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The need for alternative technology for water supply and waste disposal systems in the squatter settlements of developing countries.Aylward, Anne Doane January 1975 (has links)
Thesis. 1975. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography : leaves 118-121. / M.C.P.
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Development, children and the third world city: conceptualizing guidelines towards a sustainable livelihood framework supporting childrenPaul, James Roopkumar 11 1900 (has links)
No abstract available / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)
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Challenges of arms transfers facing the emerging supplier states in the new international political economyKhwela, Gcwelumusa, Chrysostomus 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MMil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The fundamental motivation for emerging arms suppliers to produce arms was the desire to overcome
their position of dependence in the system of arms production and transfers. However, their
predicament as late entrants into the system castigated them to fail in this endeavour. This failure is
based on three criteria, which also assist in the identification of emerging suppliers. Firstly, the
weaponry they produce is far below the sophistication characterised by higher levels of technological
advancement. Secondly, they can only produce one or two advanced weapon systems. Finally, they
rely on the leading suppliers for certain sophisticated components of weapon systems which they cannot
produce themselves and as a result, become so dependent that they, with an exception of a few, are
unable to go beyond the simple reproduction or retrofitting of existing weapon systems. The capability
to produce arms was restrictedly extended to certain states in the post-war era, and even those states that
obtained such a capability were confmed to producing small arms and platforms for naval vessels.
Those states that went beyond these capabilities did so with the assistance of other states or specialists,
the initial intention being to meet domestic requirements, and ultimately to dispose surplus Second
World War equipment in the re-transfer market. The emerging supplier states' intention to develop
indigenous arms industries was driven by the political urge to reduce their reliance on the leading
suppliers and to nationalise the arms production process for import substitution in order to meet
domestic security needs. Since the emerging suppliers began the process of defence industrialisation
from the importation of complete weapon systems to import substitution, and ultimately to the
promotion of exports, they mainly relied on technology imported from the leading suppliers. On the one
hand, the leading suppliers attempted to hinder the efforts of emerging suppliers to promote arms
exports so as to protect their oligopolistic share of the arms market through tightening the controls and
regulations on technological supplies. On the other, the emerging suppliers were impelled to promote
their arms exports in order to overcome the saturation of their domestic markets, to utilise effectively
their arms production capacities, and to positively affect their balance of payments through the
procreation of foreign exchange returns.
This study reached the following conclusions and inferences:
1. The arms trade has evolved to be characterised by the transfer of military technology, which did
not feature in the arms transactions of the previous periods.
2. The gap between the leading and emerging suppliers is widening with regard to the
sophistication of technological capabilities, and accordingly the stratification within the arms production
and transfer system is sustainable and reinforced, thus making it hard for the lower tiers to progress
beyond their current status.
3. The emerging suppliers' share of and contribution into the arms market is constricted, and as
such they specialise in specific (often uncomplicated) weapon systems that constitute niches in the
global market.
4. The unfolding arms production and transfer system is characterised by a fiercely competitive
atmosphere, and consequently, only those states that can subsidise or integrate their efforts are enabled
to sustain an advanced arms production faculty.
5. As the emerging suppliers begin to introduce more and more of their wares into the market, the
costs of research and development begin to soar in the same manner as those of the leading suppliers,
thus urging them to become more export-oriented.
6. Participants in the system will be compelled to relinquish their comparative technological
superiority in order to survive, thus narrowing the gap between the capabilities possessed by both the
leading and the emerging suppliers. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onderliggende motivering van opkomende wapenverskaffers om wapens te produseer word
toegeskryf aan 'n behoefte om hulle relatiewe afhanklikheid in die stelsel van wapenproduksie en -
handel te oorkom. Boonop het die laat toetrede tot die stelsel hierdie opkomende verskaffers se kanse
tot sukses verder belemmer. Die rede vir die onsuksesvolle toetrede word gebasseer op drie kriteria
(wat ook dien as identifiserende eienskappe van opkomende wapenverskaffers). Eerstens, die wapens
wat opkomende verskaffers lewer skiet tekort aan die vereiste gesofistikeerde standaarde van die
gevestigde wapenprodusente. Tweedens, hulle kan slegs een of twee gevorderde wapenstelsels
produseer. Derdens, sekere komponente van wapenstelsels word verkry by die gevestigde verskaffers,
wat lei tot afhanklikheid tot so 'n mate dat die opkomende verskaffer se vermoëns beperk word tot
eenvoudige reprodusering of herinstallasies van bestaande stelsels. Trouens, in die post-oorlog tydperk
is die vermoë om wapens te produseer doelbewus beperk tot sekere state wat 'n afgebakende reeks van
handwapens en uitrusting vir vloot vaartuie kon vervaardig. State wat verby hierdie vermoë beweeg
het, het dit gedoen met behulp van ander state of spesaliste, oorspronklik met die oog op die
huishoudelike behoefte maar ook om ontslae te raak van surplusse uit die Tweede Wêreldoorlog. 'n
Politieke begeerte om in hulle eie sekuriteitsbehoeftes te voorsien deur middel van invoersubstitusie, het
die opkomende verskaffers genoop om ontslae te raak van die afhanklikheid op gevestigde verskaffers
en om die wapenproduseringsproses te nasionaliseer. Hulle het hoofsaaklik gesteun op ingevoerde
tegnologie om die verdedigingsbedryf te industrialiseer. Die proses het so verloop: volledige
wapenstelsels is ingevoer, daarna het invoersubstitusie plaasgevind, en daarna 'n bevordering van
uitvoere. Gevestigde verskaffers het endersyds probeer om (deur middel van strenger kontrole en
regulasies of tegnologiese ware) die opkomende verskaffers te verhoed om hulle oligopolistiese houvas
op die mark te belemmer en andersyds moes opkomende verskaffers noodgedwonge hulle uitvoere
bevorder om te voorkom dat die plaaslike mark versadig word. Die laasgenoemde aspek het ook die
betalingsbalans van opkomende verskaffers positief beinvloed as gevolg van die inkomste uit
buitelandse valuta.
Hierdie studie kom tot die volgende aanames en gevolgtrekkings:
1. Wapenhandel het só ontwikkel dat die oordrag van militêre tegnologie die hoofkenmerk geword
het in die stelsel - 'n ongekende kenmerk tot dusver in die ontwikkelingsgang van internasionale
wapenhandel.
2. Die gaping van tegnologiese vermoëns tussen opkomende en gevestigde wapenverskaffers word
groter en daarmee saam word die stratifikasie in wapenproduksie en -lewering volhoubaar en versterk,
wat lei tot 'n beperking op die vermoë van opkomende verskaffers om vooruitgang te maak.
3. Opkomende verskaffers se aandeel in en bydrae tot wapenmarkte bly beperk en spesialiseer
daarom op spesifieke (meestalongekompliseerde) wapenstelsels wat gemik is op sekere nisse in die
wêreldmark.
4. Die ontluikende wapenproduksie en -handelsisteem is uiters kompeterend, met die gevolg dat
slegs state wat hulle pogings kan subsidieer of integreer in staat is om gevorderde fasiliteite te onderhou.
5. Met die toenemende aanbod vanaf opkomende verskaffers, styg die kostes van navorsing en
ontwikkeling vir beide die opkomende en die gevestigde verskaffer wat weer beide dwing om hulle
uitvoere te beklemtoon.
6. Deelnemers in die stelsel sal gedwing word om hulle vergelykende tegnologiese voorsprong
prys te gee om te oorleef in die stelsel, waarna die gaping tussen die vermoëns van opkomende en
gevestigde verskaffers verminder sal word.
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Women's Reproductive Rights in Developing Countries: A Causal AnalysisWang, Guang-zhen 08 1900 (has links)
The issue of women's reproductive rights has become an international concern in the recent decade. Ongoing debates on women's reproductive rights in world conferences and conventions have heightened the need for empirical research and theoretical explanations of women's reproductive rights Nevertheless, very few sociological studies have treated women's reproductive rights as a dependent variable.
This study examines the effects of family planning programs and the processes of modernization on women's reproductive rights. Several facets of modernization; processes of socioeconomic development, secularization, women's education, and levels of gender equality are considered. The study involves 101 countries identified by the World Bank (1994) as developing countries. It is argued, on the one hand, that variations in women's reproductive rights in developing nations may be explained by the social changes brought about by modernization processes. On other hand, the universality of the anti-natalistic population policies in developing countries in the late 20th century provides a strong state control over fertility rate, which may contribute to the attainment of women's reproductive rights.
Using linear structural equation analysis, the study finds that fertility decline due to family planning programs leads to the achievement of women's reproductive rights. The empirical findings support the hypothesis that socioeconomic development has a positive effect on women's education, and that there is no statistically significant relationship between modernization and gender equality. The results of the study, meanwhile, indicate that, in developing societies, women's education is negatively related to women's reproductive rights.
The study suggests: first, family planning programs as a social policy in developing countries influence fertility decline, and enhance women's reproductive rights; second, gender equality in society is an important factor that increases the level of reproductive rights for women in developing countries; and finally, the finding that women's education reduces the attainment of reproductive rights may imply the need to develop valid scales for measuring reproductive rights. The findings of this study contribute toward the development of a structural model of reproductive rights.
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The World Bank: a critical analysis of the World Bank's ideological framework: poverty alleviation and developmentNgwendere, Samantha January 2017 (has links)
A dissertation submitted to the School of International Relations of the University of
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in part-fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master
of Arts, March 2017 / This thesis is situated within the study of International Relations. It centers on a critical
analysis of the World Bank’s ideological framework towards its poverty reduction and
development goals. It seeks to provide an understanding of the ideas, ideals, and values that
form the basis of the Bank’s development thinking. Ideology plays an important role in this
thesis, as the way the World Bank thinks of and pursues development is of great importance;
it speaks to the ideology of development, not just within the Bank, but within the global
structure of development. Literature that is reviewed in this thesis suggests that the Bank
leans towards a neo-liberal ideology. The selected text for the analysis, The World
Development Report: Attacking Poverty (2000-01) will also be analysed in order to review
the principles that have been adopted by the Bank and the development community at large.
In order to understand and explore the factors that influence the Bank’s ideological
framework, this study employs two levels of analysis through a critical theoretical framework
and discourse analysis as a methodological tool. The first level of analysis looks at internal
sources of influence; the Bank’s voting and governance structure. The second level considers
external sources of influence, such as intellectual culture and bureaucratic culture. As stated
above, a critical analysis of the Bank’s key document, the World Development Report:
Attacking Poverty (2000-01), will also be carried out.
This thesis concludes that through internal sources of influences such as the unequal voting
shares; powerful actors such as the United States have shaped the Bank’s thinking towards
development, as the Bank’s view of development leans towards Anglo-American norms and
values as well as interests. Through external sources of influence, the Bank has been
dominated by an economic discourse, which Wade (2006) has termed ‘economic
imperialism’. Through its hiring, promotion and research publications, the Bank has favored
the discourse of economics. Through its financial power within the global arena, the Bank
has the power to influence the development narrative, its ideas and values of development
have been normalized and universalized within the development community. Its financial
strength and research output, both within the Bank and the global arena, are some of its
aspect that aid in the maintenance of the status quo in development, consequently, this has led
to other views that are not in line with the Bank to be ignored and neglected.
The Bank has also presented the neoliberal ideology as the best means to achieve
development and alleviate poverty, this is evidenced through the Bank’s key text, as
neoliberal principles such as privatisation and deregulation are presented as the only way to
achieve development. This thesis also recognises that the Bank does not exists in a vacuum,
it ideology, norms and values are also heavily influenced by events that take place on the
international sphere, such as the economic crises of the 1970s that influenced the Bank’s
position on poverty and development. / XL2018
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The impact of foreign direct investment on human rights and labour standards : an industry sector approachJanz, Nicole January 2015 (has links)
No description available.
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Comparative Analysis of Resettlement Policies in Third World CountriesAl-Khalisi, Abrahim Jawad 05 November 1993 (has links)
Settlement policy in the Third World has been stimulated by the availability of public land. This availability of public land has prompted many Third World countries to adopt policies or schemes called resettlement, transmigration, or land development. These have been presented as potential means for addressing numerous agendas held by Third World countries. Settlement policies have been used to increase agricultural production and make idle land productive. Spatial imbalances of population distribution have been addressed via settlement policies. For national security, settlement policies have been used to exploit frontier lands. Solutions to serious political problems including lack of agricultural self-sufficiency, poverty, landlessness, and unemployment have been sought through settlement policies. Huge amounts of financial resources have been invested in Third World planned settlements, however, their performance has not been very encouraging. If not completely abandoned by settlers, the settlements gave officials, planners, and policy makers cause for serious concern. For the most part, settlements have been costly relative to the number of settlers. In many instances, agricultural productivity was low. I have presented comparative case studies of land settlement policies which examine the factors that accounted for the success or failure of resettlement projects. I examined the resettlement projects from the point of view of the settlers in relation to the objectives of the policy makers. This study reports the findings of case studies concerning Iraq, Somalia, Ethiopia, the United Republic of Tanzania, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Israel. A comparative analysis of land settlement policies in Third World nations with varying political, social, and economic conditions is presented. It will be shown that land settlement policies in Third World countries, by and large, failed to reach objectives and are not now viewed as viable options for land development.
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Can the Baker plan work?Jaoui, Abdelhak January 1987 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to analyze, using a medium term scenario of three years, the impact 9f the Baker Plan on the economies of fifteen debt laden countries. A central argument of this scenario was to assess whether growth and creditworthiness would be restored in these countries. A model using projections of debt service, imports, exports and capital requirements was developed to test these variables. Baker's package of $29 billion over three years (1985-1988) was contrasted with the model projections. The findings showed that, in the short-term, Baker's proposal will fall short of restoring growth and creditworthiness. However, the supply side policies suggested by Baker Initiative are the right way to go if the indebted countries are to resume growth and creditworthiness in the long run.
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Role of information technology in addressing the information needs of engineers operating in a developing countryPalmer, Marlize 07 October 2014 (has links)
M.Bibl. (Information Science) / Difficulties in satisfying the information needs of the engineer operating in the developing world led to a requirement to determine through research what information technologies are available and now they might be implemented to meet these needs, A growing recognition by engineers operating in the developing world of the importance of information and information sources for economic and social development fuels their need for engineering information. The information explosion s problems of scatter, diversity, volume and cost are very real in the developing world and are exaggerated by the prevailing economic, social, political and cultural conditions in developing countries. A literature study established the most striking characteristics of developing countries and special attention was given to Africa and Botswana. Factors hampering the developing world in gaining access to information and become part of the world "information economy" was identified. A literature study was also conducted to establish what information technology was available world wide, what has already been tried and tested, and which information technologies have the potential to be introduced in developing countries. It was found that despite the problems and obstacles which exist when introducing IT to developing countries, scientific and technological information services cannot get by without the use of IT. Certain information technologies such as CD-ROM, which seems to be promising in providing access to bibliographic and full text materials, need to be introduced. The use of information technology could also be successful to assist in educating people in developing countries about the importance and benefits of information systems for survival by providing easy access to coping and helping information as well as enriching and edifying information. An empirical study by structured interview was carried out on a representative sample of consulting engineers working in Botswana. Their information needs, access to engineering information sources and IT availability were establish. Evaluation of the responses to the structured interview reveal that engineers in Botswana are quite a diverse group, but that they could be grouped together by virtue of certain common characteristics such as place of work, civil engineering disciplines, membership of professional organisations, country in which engineering qualification was obtained and home language.
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Constraints on Adoption of Innovations: Internet Availability in the Developing World.Stedman, Joseph B. 12 1900 (has links)
In a world that is increasingly united in time and distance, I examine why the world is increasingly divided socially, economically, and digitally. Using data for 35 variables from 93 countries, I separate the countries into groups of 31 each by gross domestic product per capita. These groups of developed, lesser developed and least developed countries are used in comparative analysis. Through a review of relevant literature and tests of bivariate correlation, I select eight key variables that are significantly related to information communication technology development and to human development. For this research, adoption of the Internet in the developing world is the innovation of particular interest. Thus, for comparative purposes, I chose Internet Users per 1000 persons per country and the Human Development Index as the dependent variables upon which the independent variables are regressed. Although small in numbers among the least developed countries, I find Internet Users as the most powerful influence on human development for the poorest countries. The research focuses on key obstacles as well as variables of opportunity for Internet usage in developing countries. The greatest obstacles are in fact related to Internet availability and the cost/need ratio for infrastructure expansion. However, innovations for expanded Internet usage in developing countries are expected to show positive results for increased Internet usage, as well as for greater human development and human capital. In addition to the diffusion of innovations in terms of the Internet, the diffusion of cultures through migration is also discussed in terms of the effect on social capital and the drain on human capital from developing countries.
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