnace with constant temperature of 1000°C. Stainless steel meshes were placed in the second furnace in order to work as catalyst. Gas chromatography was used to compare the effluent with and without the catalyst use, wherein was showed that the use of meshes caused a significant reduction in the emissions. After the experiments, the formation of solid carbon particles was verified on the catalyst surface. The formed particles were analyzed by SEM, TEM, TG and Raman. Results showed the formation of multi-wall carbon nanotubes with lengths of 20-50 µm and diameters in the range of 20-50 nm when tires and sugarcane bagasse were used as raw materials. Experiments using DDGS and PET bottles produced carbon microfibers with lengths of about 40 µm and diameters of 80-200 nm.

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Keith C. Behnke / Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on pellet quality and pellet mill performance in pelleted swine diets. The experiments were completed at the Feed Processing Research Center in the Department of Grain Science at Kansas State University. In all experiments, pellet durability index (PDI), electrical energy consumption, production rate, and bulk density served as the response criteria. In Exp. 1, DDGS were substituted on an equal weight basis for corn, with substitution levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The diet was not adjusted to maintain equal nutrient levels across the treatments. There were no observed significant differences in pellet quality across all levels of DDGS substitution. Both production rate and bulk density were significantly lowered as DDGS level increased. In Exp. 2, diets were formulated to contain the same levels of DDGS, but all ingredients were allowed to vary to retain nutritionally similar diets. In this case energy consumption showed no significant differences among treatments, while pellet quality, throughput, and bulk density were all negatively affected by increasing levels of DDGS. In Exp. 3, the effect of incorporating pelleted and reground DDGS was evaluated. The levels of DDGS evaluated were 10%, 20%, and 30%, using the same diets as Exp. 2. These diets were then pelleted and compared to a control diet with no added DDGS and to diets with unprocessed DDGS added at the same levels. At levels above 10% the diets containing unprocessed DDGS had significantly lower pellet quality than the control, while the diets containing pelleted and reground DDGS showed no significant difference from the control at any level. Significant effects were also observed for production rate, energy consumption, and bulk density. In conclusion, the use of standard DDGS in pelleted feeds is feasible, and although pellet quality may be significantly lower for feeds containing DDGS, the practical value is likely not affected. Furthermore, the data demonstrates some benefits of using DDGS that have been pelleted and reground.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Joel M. DeRouchey / Five experiments used 3,004 pigs to determine influences of wheat middlings (Midds), dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), and choice white grease (CWG) on growth, carcass traits, and carcass fat quality of finishing pigs and the optimal SID Trp:Lys in growing and finishing pigs fed 30% DDGS. In Exp. 1, pigs fed increasing dietary Midds had decreased (linear; P≤0.02) ADG and G:F. Feeding 30% DDGS did not influence growth performance. For carcass traits, increasing Midds decreased (linear; P<0.01) carcass yield, HCW, and backfat depth (quadratic; P<0.02) but increased (quadratic; P<0.01) FFLI. Feeding 30% DDGS decreased (P<0.03) carcass yield and backfat depth (P<0.01), but increased FFLI (P<0.02) and jowl fat IV (P<0.001). In Exp. 2, feeding 20% dietary Midds decreased (P<0.01) ADG and G:F. Pigs fed diets with increasing CWG had improved ADG (quadratic, P<0.03) and G:F (linear, P<0.01). Dietary Midds or CWG did not affect ADFI. For carcass traits, feeding 20% Midds decreased carcass yield (P<0.05), HCW, backfat depth, and loin depth, while increasing jowl fat IV (P<0.001). Pigs fed CWG also had decreased (linear, P<0.05) FFLI and increased (linear, P<0.01) jowl fat iodine value. In conclusion, feeding Midds reduced pig growth performance, carcass yield, and increased jowl fat IV. In Exp. 3, xylanase supplementation did not improve growth performance or carcass traits of pigs fed different dietary energy and fiber levels. Increasing dietary energy increased (linear; P<0.001) ADG and G:F with no affect on ADFI. Increasing dietary energy increased (linear; P<0.01) yield, HCW, backfat depth, and reduced FFLI (linear; P<0.001) and jowl fat iodine value (linear; P<0.001). Apparent total tract digestibility of ADF improved (P<0.002) with the addition of dietary xylanase; however, there were no differences in any other nutrient digestibility criteria. As dietary energy increased, there was an increase (linear; P<0.02) in apparent digestibility of DM, N, fat, GE, ADF, and NDF. In Exp. 4 and 5, results indicated the optimal SID Trp:Lys was 16.5% from 36.3 to 72.6 kg, but at least 19.5% from 72.6 to 120.2 kg in corn-soybean meal diets containing 30% DDGS.

Two trials were conducted, one using crossbred steers (Trial 1; N=275; 376±24 kg) and a second using Hereford heifers (Trial 2; N=5; 420±6 kg) to evaluate the performance, carcass quality, rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility of cattle fed wheat or corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). The control ration averaged 87.7% rolled barley grain, 5.6% supplement and 6.8% barley silage (DM basis) over both trials. Dietary treatments included replacement of barley grain at 20 or 40% of the diet (DM basis) with wheat or corn DDGS. For Trial 1, steers were slaughtered at a constant finish weight of 645 kg. Data was analyzed as a completely randomized design using pen as the experimental unit. Feeding increasing levels of wheat DDGS quadratically increased dry matter intake (DMI) (P<0.01), whereas increasing levels of corn DDGS quadratically decreased DMI (P=0.01). Average daily gain was not influenced (P=0.13) by feeding wheat or corn DDGS but cattle fed corn DDGS exhibited a quadratic increase (P=0.01) in gain:feed. As a result, a quadratic increase (P<0.01) in calculated NEg of the diet was observed as corn DDGS levels increased. A linear decrease (P=0.04) in days on feed (169, 166 and 154 days) was noted when increasing levels of wheat DDGS (0, 20 and 40%) were fed. Dressing percentage increased in a linear fashion with wheat DDGS (P<0.01) inclusion level and in a quadratic fashion (P=0.01) as corn DDGS inclusion level increased although other carcass traits were not affected (P>0.10) by treatment.<p> Trial 2 evaluated the effects of corn and wheat DDGS on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility parameters. Rumen pH, duration and area under rumen pH thresholds of 5.8, 5.5 and 5.2 were not affected (P>0.05) by treatment. Wheat DDGS inclusion increased (P=0.01) rumen ammonia-N levels in a linear fashion, while the inclusion of both wheat and corn DDGS resulted in quadratic (P=0.01) and linear (P=0.01) increases in butyrate concentration, respectively. Feeding corn DDGS also decreased total rumination time linearly (P=0.01) and DMI in a quadratic (P=0.04) fashion. Feeding wheat DDGS decreased (P=0.01) DM digestibility in a linear fashion. Wheat and corn DDGS inclusion quadratically increased (P=0.01) the digestibility of crude fat while feeding corn DDGS also linearly increased (P=0.01) the digestibility of crude protein. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility increased in a linear fashion (P=0.01) as both wheat and corn DDGS inclusion increased while ADF digestibility increased in a linear fashion (P=0.03) for wheat and in a quadratic (P=0.02) fashion for corn DDGS. The digestibility of both NDIN and ADIN increased (P=0.01) in a quadratic fashion for both corn and wheat DDGS inclusion level. Increased inclusions of wheat DDGS resulted in a linear decrease in gross energy digestibility (P=0.01), but neither wheat nor corn DDGS inclusion affected diet digestible energy content (P>0.05). Feeding both wheat and corn DDGS increased (P=0.01) the excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus.<p> Replacement of barley grain with up to 40% corn or wheat DDGS improved gain:feed and reduced days on feed, respectively with no detrimental effect on carcass quality grade or sub-primal boneless boxed beef yield. The results of this project also indicate that the inclusion of corn and wheat DDGS (up to 40%) in feedlot rations does not mitigate ruminal acidosis, however the inclusion of both byproducts strongly impacts nutrient (crude fat, ADF, NDF, ADIN and NDIN) digestibility.

Two trials were conducted, one using crossbred steers (Trial 1; N=275; 376±24 kg) and a second using Hereford heifers (Trial 2; N=5; 420±6 kg) to evaluate the performance, carcass quality, rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility of cattle fed wheat or corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). The control ration averaged 87.7% rolled barley grain, 5.6% supplement and 6.8% barley silage (DM basis) over both trials. Dietary treatments included replacement of barley grain at 20 or 40% of the diet (DM basis) with wheat or corn DDGS. For Trial 1, steers were slaughtered at a constant finish weight of 645 kg. Data was analyzed as a completely randomized design using pen as the experimental unit. Feeding increasing levels of wheat DDGS quadratically increased dry matter intake (DMI) (P<0.01), whereas increasing levels of corn DDGS quadratically decreased DMI (P=0.01). Average daily gain was not influenced (P=0.13) by feeding wheat or corn DDGS but cattle fed corn DDGS exhibited a quadratic increase (P=0.01) in gain:feed. As a result, a quadratic increase (P<0.01) in calculated NEg of the diet was observed as corn DDGS levels increased. A linear decrease (P=0.04) in days on feed (169, 166 and 154 days) was noted when increasing levels of wheat DDGS (0, 20 and 40%) were fed. Dressing percentage increased in a linear fashion with wheat DDGS (P<0.01) inclusion level and in a quadratic fashion (P=0.01) as corn DDGS inclusion level increased although other carcass traits were not affected (P>0.10) by treatment.<p> Trial 2 evaluated the effects of corn and wheat DDGS on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility parameters. Rumen pH, duration and area under rumen pH thresholds of 5.8, 5.5 and 5.2 were not affected (P>0.05) by treatment. Wheat DDGS inclusion increased (P=0.01) rumen ammonia-N levels in a linear fashion, while the inclusion of both wheat and corn DDGS resulted in quadratic (P=0.01) and linear (P=0.01) increases in butyrate concentration, respectively. Feeding corn DDGS also decreased total rumination time linearly (P=0.01) and DMI in a quadratic (P=0.04) fashion. Feeding wheat DDGS decreased (P=0.01) DM digestibility in a linear fashion. Wheat and corn DDGS inclusion quadratically increased (P=0.01) the digestibility of crude fat while feeding corn DDGS also linearly increased (P=0.01) the digestibility of crude protein. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility increased in a linear fashion (P=0.01) as both wheat and corn DDGS inclusion increased while ADF digestibility increased in a linear fashion (P=0.03) for wheat and in a quadratic (P=0.02) fashion for corn DDGS. The digestibility of both NDIN and ADIN increased (P=0.01) in a quadratic fashion for both corn and wheat DDGS inclusion level. Increased inclusions of wheat DDGS resulted in a linear decrease in gross energy digestibility (P=0.01), but neither wheat nor corn DDGS inclusion affected diet digestible energy content (P>0.05). Feeding both wheat and corn DDGS increased (P=0.01) the excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus.<p> Replacement of barley grain with up to 40% corn or wheat DDGS improved gain:feed and reduced days on feed, respectively with no detrimental effect on carcass quality grade or sub-primal boneless boxed beef yield. The results of this project also indicate that the inclusion of corn and wheat DDGS (up to 40%) in feedlot rations does not mitigate ruminal acidosis, however the inclusion of both byproducts strongly impacts nutrient (crude fat, ADF, NDF, ADIN and NDIN) digestibility.

No description available.

The aim of this study was to determine growth responses and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility in growing pigs fed diets containing graded levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and to determine the effect of a multicarbohydrase enzyme (MC) supplementation on visceral organ mass and fasting whole-body oxygen consumption (FWBOC). In Experiment 1, 48 pigs (25.5 ± 0.14 kg BW) were assigned on the basis of sex and BW (2 pigs per pen) to 4 diets (6 pens per diet) based on corn-barley-soybean meal with 0, 10, 20 and 30% DDGS in a 42-d trial. Apparent total tract digestibilities (ATTD) of energy and other nutrients were determined using acid insoluble ash (AIA) as the indigestible marker. Inclusion of DDGS in the diets decreased (linear, P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and tended to decrease gain to feed ratio (G:F) (linear, P = 0.067) but not average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P > 0.10); however, pigs fed the 20% DDGS diet had similar ADG as pigs fed the 0% DDGS diet. Increasing DDGS content in the diet linearly decreased (P < 0.01) the ATTD of DM, energy and CP (cubic, P < 0.05) but not (P > 0.10) P and Ca; however, ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased (linear, P < 0.01) when DDGS was included in the diet. In Experiment 2, 24 pigs (19.9 ± 0.46 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 3 corn-soybean meal-basal diets (8 pigs per diet): Control (C, 0% DDGS); basal diet with 30% DDGS (C+30% DDGS) or C+30% DDGS supplemented with MC (C+30% DDGS+MC). On d 15, WBOC during the 24- to 30-h postprandial period was determined using an open-circuit indirect calorimeter on 4 pigs per diet. On d 28, pigs were killed to determine visceral organ mass and intestinal morphology. There was no diet effect (P > 0.10) on final BW, FWBOC, and liver, spleen, pancreas, heart, stomach and caecum weights relative to empty BW. However, pigs fed the C and C+30% DDGS+MC had heavier (P = 0.05) empty BW compared with those fed unsupplemented 30% DDGS-containing diet. Small intestine, colon plus rectum and the portal-drained viscera (PDV) were heavier (P < 0.05) in DDGS-fed pigs compared with C; supplementing with MC substantially decreased the effect of DDGS on the weight of these visceral organs. Feeding pigs DDGS tended to decrease (P < 0.10) villous height (VH) and VH:CD in the ileum. Results show that including DDGS in grower pig diets up to 20% has no effect on performance although ATTD of energy, DM, and N may be reduced. Inclusion of DDGS at 30% increased PDV mass and reduced dressing percentage but these effects were overcome by a multicarbohydrase enzyme supplementation.

The aim of this study was to determine growth responses and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility in growing pigs fed diets containing graded levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and to determine the effect of a multicarbohydrase enzyme (MC) supplementation on visceral organ mass and fasting whole-body oxygen consumption (FWBOC). In Experiment 1, 48 pigs (25.5 ± 0.14 kg BW) were assigned on the basis of sex and BW (2 pigs per pen) to 4 diets (6 pens per diet) based on corn-barley-soybean meal with 0, 10, 20 and 30% DDGS in a 42-d trial. Apparent total tract digestibilities (ATTD) of energy and other nutrients were determined using acid insoluble ash (AIA) as the indigestible marker. Inclusion of DDGS in the diets decreased (linear, P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and tended to decrease gain to feed ratio (G:F) (linear, P = 0.067) but not average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P > 0.10); however, pigs fed the 20% DDGS diet had similar ADG as pigs fed the 0% DDGS diet. Increasing DDGS content in the diet linearly decreased (P < 0.01) the ATTD of DM, energy and CP (cubic, P < 0.05) but not (P > 0.10) P and Ca; however, ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased (linear, P < 0.01) when DDGS was included in the diet. In Experiment 2, 24 pigs (19.9 ± 0.46 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 3 corn-soybean meal-basal diets (8 pigs per diet): Control (C, 0% DDGS); basal diet with 30% DDGS (C+30% DDGS) or C+30% DDGS supplemented with MC (C+30% DDGS+MC). On d 15, WBOC during the 24- to 30-h postprandial period was determined using an open-circuit indirect calorimeter on 4 pigs per diet. On d 28, pigs were killed to determine visceral organ mass and intestinal morphology. There was no diet effect (P > 0.10) on final BW, FWBOC, and liver, spleen, pancreas, heart, stomach and caecum weights relative to empty BW. However, pigs fed the C and C+30% DDGS+MC had heavier (P = 0.05) empty BW compared with those fed unsupplemented 30% DDGS-containing diet. Small intestine, colon plus rectum and the portal-drained viscera (PDV) were heavier (P < 0.05) in DDGS-fed pigs compared with C; supplementing with MC substantially decreased the effect of DDGS on the weight of these visceral organs. Feeding pigs DDGS tended to decrease (P < 0.10) villous height (VH) and VH:CD in the ileum. Results show that including DDGS in grower pig diets up to 20% has no effect on performance although ATTD of energy, DM, and N may be reduced. Inclusion of DDGS at 30% increased PDV mass and reduced dressing percentage but these effects were overcome by a multicarbohydrase enzyme supplementation.