The construction industry is on the top list of hazardous industries. This justifies the importance of safety research in this industry. Review of the literature identified "falls" as the top mortality source in the construction industry. Therefore, this research focuses on falls from heights. Conventional safety practices have held designers responsible for safety of the end-users, and considered constructors responsible for the safety of construction workers. Design for Safety — along with its similar ideas such as Safety in Design, Prevention through Design, etc. — is gaining attention with the emerging paradigm of Integrated Project Delivery which promotes collaboration between designers and constructors through the entire delivery process. With Design for Safety concepts, designers and constructors can work together to enhance construction workers' safety early in the design phase. The philosophy of Design for Safety is based on the idea that eliminating hazards early in the design phase rather than the construction phase is more effective. Szymberski's (1997) time-safety influence curve explains how construction workers' safety can be influenced in the different phases of construction. Szymberski depicts that the ability to influence safety diminishes as the phases from design to construction to operation progress. This research is inspired by the Design for Safety (DfS) concept. It aims at "design"ing and "engineer"ing safety during design as well as construction phases. BIM (Building Information Modeling) and parametric modeling are the tools that this research considers when designing its road for future developments. This research limits its scope to construction workers falls from heights. The research presents a framework for representing falls hazards for future implementation in a BIM modelin order to help the designers and constructors better study and analyze safety of construction workers. The research studied falls accidents recorded from past projectsand proposed rules and properties for hazard identification in a BIM / parametric model. These rules and properties were abstracted and presented in the form of flowcharts and validated by an expert panel. The flowchartswill guide software developers for incorporating hazard identification functions into parametric BIM environments in future research. / Ph. D.

Context. An important goal of most IT groups is to manage server resources in such a way that their users are provided with fast, reliable and secure access to files. The modern needs of organizations imply that resources are often distributed geographically, asking for new design solutions for the file systems to remain highly available and efficient. This is where distributed file systems (DFSs) come into the picture. A distributed file system (DFS), as opposed to a "classical", local, file system, is accessible across some kind of network and allows clients to access files remotely as if they were stored locally. Objectives. This paper has the goal of comparatively analyzing two distributed file systems, Microsoft DFS (MSDFS) and Hadoop DFS (HDFS). The two systems come from different "worlds" (proprietary - Microsoft DFS - vs. open-source - Hadoop DFS); the abundance of solutions and the variety of choices that exist today make such a comparison more relevant. Methods. The comparative analysis is done on a cluster of 4 computers running dual-installations of Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 (the MSDFS environment) and Linux Ubuntu 14.04 (the HDFS environment). The comparison is done on read and write operations on files and sets of files of increasing sizes, as well as on a set of key usage scenarios. Results. Comparative results are produced for reading and writing operations of files of increasing size - 1 MB, 2 MB, 4 MB and so on up to 4096 MB - and of sets of small files (64 KB each) amounting to totals of 128 MB, 256 MB and so on up to 4096 MB. The results expose the behavior of the two DFSs on different types of stressful activities (when the size of the transferred file increases, as well as when the quantity of data is divided into (tens of) thousands of many small files). The behavior in the case of key usage scenarios is observed and analyzed. Conclusions. HDFS performs better at writing large files, while MSDFS is better at writing many small files. At read operations, the two show similar performance, with a slight advantage for MSDFS. In the key usage scenarios, HDFS shows more flexibility, but MSDFS could be the better choice depending on the needs of the users (for example, most of the common functions can be configured through the graphical user interface).

No description available.

Coverage in a Wireless Sensor Network reflects how well a sensor network monitors an area. Many times it is impossible to provide full coverage. The key challenges are to prolong the lifetime and ensure connectivity to provide a stable network. In this thesis we first define p-percent coverage problem in which we require only p% of the whole area to be monitored. We propose two algorithms, Connected P-Percent Coverage Depth First Search (CpPCA-DFS) and Connected P-Percent Connected Dominating Set (CpPCA-CDS). Through simulations we then compare and analyze them for their efficiency and lifetime. Finally in conclusion we prove that CpPCA-CDS provides 5 to 20 percent better active node ratio at low density. At high node density it achieves better distribution of covered area however the lifetime is only 5 to10 percent shorter then CpPCA-DFS. Overall CpPCA-CDS provides up to 30 percent better distribution of covered area.

Background: Caries is a chronic disease that affects billions of adult people and children worldwide. However, caries differs largely between individuals and countries that range from having comparably low to high prevalences of the disease. The distribution of manifest and initial caries lesions at different tooth surfaces during adolescence in low caries populations like Sweden should be determined. Aim: The aim of this study was therefore to characterize the distribution of enamel and manifest caries lesions at ages of 12 and 17 years in Swedish adolescents.  Material and method: The distribution of caries lesions were analysed using an available and prospective sample of 452 adolescents collected between 12 and 17 years of age for caries DeFS lesions at different tooth surfaces.  Results: The molars had the highest DFS and DeFS at baseline and at follow up. Premolars and front teeth had markedly less caries lesions in both DFS and DeFS. The surface with the highest DFS was the occlusal surface followed by approximal, buccal and palatinal surfaces at both 12 and 17 years. In DeFS the order was similar at 12 years however at 17 years approximal caries had the highest number of caries lesions followed by occlusal, buccal and palatinal surfaces. There was a 82% increase in total count of caries lesion from 12 years to 17 years and a 423% increase in enamel caries lesions from 12 years to 17 years. Conclusion: The findings revealed that the occlusal surface and the molars had the highest risk for caries progression and that enamel caries progressed more than manifest from baseline to follow up.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-24T14:03:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) dissertacao-mestrado.pdf: 2772669 bytes, checksum: 25b575026c012270168ca5a4c397d063 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T14:03:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) dissertacao-mestrado.pdf: 2772669 bytes, checksum: 25b575026c012270168ca5a4c397d063 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-29 / CNPQ / N-Graphs is a multiple conclusion natural deduction with proofs as directed graphs, motivated by the idea of proofs as geometric objects and aimed towards the study of the geometry of Natural Deduction systems. Following that line of research, this work revisits the system under a purely combinatorial perspective, determining geometrical conditions on the graphs of proofs to explain its soundness criterion and proof growth during normalization. Applying recent developments in the fields of proof graphs, proof-nets and N-Graphs itself, we propose a linear time algorithm for proof verification of the full system, a result that can be related to proof-nets solutions from Murawski (2000) and Guerrini (2011), and a normalization procedure based on the notion of sub-N-Graphs, introduced by Carvalho, in 2014. We first present a new soundness criterion for meta-edges, along with the extension of Carvalho’s sequentization proof for the full system. For this criterion we define an algorithm for proof verification that uses a DFS-like search to find invalid cycles in a proof-graph. Since the soundness criterion in proof graphs is analogous to the proof-nets procedure, the algorithm can also be extended to check proofs in the multiplicative linear logic without units (MLL−) with linear time complexity. The new normalization proposed here combines a modified version of Alves’ (2009) original beta and permutative reductions with an adaptation of Carbone’s duplication operation on sub-N-Graphs. The procedure is simpler than the original one and works as an extension of both the normalization defined by Prawitz and the combinatorial study developed by Carbone, i.e. normal proofs enjoy the separation and subformula properties and have a structure that can represent how patterns lying in normal proofs can be recovered from the graph of the original proof with cuts. / N-Grafos é uma dedução natural de múltiplas conclusões onde provas são representadas como grafos direcionados, motivado pela idéia de provas como objetos geométricos e com o objetivo de estudar a geometria de sistemas de Dedução Natural. Seguindo esta linha de pesquisa, este trabalho revisita o sistema sob uma perpectiva puramente combinatorial, determinando condições geométricas nos grafos de prova para explicar seu critério de corretude e crescimento da prova durante a normalização. Aplicando desenvolvimentos recentes nos campos de grafos de prova, proof-nets e dos próprios N-Grafos, propomos um algoritmo linear para verificação de provas para o sistema completo, um resultado que pode ser comparado com soluções para roof-nets desenvolvidas por Murawski (2000) e Guerrini (2011), e um procedimento de normalização baseado na noção de sub-N-Grafos, introduzidas por Carvalho, em 2014. Apresentamos primeiramente um novo critério de corretude para meta-arestas, juntamente com a extensão para todo o sistema da prova da sequentização desenvolvida por Carvalho. Para este critério definimos um algoritmo para verificação de provas que utiliza uma busca parecida com a DFS (Busca em Profundidade) para encontrar ciclos inválidos em um grafo de prova. Como o critério de corretude para grafos de provas é análogo ao procedimento para proof-nets, o algoritmo pode também ser estendido para validar provas em Lógica Linear multiplicativa sem units (MLL−) com complexidade de tempo linear. A nova normalização proposta aqui combina uma versão modificada das reduções beta e permutativas originais de Alves com uma adaptação da operação de duplicação proposta por Carbone para ser aplicada a sub-N-Grafos. O procedimento é mais simples do que o original e funciona como uma extensão da normalização definida por Prawitz e do estudo combinatorial desenvolvido por Carbone, i.e. provas em forma normal desfrutam das propriedades da separação e subformula e possuem uma estrutura que pode representar como padrões existentes em provas na forma normal poderiam ser recuperados a partir do grafo da prova original com cortes.

No description available.

A constante busca por meios alternativos e economicamente viáveis para a destinação de resíduos industriais trouxe ao setor da construção civil diversas possibilidades de aplicações, em especial da areia descartada de fundição (ADF). Entretanto, pesquisas recentes apontam que os subprodutos gerados a partir desta reutilização do aglomerado enfrentam barreiras de entrada pelo mercado consumidor. A presente dissertação descreve a realização de um ensaio exploratório sobre as barreiras de entrada do bloco de concreto fabricado a partir da reutilização da areia descartada de fundição no setor da construção civil da cidade de Caxias do Sul (RS). O estudo foi motivado pela constatação da resistência por parte dos membros deste setor ao produto proposto e a identificação do modelo teórico de Ramirez, Gonzalez e Moreira (2013) que confirma o fenômeno mercadológico constatado. Executou-se a pesquisa em duas fases dentro do método qualitativo: a primeira, através da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas em três agentes de análise distintas (fornecedora, representante e especialista); e a segunda, com a realização de um focus group entre membros integrantes do setor da construção civil da cidade de Caxias do Sul. Verificou-se que, embora existam barreiras claramente identificadas no setor pesquisado, a rejeição ao produto proposto se deu principalmente pela falta de estratégias de inserção do produto no mercado consumidor por parte da empresa fabricante, o que confirma o modelo teórico utilizado. / The incessant search for alternative ways and economically viable for the disposal of industrial waste brought to the civil construction sector several possibilities of appliance, particularly regarding the discarded foundry sand (DFS). However, recent researches suggest that sub products generated from this reuse of cluster faces entrance barriers by the consumer market. This essay describes the execution of a case study about the entrance barriers of concrete block made from discarded foundry sand in the civil construction sector at the city of Caxias do Sul (RS). The study was triggered by the verification of the resistance by the members of this sector towards the proposal product and Ramirez, Gonzalez and Moreira´s identification of theoretical model (2013), which confirms the verified marketing phenomenon. The research has been done in two phase, in the qualitative method: the first, throughout semi-structured interviews in three different units of analysis (supplier, dealer and specialist); and the second, with the completion of a focus group between members of the civil construction sector from the city of Caxias do Sul. Has been verified that, although there are barriers clearly identified in the researched sector the rejection on the proposal product occurred mainly by the lack of insertion strategies of the product in the consumer market by the manufacture company, which confirms the theoretical model used.

Coverage in a Wireless Sensor Network reflects how well a sensor network monitors an area. Many times it is impossible to provide full coverage. The key challenges are to prolong the lifetime and ensure connectivity to provide a stable network. In this thesis we first define p-percent coverage problem in which we require only p% of the whole area to be monitored. We propose two algorithms, Connected P-Percent Coverage Depth First Search (CpPCA-DFS) and Connected P-Percent Connected Dominating Set (CpPCA-CDS). Through simulations we then compare and analyze them for their efficiency and lifetime. Finally in conclusion we prove that CpPCA-CDS provides 5 to 20 percent better active node ratio at low density. At high node density it achieves better distribution of covered area however the lifetime is only 5 to10 percent shorter then CpPCA-DFS. Overall CpPCA-CDS provides up to 30 percent better distribution of covered area.

A constante busca por meios alternativos e economicamente viáveis para a destinação de resíduos industriais trouxe ao setor da construção civil diversas possibilidades de aplicações, em especial da areia descartada de fundição (ADF). Entretanto, pesquisas recentes apontam que os subprodutos gerados a partir desta reutilização do aglomerado enfrentam barreiras de entrada pelo mercado consumidor. A presente dissertação descreve a realização de um ensaio exploratório sobre as barreiras de entrada do bloco de concreto fabricado a partir da reutilização da areia descartada de fundição no setor da construção civil da cidade de Caxias do Sul (RS). O estudo foi motivado pela constatação da resistência por parte dos membros deste setor ao produto proposto e a identificação do modelo teórico de Ramirez, Gonzalez e Moreira (2013) que confirma o fenômeno mercadológico constatado. Executou-se a pesquisa em duas fases dentro do método qualitativo: a primeira, através da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas em três agentes de análise distintas (fornecedora, representante e especialista); e a segunda, com a realização de um focus group entre membros integrantes do setor da construção civil da cidade de Caxias do Sul. Verificou-se que, embora existam barreiras claramente identificadas no setor pesquisado, a rejeição ao produto proposto se deu principalmente pela falta de estratégias de inserção do produto no mercado consumidor por parte da empresa fabricante, o que confirma o modelo teórico utilizado. / The incessant search for alternative ways and economically viable for the disposal of industrial waste brought to the civil construction sector several possibilities of appliance, particularly regarding the discarded foundry sand (DFS). However, recent researches suggest that sub products generated from this reuse of cluster faces entrance barriers by the consumer market. This essay describes the execution of a case study about the entrance barriers of concrete block made from discarded foundry sand in the civil construction sector at the city of Caxias do Sul (RS). The study was triggered by the verification of the resistance by the members of this sector towards the proposal product and Ramirez, Gonzalez and Moreira´s identification of theoretical model (2013), which confirms the verified marketing phenomenon. The research has been done in two phase, in the qualitative method: the first, throughout semi-structured interviews in three different units of analysis (supplier, dealer and specialist); and the second, with the completion of a focus group between members of the civil construction sector from the city of Caxias do Sul. Has been verified that, although there are barriers clearly identified in the researched sector the rejection on the proposal product occurred mainly by the lack of insertion strategies of the product in the consumer market by the manufacture company, which confirms the theoretical model used.