Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet international (MARS) dont le but est d'améliorer l'efficacité du transport aérien par contrôle d'écoulement. Dans ce contexte, les travaux expérimentaux présentés ici sont focalisés sur l'utilisation d'un actionneur plasma à Décharge à Barrière Diélectrique (DBD) pour contrôler l'écoulement turbulent en aval d'une marche descendante (BFS) à Reh = 30000. Deux types de décharges sont étudiés : une ac-DBD qui produit une force électrohydrodynamqiue et une ns-DBD qui produit une onde de pression. Plusieurs positions de l'actionneur sont étudiés, de façon à optimiser les effets de la décharge sur l'écoulement. A l'aide d'un système PIV stéréoscopique, une étude étendue est destinée à l'évaluation des paramètres électriques du signal. Parmi tous les résultats obtenus, la zone de recirculation est réduite de 20%. De plus, d'autres quantités moyennes telles que les composantes de Reynolds, l'énergie cinétique et l'épaisseur de la couche cisaillée ont été aussi analysées. La dernière partie de la thèse comprend une analyse dynamique des modifications produites par l'actionneur. Pour cela, les structures dominantes sont examinées par leur signature fréquentielle et par une décomposition orthogonal aux valeurs propres (POD). Tous les résultats conduisent à la définition d'un cas d'action optimal pour lequel il est obtenu une réduction maximal de la longueur de rattachement. Le lâcher tourbillonnaire est renforcé par un mécanisme de type "lock-on". / This thesis is part of an international project (MARS) to improve air transport efficiency by active flow control strategy. In this context, the presented experimental works are focused on a surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) as a solution to control the turbulent flow separation downstream a backward-facing step (BFS) at Reh = 30000. Two different plasma discharges are investigated: an ac-DBD resulting in a electrohydrodynamic force and a ns- DBD producing a pressure wave. Thanks to the versatility of plasma discharges and in order to optimize its effects on the flow, different locations of the DBD actuator have been investigated. Furthermore, an extended parametric study regarding the input variables of the discharge has been carried out by stereoscopic PIV. Among the obtained results, the mean reattachment length has been reduced up to 20%. In addition, other averaged quantities such as Reynolds stress components, the kinetic energy and the vorticity thickness of the separated shear layer have been analyzed to provide more extended information about the effects of the DBD actuator. The last part includes a dynamical analysis of the modifications produced by an optimal actuation. For that aim, the dominant structures are investigated by their signature in the frequency domain and by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). All the results lead to the definition of an optimal actuation for which the mean reattachment position is reduced and the vortex shedding street can be reinforced by a lock-on control mechanism.

L’utilisation de plasmas, qu’ils soient thermiques ou basse pression, dans le domaine biomédical remonte aux années 1970. Au cours de ces dernières années, les développements concernant des jets de plasma froid à pression atmosphérique, ont permis un élargissement des domaines d’applications biomédicales des plasmas. Au sein du GREMI, un type de jet de plasma a été développé : le Plasma Gun. Le plasma généré par le Plasma Gun se propage sur de longues distances à l’intérieur de capillaires. L’optimisation des traitements visés nécessite une étude approfondie des décharges créées par le Plasma Gun. La caractérisation du Plasma Gun a mis en évidence la génération de Pulsed Atmospheric pressure Plasma Streams ou PAPS, ces derniers se propageant du réacteur jusque dans l’air ambiant où ils génèrent une plume plasma. Ces PAPS présentent deux modes de propagation, au cours desquels une connexion entre le front d’ionisation et le réacteur est présente en permanence. Ces deux modes nommés respectivement Wall-hugging et Homogène, diffèrent principalement par la morphologie et la vitesse de propagation des PAPS qui leur sont associés. Chacun de ces modes présentent donc des caractéristiques qui leur sont propres mais certaines propriétés de propagation leur sont communes, telles que la possibilité de division ou de réunion de PAPS, ainsi que du transfert de PAPS à travers une barrière diélectrique ou via un capillaire métallique creux. L’étude de la plume plasma, propagation des PAPS dans l’air ambiant, a souligné l’importance de la longueur des capillaires sur la longueur du jet plasma. De plus, la génération du plasma a une très forte influence sur l’écoulement du gaz et la structuration du jet lors de son expansion dans l’air. / The use of plasmas, thermic or low pressure, in biomedical goes back up to 1970s. During these last years, atmospheric pressure cold plasma jets have been developed, allowed an increase of biomedical applications of plasmas. In GREMI, a plasma jet was developed : the Plasma Gun (PG). The plasma generated by the PG propagates on long distances inside capillaries. The optimization of the aimed treatments requires a detailed study of the discharges created by the PG. The characterization of the PG highlights the generation of Pulsed Atmospheric pressure Plasma Streams or PAPS, these last ones propagating from the reactor to the capillary outlet (ambient air) where they generate a plasma plume. These PAPS present two propagation modes, during which a connection between the ionization front and the reactor is present permanently. These two modes named respectively Wall-hugging and Homogeneous, differ mainly by the morphology and their propagation velocity. These modes have common characteristics, such as the possibility of division or meeting of PAPS, as well as the transfer of PAPS through a dielectric barrier or via a hollow metal capillary. The study of the plasma plume underlined the importance of the length of capillaries on the length of the plasma jet. Furthermore, the generation of the plasma has a very strong influence on the gas flow and the jet structuration during air expansion.

Le développement de procédé évoluant à la pression atmosphérique représente un enjeu majeur dans le dépôt de couches minces nanocomposites. Parmi ces procédés, les Décharges à Barrières Diélectriques présentent l'avantage d'être un procédé vert sans effluent gazeux, pouvant facilement être intégrées dans une chaine de production industrielle. L'approche choisie pour la réalisation de couches minces nanocomposites repose sur l'injection sous forme d'aérosol d'une suspension colloïdale dans la DBD. Les nanoparticules semi-conductrices de TiO2 sont choisies et mise en suspension dans un alcool polymérisable tel que l'isopropanol. L’objectif de ce travail est de contrôler le transport des nanoparticules et la croissance de la matrice dans la DBD en vue de réaliser une couche mince nanocomposite.Différentes méthodes de formation de l'aérosol et de filtration sont évaluées, ainsi que différents gaz vecteur (Ar, N2). Dans tous les cas considérés, la décharge est filamentaire.L'estimation des valeurs des différentes forces s'exerçant sur une nanoparticule dans une DBD confortée par un modèle numérique à permis d'orienter les expérimentations. Il est ainsi possible, à partir des paramètres permettant de générer le plasma, d'influencer le dépôt des nanoparticules et la croissance de la matrice. Les dépôts obtenus sont analysés ex situ par microscopie électronique à balayage, spectroscopie infrarouge, Raman et à rayon X et in situ avec la diffusion laser.Dans le régime filamentaire considéré, nous montrons que le flux de gaz et la fréquence de la tension joue des rôles prépondérants sur le dépôt des couches minces nanocomposites. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence qu’une simple fréquence n’est pas suffisante pour déposer la couche mince nanocomposite. Cependant l’utilisation d’une double fréquence semble être la meilleure approche pour séparer le transport des nanoparticules de celui de la croissance de la matrice. / Development of an atmospheric pressure process presents a major concern in the deposition of nanocomposites thin films. Among these processes, Dielectrics Barrier Discharges takes advantages to be green processes without gas effluent, which can be easily integrate in an industrial line production. The chosen approach for the nanocomposite thin film deposition is based on the injection of an aerosol of a colloidal suspension in the DBD. Semi-conductive TiO2 nanoparticles are chosen and put in suspension in a polymerizable alcohol as isopropanol. The objective of the present work is to control the transport of the nanoparticles as well as the matrix growth in the DBD in order to realize the nanocomposites thin film Different methods of the aerosol formation and filtration are evaluated, as well as the carrier gas (Ar, N2). In each case considered, the discharge works in filamentary. Estimating values of the different forces acting on the nanoparticles in a DBD comforted by a numerical model allowed to guide the experimentations. Thanks to the parameter which generated the plasma, it is possible to influence the nanoparticles deposition and the matrix growth. Depositions are ex situ analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Infra-red, Raman, and X-ray spectroscopy and in situ by laser scattering. In the filamentary regime considered, we show that the gas flow rate and the frequency of the voltage play a dominant role on the deposition of nanocomposites thin films. This study allowed to highlight that a simple frequency is not enough to deposit the nanocomposite thin film. However, the use of a double frequencies seems to be the best way to separate the nanoparticles transport to the surface from that of the matrix growth.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to optimize in detail atomization conditions for antimony hydride in a novel plasma atomizer based on a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) with atomic absorption spetrometric detection. Argon was found as the best DBD discharge gas employing a flow rate of 50 ml min-1 Ar while the DBD power was optimized at 30 W. Analytical figures of merit including interference study of As, Se and Bi have been subsequently investigated and the results compared to those found in an externally heated quartz tube atomizer (QTA). The limit of detection reached in DBD (0.15 ng ml-1 Sb) is comparable to that observed in QTA (0.14 ng ml-1 Sb). Finally, possibility of stibane preconcentration in a DBD atomizer was studied. Preconcentration efficiency of 102 ± 6 % was found under optimized conditions.

The diploma thesis deals with the deposition of layers of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline monomer in a dielectric barrier discharge in a nitrogen atmosphere. The theoretical part describes polyoxazolines, dielectric barrier discharge, plasma polymerization and diagnostic methods that describe the characteristics of the prepared layers. The experimental part deals with the deposition of layers and the determination of physicochemical properties. Finally, the results are compared with layers that were made of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline.

Presented master’s thesis is focused on the study of the elementary inactivation processes acting during sterilization of procaryotic systems in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). Sterilization is an important biomedical and food-industry application and plasma sterilization is one of the methods, which are suitable for sterilization of heat and chemical sensitive materials. Biologically contaminated samples were treated in dielectric barrier discharge operated at atmospheric pressure. The discharge was generated in argon and in nitrogen. The plasma power density was 2725,93 mW cm–3 in argon and 2325,93 mW cm–3 in nitrogen. Gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli were used as a bioindicator. Bacteria were spread onto the surface of Whatman No.1 filtration paper. The influence of UV radiation, reactive species, heat and plasma discharge where the synergistic function of all of the agents was studied. Effects of UV radiation and temperature were studied separately. In order to separate the effect of UV radiation generated by DBD the quartz glass transmitting UV radiation was employed. During the plasma exposition selected samples were covered with the quartz window while other samples were directly exposed to the plasma. Covered samples were exposed to UV radiation and temperature (which cannot be eliminated), samples without quartz window were directly plasma exposed (treated). Results show that for covered samples the lower inactivation was reached than by the samples directly exposed to plasma. When studying the effect of temperature, the temperature between the DBD electrodes was measured by means of a thermocouple. Afterwards the samples were placed in an oven and exposed to the same temperature as was measured between the electrodes. By comparing the results of heat treated samples and plasma treated samples it can be assumed that the influence of the temperature during the sterilization process in DBD is very low. The discharge parameters were studied by means of the Optical Emission Spectroscopy. Plasma treated samples were assessed employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Damage of Bacillus subtilis cell wall due to the effect of plasma was observed while no effect of plasma on the structure of filtration paper was detected.

The diploma thesis deals with study of system of polypropylene and inorganic filler. As filler was used commercially available particulate filler CaCO3 termed NPCC 201. The objective of the study was a surface plasma treatment of filler in order to obtain composite based on polypropylene. Mechanical properties of this composite will show significantly greater value than basic matrix. The filler was treated in dielectric barrier plasma discharge by atmospheric pressure. The characterization of filler was performed before and after plasma treatment by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron microscope (SEM) and sedimentation analysis. The distribution of particle size was measured by laser diffraction and by dynamic light scattering. The composite materials with various weight concentration of filler were prepared in POLYMER INSTITUTE BRNO by using the twin-screw extruder and the test specimens were prepared by the injection molding technology. Their mechanical properties was studied by using of short and long-term tests. The uniaxial creep testing in tension was used for study of long-term behavior of composites.

The overall goal of the presented dissertation thesis was to study the sterilization efficiency of dielectric barrier discharge operated at atmospheric pressure. The fungi Aspergillus niger, gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and in some experiments also gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli were used as a bio-indicator enabling to evaluate the effect of plasma assisted microbial inactivation. The samples of microorganism were placed on paper Whatman 1 or PET foil and exposed to plasma. The plasma was generated in argon, nitrogen, synthetic dry/humid air with frequency up to 10 kHz and plasma power density in the range of 1,2-2,9 W/cm3 (according to the process gas). The influence of process gas, plasma power density, plasma exposition time, type of microorganism and material of the substrate on the sterilization effect of dielectric barrier discharge was evaluated. Furthermore the contribution of each single mechanism (UV radiation, temperature and reactive species) to the sterilization effect of plasma and influence of gas humidity was evaluated. The DBD was analysed by means of optical emission spectroscopy, thermocouple was used to measure temperature during a sterilization process. In order to verify the mechanical damage of the microbial cell or the substrates during the plasma process the samples were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Generally, on the basis of experimental results, at increasing treatment times, the remaining number of spores (CFU) decreased. Similarly at increasing the plasma power input, the sterilization rate increased. When sterilising the spores of A. niger in plasma using different process gasses, the efficiency of plasma sterilization decreased as follows: argon, humid synthetic air, nitrogen and dry synthetic air. The results observed in argon plasma using different microorganism demonstrated that the sensitivity of vegetative cells resp. spores to DBD decreased as follows: A. niger spores, B. subtilis vegetative cells, E. coli vegetative cells and B. subtilis spores. Simultaneously results observed for sterilization of spores and vegetative cells of B. subtilis and A. niger demonstrated that the spores are generally more resistant to plasma than are the corresponding vegetative cells. Combining the results of contribution of each single mechanism, optical emission spectroscopy and inactivation characteristic it was found out that the reactive species significantly contribute to the plasma sterilization in all process gasses. Furthermore the inactivation process can be partly assisted by UV radiation and also the temperature can contribute in limited extent to inactivation process in some gasses. The contribution of UV radiation to the plasma sterilization decreased as follows: nitrogen, argon, dry syntetic air and humid syntetic air. Moreover it was found out that the contribution of each single mechanism can be species dependent, this is due to the different response of microorganism to the unfavorable external conditions. SEM analysis of the substrates prooved the etching actions of the plasma generated in all process gasses on the surface of the PET foil. The several minute plasma exposition of the PET foil resulted in the occurence of the „hole corrosion“ on the PET surface. Contrary to these there were no visible changes observed in the paper structure.

La mesure de distribution de taille d’un aérosol (particules solides ou liquides en suspension dans un gaz) par analyse de mobilité électrique nécessite de neutraliser l’aérosol. La neutralisation consiste à conférer une distribution de charge centrée sur zéro obtenue par la diffusion sur l’aérosol d’ions bipolaires. Nous avons démontré la faisabilité d’un chargeur bipolaire post-Décharge à Barrières Diélectriques (DBD) pour remplacer les neutraliseurs radioactifs, généralement utilisées pour la production d’ions bipolaires et soumis à des contraintes législatives. La caractérisation électrique des DBD en géométrie « fil-fil » selon la distance inter-électrodes, la tension et le débit a permis demettre en évidence trois types d’auto-organisations des filaments selon la tension et d’évaluer lecourant de décharge, c’est-à-dire la production par la décharge d’espèces chargées par unité detemps. Dans la géométrie et les conditions de fonctionnement choisies, des méthodes de mesure des flux d’ions en post-décharge ont alors été développées. Nous avons ainsi confirmé que la fraction d‘ions extraits de l’espace inter-électrodes résulte d’une compétition électro-hydrodynamique qui dépend de l’auto-organisation des filaments. En effet, les densités d’ions positifs et négatifs en post-DBD, ainsi que le rapport entre ces densités, critiques pour la charge d’aérosols, sont contrôlés par les champs électriques et le temps de transit des ions en post-décharge. Dans le chargeur post-DBD, les densités d’ions sont décroissantes. Toutefois, cette décroissance n’affecte pas les distributions de charges des aérosols qui sont constantes pour chaque taille quelle que soit la concentration d’aérosol. Dans ces conditions, les granulométries mesurées en post-neutraliseurs radioactif et DBD sont comparées afin de prouver que le neutraliseur post-DBD est viable pour la granulométrie des aérosols submicroniques. / The measurement of the size distribution of an aerosol (solid or liquid particles in suspension in agas) by electrical mobility analyses requires the neutralization of the aerosol. Neutralization consistsin imparting a charge distribution with a mean charge of 0 by the diffusion of bipolar ions on aerosol.We prove the feasibility of a post- Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) bipolar charger as an alternativeto radioactive neutralizer subjected to legislative constraints. The electrical characterization of awire-to-wire DBD versus the gap, the voltage and the flow-rate highlights 3 kinds of selforganizationsof filaments versus voltage. Moreover, discharge current which represents the chargedspecies production per unit of time is evaluated. In the chosen geometry and operating conditions, apost-discharge ions flux measurement method was developed. We confirm that anelectro-hydrodynamic competition controls the extraction of ions from the gap. In fact, electric fieldsand transit time control positive and negative ions densities and the ratio between them which arecritical for aerosol charging. For the post-DBD charger, ions densities decrease in the charging zone.However, this decrease does not affect the aerosol charge distribution for each particle size withconcentration. In these conditions, the post-radioactive neutralizer and post-DBD neutralizer aerosolsize measurements are compared in order to prove that the post-DBD neutralizer is available forsubmicronic aerosols sizing.

This work studies discharge plasma in a mixture of gases, similar to that used in the so-called CO2-lasers. This mixture consists of CO2, N2 and He. The effect of the mixture composition and discharge parameters (especially pressure, in the range of 266 Pa - 100 kPa) on the distribution of energy in the vibrational levels of nitrogen was examined. This is important parameter for modelling of the discharge plasma. The effect of the mixture composition on the degree of dissociation of the CO2 molecules was also studied. The relative concentration of CO was applied to find the conditions leading to a minimal dissociation of the carbon dioxide. Measurements of radial profiles were also made. Results from two discharge tubes made from different materials were compared. Two types of discharge were utilized to acquire a wide pressure range - low pressure DC glow discharge in the range of 266 Pa to 1330 Pa and dielectric barrier discharge in the range of 5 kPa to 100 kPa. Both discharges are used in commercial CO2-lasers. We observed a descending dependence of the vibrational temperature on the pressure and a big step caused by increased occurrence of standing ionizing waves in the mixtures with low nitrogen ratio. Vibrational temperature in the DBD was markedly lower than in the DC GD, because of the...