We reconstruct 2D simulation to 3D scene and integrated a fluid-solid coupling based on FLO-2D model. Furthermore we add the friction and bump. From the point of view of fluid-solid coupling, we using the flow resistance and yield stress our proposed method make the fluid behaviour and runout more realistic comparing to other fluid-solid coupling research. Besides, from the point of view of debris flow simulation, we integrate the fluid-solid coupling into the debris flow simulation. And we can handle the bump of debris flow regarding trees, stone or house compared with other debris flow simulation.

published_or_final_version / Applied Geosciences / Master / Master of Science

Landscapes evolve through a number of processes in response to a wide range of forcing mechanisms. Many of the processes that drive landscape evolution occur at the interface between fluid and sediment. Sediment transport leads to changes in topography that, in turn, influence fluid flow. Feedback mechanisms between topography and fluid flow can lead to the formation of patterns, such as sand ripples, dune fields, parallel channel networks, and periodically spaced valleys. In many cases, the development and evolution of patterns within landscapes are heavily influenced by environmental conditions. Therefore, given relationships between landform features and the underlying processes, present-day landscapes have the potential to be used to infer a record of climatic conditions over the course of their development. An inability to make direct observations over geologically relevant timescales makes it difficult to study the processes that influence landscape evolution. Mathematical models provide a means of quantitatively linking natural patterns and landscape features with physical processes. Patterns in landscapes also provide a simple means of testing quantitative representations of geomorphic processes. In this work, we develop landscape evolution models to study the development of debris-flow-dominated hillslopes, rill networks, and cinder cones. Through a combination of theoretical modeling, analysis of experimental data, and remote sensing data, we attempt to better understand each of these three systems. While each system is interesting in isolation, these and similar studies add to our knowledge of the mathematical representations of processes that are used more generally within the study of landscape evolution.

The debris-flow initiation variable of clay mineralogy is examined for Holocene age debris-flow deposits across the Colorado Plateau. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test between 25 debris-flow producing shale units and 23 shale units rated as not producing debris-flows found a highly significant difference between shale unit kaolinite-illite and montmorillonite clay content. Debris-flow producers tend to have abundant kaolinite and illite (61.5% of clays) and small amounts of montmorillonite (10.4%). Clay sample soluble cation (Na, Ca, K, and Mg) content could not be used to accurately divide the data set into debris-flow producers and debris-flow non-producers by either cluster analysis or a Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test.AVIRIS hyperspectral data reveal that debris-flow deposits, colluvium, and some shale units in Cataract Canyon, Utah display the double-absorption feature characteristic of kaolinite at 2.2 µm. Lab-based reflection spectra and semi-quantitative x-ray diffraction results show that Cataract Canyon debris-flow matrix clays are dominated by kaolinite and illite and lacking in montmorillonite. A surface material map showing the spectral stratigraphy of the study area was created from AVIRIS data classified using an artificial neural network and compares favorably to existing geologic data for Cataract Canyon. A debris-flow initiation potential map created from a GIS-based analysis of surface materials, slope steepness, slope aspect, and fault maps shows the greatest debris-flow initiation potential in the study area to coincide with outcrops of the Moenkopi Formation on steep (>20%), southwest-facing slopes. Small areas of extreme debris-flow initiation potential are located where kaolinite and illite clay-rich colluvial wedges are located on southwest-facing walls of Colorado River tributary canyons. The surface materials map shows formations clearly when they remain relatively consistent in composition and exposure throughout the study area, such as the White Rim Sandstone and most clay-rich members of the Moenkopi Formation. The debris-flow producing Organ Rock Shale and Halgaito Formation were shown inconsistently on the surface materials map, likely as a result of compositional variations in the study area. The results of this study provides evidence that hyperspectral imagery classified using an ANN can be successfully used to map the spectral stratigraphy of a sparsely vegetated area such as Cataract Canyon.

Forest floor calcium (Ca) declines in northern hardwood forests are of interest because Ca availability may limit future forest growth. In the 1990s investigations into Ca pools and fluxes across a northern hardwood forest chronosequence showed decreases across stand age in the mass of forest floor base cations and litterfall cation concentrations. I undertook a study of factors that influence litterfall chemistry to develop a better understanding of base cation biogeochemistry in developing northern hardwood forests. Although Ca, potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations in litterfall significantly declined with stand age, species composition and soil nutrient availability also influenced litterfall chemistry. The interplay between these factors, such as the distribution of species with different nutrient demands in areas of base cation availability or limitation, influences forest floor chemistry and may impact the time in which soil Ca depletion occurs. Additionally, I examined the quantity and qualities (species composition, decay class, size, and nutrient concentrations and contents) of woody debris across the same northern hardwood forest chronosequence. The objectives of this study were to quantify cation pools in woody debris, describe how the qualities of these woody debris pools change with stand development, and establish a baseline for long-term measurements of woody debris accumulation and chemistry with stand age. Decomposition of woody debris transfers base cations to the forest floor, and may be partially responsible for forest floor Ca gains in young stands. Calcium and K pools in woody debris were most strongly influenced by woody debris biomass, whereas Mg content was influenced by both woody debris biomass and species composition. In young stands, woody debris pools were strongly influenced by management practices during harvest. By 20 years since harvest woody debris pools reflected processes of stand development. For example, from 20 to nearly 40 years since harvest woody debris biomass and species composition was dominated by mortality of early successional species. Woody debris in more mature stands reflected small-scale stochastic disturbances including disease and single-tree mortality. Litterfall and woody debris are each components of within-stand cation cycling that will be critical to future forest growth with limited Ca availability.

This project is inspired by two facts that occur on an everyday basis in much of the world. First, it is obvious that many persons and organizations in many developing nations are paying large amounts of money for large-scale architecture projects, including skyscrapers, museums, and airport, subway, and train terminals. It is often the case that as the mega-buildings are built, many useful materials—structural steel, wood, reinforcing rods, sheets of corrugated steel, and concrete among them--are wasted, even though they could be utilized in smaller projects. The second fact is that digital technology is playing a more important role in the daily life of many people and professionals. The development of such technologies also influences the ways in which buildings are created. Many types of software programs now facilitate the standard and non-standard workings of architecture offices worldwide, starting with design, moving through fabrication, and culminating with assembly.It is suggested that we can reuse the scraps from huge construction projects to provide much needed small buildings in the developing world (such as houses or small commercial structures) by using new digital technologies. As the technology becomes available, many architects will be able to adapt and utilize all types of raw materials in the most efficient ways possible while minimizing the amount of waste taken to landfill sites.To advance these ideas, the author worked as an intern at Morphosis and visited the offices of Gehry Partners and Greg Lynn Form (all in Los Angeles), and Sharpies Holden Pasquarelli Architects (SHoP) in New York; these firms are among the most influential offices in the world, both in regards to the buildings they design and the digital technologies with which they work. Rule-based design was studied to better understand the logic of computation. Simultaneously, several experimental projects were designed and built.The knowledge gained from these studies, experiences, and experiments can give us confidence that new technology can help architects and designers organize the complexity of unique scraps for use in the construction of buildings or building components.However, problems were revealed that are in need of attention. For example, the machines that are typically used for digital fabrication procedures today, such as the laser cutter and CNC router, do not provide the best support for this work because they are not intended to be used with scraps and the price of the machine is relatively high.It is hoped that this project can be a small first step for other architects to understand the possibility and the logic of digital technology within the realm of building construction waste. If studied and understood, the new technology can be a very powerful tool to utilize the leftover material in the most efficient way. / Department of Architecture

There are many observational methods for studying debris disks because of constraints imposed on observing their predominately infrared wavelength emission close to the host star. Two methods which are discussed here are ground-based high contrast imaging and space-based far-IR emission. The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a high contrast near-IR instrument designed to directly image planets and debris disks around other stars by suppressing star light to bring out faint sources nearby. Because debris disks are intrinsically polarized, polarimetry offers a useful way to enhance the scattered light from them while suppressing the diffracted, unpolarized noise. I discuss the characterization of GPI's microlens point spread function (PSF) in polarization mode to try to improve the quality of the processed data cubes. I also develop an improved flux extraction method which takes advantage of an empirically derived high-resolution PSF for both spectral and polarization modes. To address the instrumental effects of flexure, which affect data quality, I develop methods to counteract the effect by using the science images themselves without having to take additional calibrations. By reducing the number of calibrations, the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey (GPIES) can stand to gain ~66 hours of additional on-sky time, which can lead to the discovery of more exoplanetary systems. The Herschel Space Observatory offers another method for observing debris disks which is ideally suited to measure the peak dust emission in the far-IR. Through a careful analysis, we look at 100/160 μm excess emission around λ Boo stars, to differentiate whether the emission is from a debris disk or a bowshock with the interstellar medium. It has been proposed that the stars' unusual surface abundances are due to external accretion of gas from those sources. We find that the 3/8 stars observed are well resolved debris disks and the remaining 5/8 were inconsistent with bowshocks. To provide a causal explanation of the phenomenon based on what we now know of their debris disks, I explore Poynting-Robertson (PR) drag as a mechanism for secondary accretion via a debris disk. However, I find that the accretion rates are too low to cause the surface abundance anomaly. Further study into the debris disks in relation to stellar abundances and surfaces are required to rule out or explain the λ Boo phenomenon through external accretion. / Graduate / 0606 / zhd@uvic.ca

Online Oil Debris Monitors (ODM) provide a direct, effective and reliable approach to machinery condition monitoring. ODM can be used to monitor the condition of complex machines, such as airplane engines, electric generators, wind turbines, or other machines with oil circulation systems. The principle of the sensor is to detect the quantity and the size of metal particles in the flowing oil. The current available ODM sensors suffer from sensitivity to vibrations, as their electromagnetic response is largely affected by interfering vibrations. This thesis presents a novel structure and algorithms to separate and eliminate the vibration interference. In the new structure, a dual channel system is designed as opposed to previous single channel systems. Three signal processing algorithms have been developed and tested using experimental data from a prototype. They have shown to be effective, as detailed in the thesis.

Debris-flows pose serious hazards to communities in mountainous regions of the world and are often responsible for loss of life and damages to infrastructure. Characterised by high flow velocity, large impact forces and long runout, debris-flows have potential discharges several times greater than clear water flood discharges and possess much greater erosive and destructive potential. In combination with poor temporal predictability, they present a significant hazard to settlements, transport routes and other infrastructure located at the drainage points (fan-heads) of watersheds. Thus, it is important that areas vulnerable to debris-flows are identified in order to aid decisions on appropriate land-uses for alluvial fans. This research has developed and tested a new GIS-based procedure for identifying areas prone to debris-flow hazards in the Coromandel/Kaimai region, North Island, New Zealand. The procedure was developed using ESRI Arc View software, utilising the NZ 25 x 25 m DEM as the primary input. When run, it enabled watersheds and their associated morphometric parameters to be derived for selected streams in the study area. Two specific parameters, Melton ratio (R) and watershed length were then correlated against field evidence for debris-flows, debris-floods and fluvial processes at stream watershed locations in the study area. Overall, strong relationships were observed to exist between the evidence observed for these phenomena and the parameters, thus confirming the utility of the GIS procedure for the preliminary identification of hydrogeomorphic hazards such as debris-flow in the Coromandel/Kaimai region study area. In consideration of the results, the procedure could prove a useful tool for regional councils and CDEM groups in regional debris-flow hazard assessment for the identification of existing developments at risk of debris-flow disaster. Furthermore, the procedure could be used to provide justification for subsequent, more intensive local investigations to fully quantify the risk to people and property at stream fan and watershed locations in such areas.

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. / Includes reprints of four papers and manuscripts co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also partially available electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks reprints of four papers and manuscripts.